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Tsai HF, Wu CS, Chen YL, Liao HJ, Chyuan IT, Hsu PN. Galectin-3 suppresses mucosal inflammation and reduces disease severity in experimental colitis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 94:545-56. [PMID: 26631140 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Galectin-3, a member of the β-galactoside-binding lectin family, expresses in many different immune cells and modulates broad biological functions including cell adhesion, cell activation, cell growth, apoptosis, and inflammation. However, the role of galectin-3 in mucosal immunity or inflammatory bowel diseases is still not clear. We demonstrate here that galectin-3 knockout mice have more severe disease activity in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model, indicating that galectin-3 may protect from inflammation in DSS-induced colitis. Furthermore, treating with galectin-3 reduced body weight loss, shortened colonic length, and ameliorated mucosal inflammation in mice having DSS-induced colitis. However, the protective effects of galectin-3 were eliminated by the administration of anti-CD25 mAb. In addition, primary T cells treated with galectin-3 ex vivo induced the expression of FOXP3, ICOS, and PD-1 with a Treg cell phenotype having a suppression function. Moreover, adoptive transfer of galectin-3-treated T cells reduced bowel inflammation and colitis in the T cell transfer colitis model. In conclusion, our results indicate that galectin-3 inhibited colonic mucosa inflammation and reduced disease severity by inducing regulatory T cells, suggesting that it is a potential therapeutic approach in inflammatory bowel disease. KEY MESSAGES Galectin-3 offers protection from inflammation in experimental colitis. Galectin-3 knockout mice have more severe disease activity in DSS-induced colitis. Adoptive transfer of galectin-3-treated T cells reduced bowel inflammation. Galectin-3 inhibited colonic mucosa inflammation by inducing regulatory T cells. Galectin-3 is a potential therapeutic approach in inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwei-Fang Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Sheng Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Lin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen-Ai Rd., Sec. 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Jung Liao
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen-Ai Rd., Sec. 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - I-Tsu Chyuan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Ning Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1 Jen-Ai Rd., Sec. 1, Taipei, 100, Taiwan. .,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Tian Y, Yuan W, Li J, Wang H, Hunt MG, Liu C, Shapiro IM, Risbud MV. TGFβ regulates Galectin-3 expression through canonical Smad3 signaling pathway in nucleus pulposus cells: implications in intervertebral disc degeneration. Matrix Biol 2015; 50:39-52. [PMID: 26639428 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is highly expressed in notochordal nucleus pulposus (NP) and thought to play important physiological roles; however, regulation of its expression remains largely unexplored. The aim of the study was to investigate if TGFβ regulates Galectin-3 expression in NP cells. TGFβ treatment resulted in decreased Galectin-3 expression. Bioinformatic analysis using JASPAR and MatInspector databases cross-referenced with published ChIP-Seq data showed nine locations of highly probable Smad3 binding in the LGALS3 proximal promoter. In NP cells, TGFβ treatment resulted in decreased activity of reporters harboring several 5' deletions of the proximal Galectin-3 promoter. While transfection of NP cells with constitutively active (CA)-ALK5 resulted in decreased promoter activity, DN-ALK5 blocked the suppressive effect of TGFβ on the promoter. The suppressive effect of Smad3 on the Galectin-3 promoter was confirmed using gain- and loss-of-function studies. Transfection with DN-Smad3 or Smad7 blocked TGFβ mediated suppression of promoter activity. We also measured Galectin-3 promoter activity in Smad3 null and wild type cells. Noteworthy, promoter activity was suppressed by TGFβ only in wild type cells. Likewise, stable silencing of Smad3 in NP cells using sh-Smad3 significantly blocked TGFβ-dependent decrease in Galectin-3 expression. Treatment of human NP cells isolated from tissues with different grades of degeneration showed that Galectin-3 expression was responsive to TGF-β-mediated suppression. Importantly, Galectin-3 synergized effects of TNF-α on inflammatory gene expression by NP cells. Together these studies suggest that TGFβ, through Smad3 controls Galectin-3 expression in NP cells and may have implications in the intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.; Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Maxwell G Hunt
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shaghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Irving M Shapiro
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A
| | - Makarand V Risbud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, U.S.A..
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Issa SF, Christensen AF, Lottenburger T, Junker K, Lindegaard H, Hørslev-Petersen K, Junker P. Within-day variation and influence of physical exercise on circulating Galectin-3 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and healthy individuals. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:70-5. [PMID: 25857722 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Galectin-3 has been suggested as a pro-inflammatory mediator in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Previous studies have reported overexpression of Galectin-3 in RA synovitis and increased levels in synovial fluid and serum in long-standing RA compared with osteoarthritis and healthy controls. Our objectives were to study whether serum Galectin-3 (1) exhibits circadian variation and/or (2) responds to exercise in RA and controls. The study on circadian patterns (1) comprised eleven patients with newly diagnosed RA, disease duration less than 6 months (ERA), 10 patients with long-standing RA [5-15 years (LRA)] and 16 self-reportedly healthy control subjects. During 24 h, 7 blood samples were drawn at 3-h intervals starting at 10 a.m. through 10 p.m. and at 7 and 10 a.m. on the following day. The study on the effect of physical activity (2) included 10 patients with ERA, 10 with LRA and 14 controls. The participants underwent a standardized exercise programme and four blood samples were drawn before, during and after exercise. Serum Galectin-3 was quantified by ELISA (R&D systems). (1) Galectin-3 was increased at baseline in both RA subsets (P = 0.08). There were no diurnal oscillations (P = 0.85). Day-to-day variation amounted to 3%. (2) Baseline Galectin-3 was increased in LRA versus controls and ERA (P < 0.01 and 0.05). Physical exercise induced 10-15% Galectin-3 increments in RA and controls (P < 0.001) peaking after 1-3 h. To conclude, Galectin-3 did not exhibit circadian variation. Day-to-day variation was 3%. Exercise elicited comparable increments in patients with RA of short and long duration and controls, approaching normal after 1-3 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Issa
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - T Lottenburger
- Department of Rheumatology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - K Junker
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Dept. Cancer & Inflammation, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - H Lindegaard
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - P Junker
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark
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de Oliveira FL, Gatto M, Bassi N, Luisetto R, Ghirardello A, Punzi L, Doria A. Galectin-3 in autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 240:1019-28. [PMID: 26142116 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215593826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin, which regulates cell-cell and extracellular interactions during self/non-self-antigen recognition and cellular activation, proliferation, differentiation, migration and apoptosis. It plays a significant role in cellular and tissue pathophysiology by organizing niches that drive inflammation and immune responses. Gal-3 has some therapeutic potential in several diseases, including chronic inflammatory disorders, cancer and autoimmune diseases. Gal-3 exerts a broad spectrum of functions which differs according to its intra- or extracellular localization. Recombinant gal-3 strategy has been used to identify potential mode of action of gal-3; however, exogenous gal-3 may not reproduce the functions of the endogenous gal-3. Notably, gal-3 induces monocyte-macrophage differentiation, interferes with dendritic cell fate decision, regulates apoptosis on T lymphocytes and inhibits B-lymphocyte differentiation into immunoglobulin secreting plasma cells. Considering the influence of these cell populations in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, gal-3 seems to play a role in development of autoimmunity. Gal-3 has been suggested as a potential therapeutic agent in patients affected with some autoimmune disorders. However, the precise role of gal-3 in driving the inflammatory process in autoimmune or immune-mediated disorders remains elusive. Here, we reviewed the involvement of gal-3 in cellular and tissue events during autoimmune and immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe L de Oliveira
- Coimbra Group Fellowship for Latin American Professors, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP 21941-902, Brazil Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Mariele Gatto
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Nicola Bassi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Roberto Luisetto
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Anna Ghirardello
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Leonardo Punzi
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
| | - Andrea Doria
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35128, Italy
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Núñez J, Rabinovich GA, Sandino J, Mainar L, Palau P, Santas E, Villanueva MP, Núñez E, Bodí V, Chorro FJ, Miñana G, Sanchis J. Prognostic value of the interaction between galectin-3 and antigen carbohydrate 125 in acute heart failure. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122360. [PMID: 25875367 PMCID: PMC4395409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Galectin-3 (Gal-3) and carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) have emerged as robust prognostic biomarkers in heart failure. Experimental data have also suggested a potential molecular interaction between CA125 and Gal-3; however, the biological and clinical relevance of this interaction is still uncertain. We sought to evaluate, in patients admitted for acute heart failure, the association between plasma Gal-3 with all-cause mortality and the risk for rehospitalizations among high and low levels of CA125. Methods and Results We included 264 consecutive patients admitted for acute heart failure to the Cardiology Department in a third-level center. Both biomarkers were measured on admission. Negative binomial and Cox regression models were used to evaluate the prognostic effect of the interaction between Gal-3 and CA125 (dichotomized by its median) with hospital readmission and all-cause mortality, respectively. During a median follow-up of 2 years (IQR = 1-2.8), 108 (40.9%) patients deaths and 365 rehospitalizations in 171 (69.5%) patients were registered. In a multivariable setting, the effect of Gal-3 on mortality and rehospitalization was differentially mediated by CA125 (p = 0.007 and p<0.001, respectively). Indeed, in patients with CA125 above median (>67 U/ml), values across the continuum of Gal-3 showed a positive and almost linear relationship with either the risk of death or rehospitalization. Conversely, when CA125 was below median (≤67 U/ml), Gal-3 lacked any prognostic effect on both endpoints. Conclusion In patients with acute heart failure, Gal-3 was strongly associated with higher risk of long-term mortality and repeated rehospitalizations, but only in those patients exhibiting higher values of CA125 (above 67 U/ml).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Núñez
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gabriel A Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (FCEyN), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Justo Sandino
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Mainar
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Palau
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital de la Plana, Villa-real, Spain
| | - Enrique Santas
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Pilar Villanueva
- Servicio de Bioquímica Clínica, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Núñez
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Bodí
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Chorro
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema Miñana
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital de Manises, Manises, Spain
| | - Juan Sanchis
- Servicio de Cardiología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Universitat de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Arad U, Madar-Balakirski N, Angel-Korman A, Amir S, Tzadok S, Segal O, Menachem A, Gold A, Elkayam O, Caspi D. Galectin-3 is a sensor-regulator of toll-like receptor pathways in synovial fibroblasts. Cytokine 2015; 73:30-5. [PMID: 25689620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a β-galactoside-binding lectin that plays an important role in the modulation of immune responses. It has been shown to aggravate joint inflammation and destruction in experimental arthritis. We investigated the role of galectin-3 in TLR-induced cell activation in human synovial fibroblasts (SF) in order to better understand the mechanism(s) of the proinflammatory function of galectin-3 in arthritis. Galectin-3 expression in SF obtained from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis patients was inhibited by siRNA mediated gene-knockdown. Galectin-3 was also inhibited with modified citrus pectin (MCP), a polysaccharide galectin-3 ligand. Galectin-3 knockdown inhibited TLR-2, -3 and -4-induced IL-6 secretion, but not TLR-2, -3 and -4-mediated matrix metalloproteinase-3 or CC chemokine ligand-5 secretion. When the SF were stimulated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a protein kinase C activator that bypasses the membranal receptors, galectin-3 knockdown no longer influenced IL-6 secretion. MCP reduced IL-6 levels in a dose-dependent manner. Our results indicate that galectin-3 is a positive sensor-regulator of TLR-induced IL-6 secretion in human synovial fibroblasts, thus adding new insights into the mechanisms by which galectin-3 augments synovial inflammation. These findings corroborate the potential role of glycan inhibitors of galectin-3 as a therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uri Arad
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
| | - Noa Madar-Balakirski
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Avital Angel-Korman
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Sharon Amir
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Sharon Tzadok
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ortal Segal
- Division of Orthopedics, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Aharon Menachem
- Division of Orthopedics, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Aviram Gold
- Division of Orthopedics, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Ori Elkayam
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Dan Caspi
- Department of Rheumatology, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center and the Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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Human osteoarthritic knee cartilage: fingerprinting of adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins in vitro and in situ indicates differential upregulation in severe degeneration. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:373-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Increased levels of serum galectin-3 in patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome: associated with interstitial lung disease. Cytokine 2014; 69:289-93. [PMID: 24981072 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the potential values of serum galectin-3 (Gal-3) levels in diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD) for patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS). METHODS The concentrations of serum Gal-3 and interleukin (IL)-17 were measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 87 patients with pSS and 30 healthy controls (HC). The levels of plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), immunoglobulin (Ig)G, complement (C3), albumin (ALB) and Fibrinogen (FIB) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) were measured. ILD was identified on high-resolution computed tomography. RESULTS The levels of serum Gal-3 and IL-17 were significantly higher in pSS patients than in HC. Stratification analyses indicated significantly higher levels of Gal-3 in pSS patients with ILD and in those with positive ANCA. In comparison with that of pSS patients without ILD, significantly higher levels of ESR, CRP, FIB, IgG, C3 and lower ALB were detected in pSS patients with ILD. The levels of galectin-3 were correlated positively with the values of CRP, FIB, IgG or IL-17 in patients with pSS. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that higher levels of serum galectin-3 may be associated with the development of pSS, particularly with ILD.
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Traber PG, Chou H, Zomer E, Hong F, Klyosov A, Fiel MI, Friedman SL. Regression of fibrosis and reversal of cirrhosis in rats by galectin inhibitors in thioacetamide-induced liver disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75361. [PMID: 24130706 PMCID: PMC3793988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 protein is critical to the development of liver fibrosis because galectin-3 null mice have attenuated fibrosis after liver injury. Therefore, we examined the ability of novel complex carbohydrate galectin inhibitors to treat toxin-induced fibrosis and cirrhosis. Fibrosis was induced in rats by intraperitoneal injections with thioacetamide (TAA) and groups were treated with vehicle, GR-MD-02 (galactoarabino-rhamnogalaturonan) or GM-CT-01 (galactomannan). In initial experiments, 4 weeks of treatment with GR-MD-02 following completion of 8 weeks of TAA significantly reduced collagen content by almost 50% based on Sirius red staining. Rats were then exposed to more intense and longer TAA treatment, which included either GR-MD-02 or GM-CT-01 during weeks 8 through 11. TAA rats treated with vehicle developed extensive fibrosis and pathological stage 6 Ishak fibrosis, or cirrhosis. Treatment with either GR-MD-02 (90 mg/kg ip) or GM-CT-01 (180 mg/kg ip) given once weekly during weeks 8–11 led to marked reduction in fibrosis with reduction in portal and septal galectin-3 positive macrophages and reduction in portal pressure. Vehicle-treated animals had cirrhosis whereas in the treated animals the fibrosis stage was significantly reduced, with evidence of resolved or resolving cirrhosis and reduced portal inflammation and ballooning. In this model of toxin-induced liver fibrosis, treatment with two galectin protein inhibitors with different chemical compositions significantly reduced fibrosis, reversed cirrhosis, reduced galectin-3 expressing portal and septal macrophages, and reduced portal pressure. These findings suggest a potential role of these drugs in human liver fibrosis and cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G. Traber
- Galectin Therapeutics Inc, Norcross, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Hsin Chou
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Eliezer Zomer
- Galectin Therapeutics Inc, Norcross, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Feng Hong
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Anatole Klyosov
- Galectin Therapeutics Inc, Norcross, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Maria-Isabel Fiel
- Department of Pathology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, United States of America
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Butler GS, Overall CM. Matrix metalloproteinase processing of signaling molecules to regulate inflammation. Periodontol 2000 2013; 63:123-48. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Eliaz I. The Role of Galectin-3 as a Marker of Cancer and Inflammation in a Stage IV Ovarian Cancer Patient with Underlying Pro-Inflammatory Comorbidities. Case Rep Oncol 2013; 6:343-9. [PMID: 23898279 PMCID: PMC3724131 DOI: 10.1159/000353574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this case study, I report on a patient with stage IV ovarian cancer and underlying pro-inflammatory comorbidities. Initially, the patient's inflammatory condition was treated with an intensive integrative anti-inflammatory protocol using a combination of oral and intravenous nutrients and botanicals along with pharmaceutical intervention. This was followed by a standard course of chemotherapy supported by an individualized integrative protocol - with excellent response. Galectin-3 levels as well as other inflammatory and tumor markers were monitored throughout the course of treatment. Correlation with other markers, the clinical course of the disease, and symptomatology are presented. Galectin-3, a novel marker with potential clinical importance in cancer progression as well as inflammation and fibrosis, has been extensively researched in multiple in vitro, in vivo, and epidemiological studies. In this paper, a case in which galectin-3 has been used to assess and monitor patient progress is presented for the first time. This case is of further interest because of its complexity, with the coexistence of acute inflammatory conditions combined with progressing metastatic cancer. Galectin-3 monitoring reflected this complexity; nevertheless, it provided useful information and correlation with other inflammatory markers. The results suggest that monitoring serum galectin-3 as a marker for both inflammatory processes and cancer progression to a higher probability of metastasis may have clinical relevance. Additional clinical research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Eliaz
- Amitabha Medical Clinic and Healing Center, Santa Rosa, Calif., USA
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Lee YJ, Koh YS, Park HE, Lee HJ, Hwang BH, Kang MK, Lee SY, Kim PJ, Ihm SH, Seung KB, Chang K. Spatial and temporal expression, and statin responsiveness of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in murine atherosclerosis. Korean Circ J 2013; 43:223-30. [PMID: 23682281 PMCID: PMC3654109 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2013.43.4.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Existing data on the spatiotemporal expression patterns of a variety of galectins in murine atherosclerosis are limited. We investigated the expression levels of galectins, and their in vivo spatiotemporal expression patterns and statin responsiveness in the inflamed atherosclerotic plaques of apolipoprotein E (apoE)-/- mice. Materials and Methods Galectins expression patterns in aortic atherosclerotic plaques and serum galectin-3 levels were investigated in 26-week-old apoE-/- (n=6) and C57BL/6 mice (n=9). To investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in plaques, high-cholesterol diet-fed 26-week-old (n=12) and 36-week-old apoE-/- mice (n=6) were sacrificed and their aortas were examined for galectins' expression using immunoblot analysis and immunohistochemical stain. 36-week-old apoE-/- mice were treated with atorvastatin (n=3, 0.57 mg/kg/day) for the evaluation of its effect on aortic galectins' expression. Results Immunoblot analyses showed that galectin-1 and galectin-3 were the predominant galectins expressed in murine atherosclerosis. The serum galectin-3 level was significantly higher in apoE-/- mice (p<0.001). While galectin-1 was weakly expressed in both intimal plaques and the media of atherosclerotic aortas, galectin-3 was heavily and exclusively accumulated in intimal plaques. Galectin-3 distribution was colocalized with plaque macrophages' distribution (r=0.66). As the degree of plaque extent and inflammation increased, the intraplaque galectin-3 expression levels proportionally elevated (p<0.01 vs. baseline), whereas galectin-1 expression had not elevated (p=0.14 vs. baseline). Atorvastatin treatment markedly reduced intraplaque galectin-3 and macrophage signals (p<0.001 vs. baseline), whereas it failed to reduce galectin-1 expression in the aortas. Conclusion Galectin-3 is the predominant gal and is colocalized with macrophages within atherosclerotic plaques. Intraplaque galectin-3 expression reflects the degree of plaque inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jin Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Clark AG, Weston ML, Foster MH. Lack of galectin-1 or galectin-3 alters B cell deletion and anergy in an autoantibody transgene model. Glycobiology 2013; 23:893-903. [PMID: 23550149 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the galectin family of proteins have been shown to regulate the development and the function of immune cells. We previously identified the increased expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 mRNA and protein in anergic B cells relative to their naïve counterparts. To investigate the role of these galectins in maintaining B cell tolerance, we crossed mice deficient in galectin-1 or galectin-3 with mice bearing a lupus autoantigen-binding transgenic (Tg) B cell receptor, using a model with a well-characterized B cell tolerance phenotype of deletion, receptor editing and anergy. Here, we present data showing that the global knockout of galectin-1 or galectin-3 yields subtle alterations in B cell fate in autoantibody Tg mice. The absence of galectin-3 leads to a significant increase in the number of Tg spleen B cells, with the recovery of anti-laminin antibodies from a subset of mice. The B cell number increases further in antibody Tg mice with the dual deficiency of both galectin-1 and galectin-3. Isolated galectin-1 deficiency significantly enhances the proliferation of Tg B cells in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. These findings add to the growing body of evidence indicating a role for the various galectin family members, and for galectins 1 and 3 in particular, in the regulation of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G Clark
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, and Research Service, Durham VA Medical Center, Box 103015, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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64
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Wu SY, Yu JS, Liu FT, Miaw SC, Wu-Hsieh BA. Galectin-3 negatively regulates dendritic cell production of IL-23/IL-17-axis cytokines in infection by Histoplasma capsulatum. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:3427-37. [PMID: 23455499 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3 (gal3) is known for its immunoregulatory functions in infectious, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. However, little is known about its regulatory role in the host's IL-17A response to infection. Using a mouse model of histoplasmosis in which both Th1 and Th17 responses contribute to fungal clearance, we investigated how gal3 regulates IL-17A responses. Our study showed that Histoplasma infection induced gal3(-/-) dendritic cells to produce significantly higher levels of IL-23, TGF-β1, and IL-1β than did gal3(+/+) cells. Infected by the same inoculum of Histoplasma, gal3(-/-) mice had lower fungal burden and produced higher levels of IL-23/IL-17-axis cytokines and lower levels of IL-12 and IFN-γ. Additionally, there was an increase in Th17 cells and a reduction in Th1 cells in infected gal3(-/-) mice. In vitro Th1/Th17-skewing experiments excluded the intrinsic effect of gal3 on Th cell differentiation. Although neutrophils from both gal3(+/+) and gal3(-/-) mice produced IL-17A upon IL-23 stimulation, their contribution to IL-17A production was greater in gal3(-/-) mice than in gal3(+/+) mice. Compared with gal3(+/+) dendritic cells, adoptive transfer of gal3(-/-) dendritic cells resulted in production of significantly higher levels of IL-17-axis cytokines and reduced fungal burden. It appears that reduced fungal burden and preferential IL-17A response in gal3(-/-) mice by both Th17 cells and neutrophils were the result of preferential production of IL-23/IL-17-axis cytokines by dendritic cells. Our study showed that gal3 negatively regulates IL-17A responses through inhibition of IL-23/IL-17-axis cytokine production by dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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65
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Li X, Zhao QY, Yuan FL. Galectin 3 as a novel therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis: comment on the article by Forsman et al. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 63:3179-80; author reply 3180. [PMID: 21769835 DOI: 10.1002/art.30532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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66
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex and common systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovial inflammation and hyperplasia. Multiple proteins, cells, and pathways have been identified to contribute to the pathogenesis of RA. Galectins are a group of lectins that bind to β-galactoside carbohydrates on the cell surface and in the extracellular matrix. They are expressed in a wide variety of tissues and organs with the highest expression in the immune system. Galectins are potent immune regulators and modulate a range of pathological processes, such as inflammation, autoimmunity, and cancer. Accumulated evidence shows that several family members of galectins play positive or negative roles in the disease development of RA, through their effects on T and B lymphocytes, myeloid lineage cells, and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. In this review, we will summarize the function of different galectins in immune modulation and their distinct roles in RA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yangsheng Yu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Christopher D Koehn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kaihong Su
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; The Eppley Cancer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Xibillé-Friedmann D, Bustos Rivera-Bahena C, Rojas-Serrano J, Burgos-Vargas R, Montiel-Hernández JL. A decrease in galectin-1 (Gal-1) levels correlates with an increase in anti-Gal-1 antibodies at the synovial level in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Scand J Rheumatol 2012; 42:102-7. [DOI: 10.3109/03009742.2012.725769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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69
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Ac-SDKP ameliorates the progression of lupus nephritis in MRL/lpr mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 14:401-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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70
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Dragomir ACD, Sun R, Choi H, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Role of galectin-3 in classical and alternative macrophage activation in the liver following acetaminophen intoxication. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:5934-41. [PMID: 23175698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory macrophages have been implicated in hepatotoxicity induced by the analgesic acetaminophen (APAP). In these studies, we characterized the phenotype of macrophages accumulating in the liver following APAP intoxication and evaluated the role of galectin-3 (Gal-3) in macrophage activation. Administration of APAP (300 mg/kg, i.p.) to wild-type mice resulted in the appearance of two distinct subpopulations of CD11b(+) cells in the liver, which expressed high or low levels of the monocyte/macrophage activation marker Ly6C. Whereas CD11b(+)/Ly6C(hi) macrophages exhibited a classically activated proinflammatory phenotype characterized by increased expression of TNF-α, inducible NO synthase, and CCR2, CD11b(+)/Ly6C(lo) macrophages were alternatively activated, expressing high levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. APAP intoxication was also associated with an accumulation of Gal-3(+) macrophages in the liver; the majority of these cells were Ly6C(hi). APAP-induced increases in CD11b(+)/Ly6C(hi) macrophages were significantly reduced in Gal-3(-/-) mice. This reduction was evident 72 h post APAP and was correlated with decreased expression of the classical macrophage activation markers, inducible NO synthase, IL-12, and TNF-α, as well as the proinflammatory chemokines CCL2 and CCL3, and chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR2. Conversely, numbers of CD11b(+)/Ly6C(lo) macrophages increased in livers of APAP-treated Gal-3(-/-) mice; this was associated with increased expression of the alternative macrophage activation markers Ym1 and Fizz1, increased liver repair, and reduced hepatotoxicity. These data demonstrate that both classically and alternatively activated macrophages accumulate in the liver following APAP intoxication; moreover, Gal-3 plays a role in promoting a persistent proinflammatory macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Cristina Docan Dragomir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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71
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Radosavljevic G, Volarevic V, Jovanovic I, Milovanovic M, Pejnovic N, Arsenijevic N, Hsu DK, Lukic ML. The roles of Galectin-3 in autoimmunity and tumor progression. Immunol Res 2012; 52:100-10. [PMID: 22418727 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-012-8286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Galectin-3, a unique chimera-type member of the β-galactoside-binding soluble lectin family, is widely expressed in numerous cells. Here, we discuss the role of Galectin-3 in T-cell-mediated inflammatory (auto) immunity and tumor rejection by using Galectin-3-deficient mice and four disease models of human pathology: experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Con-A-induced hepatitis, multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes (MLD-STZ diabetes) and metastatic melanoma. We present evidence which suggest that Galectin-3 plays an important pro-inflammatory role in Con-A-induced hepatitis by promoting the activation of T lymphocytes, NKT cells and DCs, cytokine secretion, prevention of M2 macrophage polarization and apoptosis of mononuclear cells, and it leads to severe liver injury. In addition, experiments in Galectin-3-"knock-out" mice indicate that Galectin-3 is also involved in immune-mediated β-cell damage and is required for diabetogenesis in MLD-STZ model by promoting the expression of IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-17 and iNOS in immune and accessory effector cells. Next, our data demonstrated that Galectin-3 plays an important disease-exacerbating role in EAE through its multifunctional roles in preventing cell apoptosis and increasing IL-17 and IFN-gamma synthesis, but decreasing IL-10 production. Finally, based on our findings, we postulated that expression of Galectin-3 in the host may also facilitate melanoma metastasis by affecting tumor cell adhesion and modulating anti-melanoma immune response, in particular innate antitumor immunity. Taken together, we discuss the evidence of pro-inflammatory and antitumor activities of Galectin-3 and suggest that Galectin-3 may be an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Radosavljevic
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Svetozara Markovica 69, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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72
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Maxwell EG, Belshaw NJ, Waldron KW, Morris VJ. Pectin – An emerging new bioactive food polysaccharide. Trends Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Abstract
Unlike their protein "roommates" and their nucleic acid "cousins," carbohydrates remain an enigmatic arm of biology. The central reason for the difficulty in fully understanding how carbohydrate structure and biological function are tied is the nontemplate nature of their synthesis and the resulting heterogeneity. The goal of this collection of expert reviews is to highlight what is known about how carbohydrates and their binding partners-the microbial (non-self), tumor (altered-self), and host (self)-cooperate within the immune system, while also identifying areas of opportunity to those willing to take up the challenge of understanding more about how carbohydrates influence immune responses. In the end, these reviews will serve as specific examples of how carbohydrates are as integral to biology as are proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Here, we attempt to summarize general concepts on glycans and glycan-binding proteins (mainly C-type lectins, siglecs, and galectins) and their contributions to the biology of immune responses in physiologic and pathologic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brian A. Cobb
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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Dragomir AC, Sun R, Mishin V, Hall LB, Laskin JD, Laskin DL. Role of galectin-3 in acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity and inflammatory mediator production. Toxicol Sci 2012; 127:609-19. [PMID: 22461450 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a β-galactoside-binding lectin implicated in the regulation of macrophage activation and inflammatory mediator production. In the present studies, we analyzed the role of Gal-3 in liver inflammation and injury induced by acetaminophen (APAP). Treatment of wild-type (WT) mice with APAP (300 mg/kg, ip) resulted in centrilobular hepatic necrosis and increases in serum transaminases. This was associated with increased hepatic expression of Gal-3 messenger RNA and protein. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that Gal-3 was predominantly expressed by mononuclear cells infiltrating into necrotic areas. APAP-induced hepatotoxicity was reduced in Gal-3-deficient mice. This was most pronounced at 48-72 h post-APAP and correlated with decreases in APAP-induced expression of 24p3, a marker of inflammation and oxidative stress. These effects were not due to alterations in APAP metabolism or hepatic glutathione levels. The proinflammatory proteins, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin (IL)-1β, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9, and MIP-3α, as well as the Gal-3 receptor (CD98), were upregulated in livers of WT mice after APAP intoxication. Loss of Gal-3 resulted in a significant reduction in expression of iNOS, MMP-9, MIP-3α, and CD98, with no effects on IL-1β. Whereas APAP-induced increases in MIP-2 were augmented at 6 h in Gal-3(-/-) mice when compared with WT mice, at 48 and 72 h, they were suppressed. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 (TNFR1) was also upregulated after APAP, a response dependent on Gal-3. Moreover, exaggerated APAP hepatotoxicity in mice lacking TNFR1 was associated with increased Gal-3 expression. These data demonstrate that Gal-3 is important in promoting inflammation and injury in the liver following APAP intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Cristina Dragomir
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Abstract
Galectins are animal lectins that bind to β-galactosides, such as lactose and N-acetyllactosamine, in free form or contained in glycoproteins or glycolipids. They are located intracellularly or extracellularly. In the latter they exhibit bivalent or multivalent interactions with glycans on cell surfaces and induce various cellular responses, including production of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, cell adhesion, migration, and apoptosis. Furthermore, they can form lattices with membrane glycoprotein receptors and modulate receptor properties. Intracellular galectins can participate in signaling pathways and alter biological responses, including apoptosis, cell differentiation, and cell motility. Current evidence indicates that galectins play important roles in acute and chronic inflammatory responses, as well as other diverse pathological processes. Galectin involvement in some processes in vivo has been discovered, or confirmed, through studies of genetically engineered mouse strains, each deficient in a given galectin. Current evidence also suggests that galectins may be therapeutic targets or employed as therapeutic agents for these inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Tong Liu
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, 95816, USA.
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76
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Klyosov AA, Traber PG. Galectins in Disease and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2012-1115.ch001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatole A. Klyosov
- Galectin Therapeutics, Inc., 4960 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Suite 240, Norcross, Georgia 30071
| | - Peter G. Traber
- Galectin Therapeutics, Inc., 4960 Peachtree Industrial Blvd., Suite 240, Norcross, Georgia 30071
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Mascanfroni ID, Cerliani JP, Dergan-Dylon S, Croci DO, Ilarregui JM, Rabinovich GA. Endogenous lectins shape the function of dendritic cells and tailor adaptive immunity: Mechanisms and biomedical applications. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:833-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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