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Seisenberger C, Graf T, Haindl M, Wegele H, Wiedmann M, Wohlrab S. Toward optimal clearance - A universal affinity based mass spectrometry approach for comprehensive ELISA reagent coverage evaluation and HCP hitchhiker analysis. Biotechnol Prog 2022; 38:e3244. [PMID: 35150475 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the control strategy for process related impurities in biopharmaceuticals the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the method of choice for the quantification of host cell proteins (HCP). Besides two dimensional - western blots (2D-WB), the coverage of ELISA antibodies is increasingly evaluated by affinity purification based liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (AP-MS) methods. However, all these methods face the problem of unspecific binding issues between antibodies and the matrix, involving the application of arbitrarily defined thresholds during data evaluation. To solve this, a new approach (optimized AP-MS) was developed in this study, for which a cleavable linker was conjugated to the ELISA antibodies enabling the subsequent isolation of specifically interacting HCPs. By comparing both approaches in terms of method variability and the number of false positive or negative hits, we could demonstrate that the optimized AP-MS method is very reproducible and superior in the identification of antibody detection gaps, while previously described strategies suffered from over- or underestimating the coverage. As only antibody associated HCPs were identified, we demonstrated that the method is beneficial for hitchhiker analysis. Overall, the method described herein has proven as a powerful tool for reliable coverage determination of ELISA antibodies, without the need to arbitrarily exclude HCPs during the coverage evaluation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tobias Graf
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Haindl
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, Penzberg, Germany
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52
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Li X, Wang F, Li H, Richardson DD, Roush DJ. The measurement and control of high-risk host cell proteins for polysorbate degradation in biologics formulation. Antib Ther 2022; 5:42-54. [PMID: 35155990 PMCID: PMC8826928 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbac002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonionic surfactant polysorbates, including PS-80 and PS-20, are commonly used in the formulation of biotherapeutic products for both preventing surface adsorption and acting as stabilizer against protein aggregation. Trace levels of residual host cell proteins (HCPs) with lipase or esterase enzymatic activity have been shown to degrade polysorbates in biologics formulation. The measurement and control of these low abundance, high-risk HCPs for polysorbate degradation are an industry-wide challenge to achieve desired shelf life of biopharmaceuticals in liquid formulation, especially for high-concentration formulation product development. Here, we reviewed the challenges, recent advances, and future opportunities of analytical method development, risk assessment, and control strategies for polysorbate degradation during formulation development with a focus on enzymatic degradation. Continued efforts to advance our understanding of polysorbate degradation in biologics formulation will help develop high-quality medicines for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanwen Li
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Xuanwen Li, Analytical Research & Development Mass Spectrometry, Merck & Co. Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, WPP042A-4015, West Point, PA 19486. Tel: 215-652-1829;
| | - Fengqiang Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Hong Li
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - Douglas D Richardson
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
| | - David J Roush
- Biologics Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 2000 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA
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Hecht ES, Mehta S, Wecksler AT, Aguilar B, Swanson N, Phung W, Dubey Kelsoe A, Benner WH, Tesar D, Kelley RF, Sandoval W, Sreedhara A. Insights into ultra-low affinity lipase-antibody noncovalent complex binding mechanisms. MAbs 2022; 14:2135183. [PMID: 36284469 PMCID: PMC9621051 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2022.2135183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of host cell protein (HCP) impurities is critical to ensuring that recombinant drug products, including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are safe. Mechanistic characterization as to how HCPs persist in drug products is important to refining downstream processing. It has been hypothesized that weak lipase-mAb interactions enable HCP lipases to evade drug purification processes. Here, we apply state-of-the-art methods to establish lipase-mAb binding mechanisms. First, the mass spectrometry (MS) approach of fast photochemical oxidation of proteins was used to elucidate putative binding regions. The CH1 domain was identified as a conserved interaction site for IgG1 and IgG4 mAbs against the HCPs phospholipase B-like protein (PLBL2) and lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2). Rationally designed mutations in the CH1 domain of the IgG4 mAb caused a 3- to 70-fold KD reduction against PLBL2 by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). LPLA2-IgG4 mutant complexes, undetected by SPR and studied using native MS collisional dissociation experiments, also showed significant complex disruption, from 16% to 100%. Native MS and ion mobility (IM) determined complex stoichiometries for four lipase-IgG4 complexes and directly interrogated the enrichment of specific lipase glycoforms. Confirmed with time-course and exoglycosidase experiments, deglycosylated lipases prevented binding, and low-molecular-weight glycoforms promoted binding, to mAbs. This work demonstrates the value of integrated biophysical approaches to characterize micromolar affinity complexes. It is the first in-depth structural report of lipase-mAb binding, finding roles for the CH1 domain and lipase glycosylation in mediating binding. The structural insights gained offer new approaches for the bioengineering of cells or mAbs to reduce HCP impurity levels.Abbreviations: CAN, Acetonitrile; AMAC, Ammonium acetate; BFGS, Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno; CHO, Chinese Hamster Ovary; KD, Dissociation constant; DTT, Dithiothreitol; ELISA, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; FPOP, Fast photochemical oxidation of proteins; FA, Formic acid; F(ab'), Fragment antibodies; HCP, Host cell protein; IgG, Immunoglobulin; IM, Ion mobility; LOD, Lower limit of detection; LPLA2, Lysosomal phospholipase A2; Man, Mannose; MS, Mass spectrometry; MeOH, Methanol; MST, Microscale thermophoresis; mAbs, Monoclonal antibodies; PPT1, Palmitoyl protein thioesterase; ppm, Parts per million; PLBL2, Phospholipase B-like protein; PLD3, Phospholipase D3; PS-20, Polysorbate-20; SP, Sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase; SPR, Surface plasmon resonance; TFA, Trifluoroacetic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sara Hecht
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Shrenik Mehta
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aaron T. Wecksler
- Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel Swanson
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Phung
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Devin Tesar
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert F. Kelley
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wendy Sandoval
- Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA,CONTACT Wendy Sandoval Microchemistry, Proteomics, and Lipidomics, Genentech, Inc South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alavattam Sreedhara
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, IncSouth San Francisco, CA, USA,Alavattam Sreedhara Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA94080, USA
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54
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Herman CE, Xu X, Traylor SJ, Ghose S, Li ZJ, Lenhoff AM. Behavior of weakly adsorbing protein impurities in flow-through ion-exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1664:462788. [PMID: 34998025 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Flow-through ion-exchange chromatography is frequently used in polishing biotherapeutics, but the factors that contribute to impurity persistence are incompletely understood. A large number of dilute impurities may be encountered that exhibit physicochemical diversity, making the flow-through separation performance highly sensitive to process conditions. The analysis presented in this work develops two novel correlations that offer transferable insights into the chromatographic behavior of weakly adsorbing impurities. The first, based on column simulations and validated experimentally, delineates the relative contributions of thermodynamic, transport, and geometric properties in dictating the initial breakthrough volumes of dilute species. The Graetz number for mass transfer was found to generalize the transport contributions, enabling estimation of a threshold in the equilibrium constant below which impurity persistence is expected. Impurity adsorption equilibria are needed to use this correlation, but such data are not typically available. The second relationship presented in this work may be used to reduce the experimental burden of estimating adsorption equilibria as a function of ionic strength. A correlation between stoichiometric displacement model parameters was found by consolidating isocratic retention data for over 200 protein-pH-resin combinations from the extant literature. Coupled with Yamamoto's analysis of linear gradient elution data, this correlation may be used to estimate retentivity approximately from a single experimental measurement, which could prove useful in predicting host-cell protein chromatographic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase E Herman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Xuankuo Xu
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Steven J Traylor
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, Devens, MA 01434, USA
| | - Abraham M Lenhoff
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA.
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Pilely K, Johansen MR, Lund RR, Kofoed T, Jørgensen TK, Skriver L, Mørtz E. Monitoring process-related impurities in biologics-host cell protein analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:747-758. [PMID: 34595561 PMCID: PMC8483941 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03648-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
During biologics development, manufacturers must demonstrate clearance of host cell impurities and contaminants to ensure drug purity, manufacturing process consistency, and patient safety. Host cell proteins (HCPs) are a major class of process-related impurities and require monitoring and documentation of their presence through development and manufacturing. Even in residual amounts, they are known to affect product quality and efficacy as well as patient safety. HCP analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (HCP-ELISA) is the standard technique, due to its simple handling, short analysis time, and high sensitivity for protein impurities. Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC–MS) is an orthogonal method for HCP analysis and is increasingly included in regulatory documentation. LC–MS offers advantages where HCP-ELISA has drawbacks, e.g., the ability to identify and quantify individual HCPs. This article summarizes the available knowledge about monitoring HCPs in biologics and presents the newest trends in HCP analysis with current state-of-the-art HCP measurement tools. Through case studies, we present examples of HCP control strategies that have been used in regulatory license applications, using an MS-based coverage analysis and HCP-ELISA and LC–MS for HCP quantification. This provides novel insight into the rapid evolving strategy of HCP analysis. Improvements in technologies to evaluate HCP-ELISA suitability and the implementation of orthogonal LC–MS methods for HCP analysis are important to rationally manipulate, engineer, and select suitable cell lines and downstream processing steps to limit problematic HCPs.
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Waldera-Lupa DM, Jasper Y, Köhne P, Schwichtenhövel R, Falkenberg H, Flad T, Happersberger P, Reisinger B, Dehghani A, Moussa R, Waerner T. Host cell protein detection gap risk mitigation: quantitative IAC-MS for ELISA antibody reagent coverage determination. MAbs 2021; 13:1955432. [PMID: 34347561 PMCID: PMC8344763 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1955432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Host cell proteins (HCPs) must be sufficiently cleared from recombinant biopharmaceuticals during the downstream process (DSP) to ensure product quality, purity, and patient safety. For monitoring of HCP clearance, the typical method chosen is an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using polyclonal anti-HCP antibodies obtained from an immunization campaign. This polyclonal reagent is a critical factor for functionality and confidence of the ELISA. Therefore, it is important to ensure that the pool of ELISA antibodies covers a broad spectrum of the HCPs that potentially could persist in the final drug substance. Typically, coverage is determined by gel-based approaches. Here, we present a quantitative proteomics approach combined with purification of HCPs by immunoaffinity chromatography (qIAC-MS) for assessment of ELISA coverage. The cell culture fluid (CCF) of a mock fermentation and a recombinant monoclonal antibody product were characterized in detail to investigate whether the HCPs used for immunization of animals accurately represent HCPs that are relevant to the process. Using the qIAC-MS approach, the ELISA antibody coverage was determined for mock fermentation and product CCF, as well as several different DSP intermediates. Here, the use of different controls facilitated the identification and quantification of HCPs present in the polyclonal reagent and those that nonspecifically bound to IAC material. This study successfully demonstrates that the described qIAC-MS approach is not only a suitable orthogonal method to commonly used 2D SDS-PAGE-based analysis for evaluating ELISA antibody coverage, but that it further identifies HCPs covered as well as missed by the ELISA, enabling an improved risk assessment of HCP ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yvonne Jasper
- Bioanalytics, Protagen Protein Services GmbH, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pia Köhne
- Bioanalytics, Protagen Protein Services GmbH, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | | | - Thomas Flad
- Bioanalytics, Protagen Protein Services GmbH, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Happersberger
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Bernd Reisinger
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Alireza Dehghani
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Roland Moussa
- Bioanalytics, Protagen Protein Services GmbH, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Thomas Waerner
- Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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57
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Molden R, Hu M, Yen E S, Saggese D, Reilly J, Mattila J, Qiu H, Chen G, Bak H, Li N. Host cell protein profiling of commercial therapeutic protein drugs as a benchmark for monoclonal antibody-based therapeutic protein development. MAbs 2021; 13:1955811. [PMID: 34365906 PMCID: PMC8354607 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1955811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins including monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are usually produced in engineered host cell lines that also produce thousands of endogenous proteins at varying levels. A critical aspect of the development of biotherapeutics manufacturing processes is the removal of these host cell proteins (HCP) to appropriate levels in order to minimize risk to patient safety and drug efficacy. During the development process and associated analytical characterization, mass spectrometry (MS) has become an increasingly popular tool for HCP analysis due to its ability to provide both relative abundance and identity of individual HCP and because the method does not rely on polyclonal antibodies, which are used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In this study, HCP from 29 commercially marketed mAb and mAb-based therapeutics were profiled using liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS with the identification and relative quantification of 79 individual HCP in total. Excluding an outlier drug, the relative levels of individual HCP determined in the approved therapeutics were generally low, with an average of 20 ppm (µmol HCP/mol drug) measured by LC-MS/MS, and only a few (<7 in average) HCP were identified in each drug analyzed. From this analysis, we also gained knowledge about which HCP are frequently identified in mAb-based products and their typical levels relative to the drugs for the identified individual HCP. In addition, we examined HCP composition from antibodies produced in house and found our current development process brings HCP to levels that are consistent with marketed drugs. Finally, we described a specific case to demonstrate how the HCP information from commercially marketed drugs could inform future HCP analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalynn Molden
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Mengqi Hu
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Sook Yen E
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Diana Saggese
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - James Reilly
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - John Mattila
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Haibo Qiu
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Protein Expression Sciences, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Hanne Bak
- Preclinical Manufacturing and Process Development, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Analytical Chemistry, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc, Tarrytown, New York, USA
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