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Xu Z, Xu JZ, Zhang J, Zheng ZJ, Cao J, Cui YM, Xu LW. Mechanistic Insights into Palladium-Catalyzed Silylation of Aryl Iodides with Hydrosilanes through a DFT Study. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:1749-1757. [PMID: 28452198 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic cycles of palladium-catalyzed silylation of aryl iodides, which are initiated by oxidative addition of hydrosilane or aryl iodide through three different mechanisms characterized by intermediates R3 Si-PdII -H (Cycle A), Ar-PdII -I (Cycle B), and PdIV (Cycle C), have been explored in detail by hybrid DFT. Calculations suggest that the chemical selectivity and reactivity of the reaction depend on the ligation state of the catalyst and specific reaction conditions, including feeding order of substrates and the presence of base. For less bulky biligated catalyst, Cycle C is energetically favored over Cycle A, through which the silylation process is slightly favored over the reduction process. Interestingly, for bulky monoligated catalyst, Cycle B is energetically more favored over generally accepted Cycle A, in which the silylation channel is slightly disfavored in comparison to that of the reduction channel. Moreover, the inclusion of base in this channel allows the silylated product become dominant. These findings offer a good explanation for the complex experimental observations. Designing a reaction process that allows the oxidative addition of palladium(0) complex to aryl iodide to occur prior to that with hydrosilane is thus suggested to improve the reactivity and chemoselectivity for the silylated product by encouraging the catalytic cycle to proceed through Cycles B (monoligated Pd0 catalyst) or C (biligated Pd0 catalyst), instead of Cycle A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Zhou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhan-Jiang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jian Cao
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Ming Cui
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Li-Wen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and, Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, No 1378, Wenyi West Road, Science Park of HZNU, Hangzhou, P.R. China.,Suzhou Research Institute and State Key Laboratory, for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.R. China
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52
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Thomas AA, Wang H, Zahrt AF, Denmark SE. Structural, Kinetic, and Computational Characterization of the Elusive Arylpalladium(II)boronate Complexes in the Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:3805-3821. [PMID: 28266847 PMCID: PMC7784246 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b13384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The existence of the oft-invoked intermediates containing the crucial Pd-O-B subunit, the "missing link", has been established in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. The use of low-temperature, rapid injection NMR spectroscopy (RI-NMR), kinetic studies, and computational analysis has enabled the generation, observation, and characterization of these highly elusive species. The ability to confirm the intermediacy of Pd-O-B-containing species provided the opportunity to clarify mechanistic aspects of the transfer of the organic moiety from boron to palladium in the key transmetalation step. Specifically, these studies establish the identity of two different intermediates containing Pd-O-B linkages, a tri-coordinate (6-B-3) boronic acid complex and a tetra-coordinate (8-B-4) boronate complex, both of which undergo transmetalation leading to the cross-coupling product. Two distinct mechanistic pathways have been elucidated for stoichiometric reactions of these complexes: (1) transmetalation via an unactivated 6-B-3 intermediate that dominates in the presence of an excess of ligand, and (2) transmetalation via an activated 8-B-4 intermediate that takes place with a deficiency of ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy A. Thomas
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hao Wang
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Andrew F. Zahrt
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Scott E. Denmark
- Roger Adams Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Elias WC, Signori AM, Zaramello L, Albuquerque BL, de Oliveira DC, Domingos JB. Mechanism of a Suzuki-Type Homocoupling Reaction Catalyzed by Palladium Nanocubes. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Welman C. Elias
- LaCBio-Laboratory
of Biomimetic Catalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Aline M. Signori
- LaCBio-Laboratory
of Biomimetic Catalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Laize Zaramello
- LaCBio-Laboratory
of Biomimetic Catalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Brunno L. Albuquerque
- LaCBio-Laboratory
of Biomimetic Catalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela C. de Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron, C.P.
6192, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Josiel B. Domingos
- LaCBio-Laboratory
of Biomimetic Catalysis, Chemistry Department, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Trindade, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina 88040-900, Brazil
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54
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Hirakawa T, Uramoto Y, Mimura D, Takeda A, Yanagisawa S, Ikeda T, Inagaki K, Morikawa Y. First-Principles Molecular Dynamics Analysis of Ligand-Free Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling in Water Solvent: Oxidative Addition Step. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:164-173. [PMID: 27992226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b08644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the oxidative addition of PhX (X = Cl, Br) to a single Pd(0) atom or a PdX- complex in water using first-principles molecular dynamics simulations, with solvent H2O molecules explicitly included in the calculation models, to clarify the origin of the extremely high reactivity of a ligand-free Pd catalyst in an aqueous solution for the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction. The free-energy profiles are estimated using blue moon ensemble sampling to include the entropy effect in chemical reactions in a water solvent. The free-energy barrier of the oxidative addition step is quite low for PhBr, whereas the barrier for PhCl is sizable, indicating that the reaction can proceed at room temperature with a high rate for PhBr but a rather low rate for PhCl. We also investigated the effect of the additional halogen anion on the Pd catalyst as a "supporting ligand". The activation barrier of the oxidative addition step is not affected by the supporting halogen ligand, but the final state is significantly destabilized, which should be important for the following transmetalation step. The solvent effect has also been investigated and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Susumu Yanagisawa
- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus , 1 Senbaru, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Takashi Ikeda
- Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Quantum Beam Science Research Directorate, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST) , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
| | - Kouji Inagaki
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University , Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Morikawa
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysts and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University , Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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55
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Pareek M, Sunoj RB. Cooperative Asymmetric Catalysis by N-Heterocyclic Carbenes and Brønsted Acid in γ-Lactam Formation: Insights into Mechanism and Stereoselectivity. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pareek
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Raghavan B. Sunoj
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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Sperger T, Sanhueza IA, Kalvet I, Schoenebeck F. Computational Studies of Synthetically Relevant Homogeneous Organometallic Catalysis Involving Ni, Pd, Ir, and Rh: An Overview of Commonly Employed DFT Methods and Mechanistic Insights. Chem Rev 2015. [PMID: 26207572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 410] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Sperger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Italo A Sanhueza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.,Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zürich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Indrek Kalvet
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Franziska Schoenebeck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University , Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Kashin AN, Ganina OG, Cheprakov AV, Beletskaya IP. The Direct Non-Perturbing Leaching Test in the Phosphine-Free Suzuki-Miyaura Reaction Catalyzed by Palladium Nanoparticles. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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58
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Sieffert N, Boisson J, Py S. Enantioselective Arylation ofN-Tosylimines by Phenylboronic Acid Catalysed by a Rhodium/Diene Complex: Reaction Mechanism from Density Functional Theory. Chemistry 2015; 21:9753-68. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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59
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Marques CS, Locati A, Prates Ramalho J, Burke AJ. Palladium catalysed sequential imine arylation/Suzuki–Miyaura coupling: synthesis of α-(biarylyl)benzylamines. Tetrahedron 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2015.03.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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60
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Realistic Simulation of Organometallic Reactivity in Solution by Means of First-Principles Molecular Dynamics. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2015_183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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