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Paz J, Pérez-Balado C, Iglesias B, Muñoz L. Semicarbazones from N-Hydroxyureas and Amines: A Novel Entry in the Reactivity of the Acyl Nitroso Group. Org Lett 2011; 13:1800-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol2003226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Paz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Carlos Pérez-Balado
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Beatriz Iglesias
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis Muñoz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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52
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Bayly SR, King RC, Honess DJ, Barnard PJ, Betts HM, Holland JP, Hueting R, Bonnitcha PD, Dilworth JR, Aigbirhio FI, Christlieb M. In vitro and in vivo evaluations of a hydrophilic 64Cu-bis(thiosemicarbazonato)-glucose conjugate for hypoxia imaging. J Nucl Med 2008; 49:1862-8. [PMID: 18927340 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.108.054015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A water-soluble glucose conjugate of the hypoxia tracer 64Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (64Cu-ATSM) was synthesized and radiolabeled (64Cu-ATSE/A-G). Here we report our initial biological experiments with 64Cu-ATSE/A-G and compare the results with those obtained for 64Cu-ATSM and 18F-FDG. METHODS The uptake of 64Cu-ATSE/A-G and 64Cu-ATSM into HeLa cells in vitro was investigated at a range of dissolved oxygen concentrations representing normoxia, hypoxia, and anoxia. Small-animal PET with 64Cu-ATSE/A-G was performed in male BDIX rats implanted with P22 syngeneic carcinosarcomas. Images of 64Cu-ATSM and 18F-FDG were obtained in the same model for comparison. RESULTS 64CuATSE/A-G showed oxygen concentration-dependent uptake in vitro and, under anoxic conditions, showed slightly lower levels of cellular uptake than 64Cu-ATSM; uptake levels under hypoxic conditions were also lower. Whereas the normoxic uptake of 64Cu-ATSM increased linearly over time, 64Cu-ATSE/A-G uptake remained at low levels over the entire time course. In the PET study, 64CuATSE/A-G showed good tumor uptake and a biodistribution pattern substantially different from that of each of the controls. In marked contrast to the findings for 64Cu-ATSM, renal clearance and accumulation in the bladder were observed. 64Cu-ATSE/A-G did not display the characteristic brain and heart uptake of 18F-FDG. CONCLUSION The in vitro cell uptake studies demonstrated that 64Cu-ATSE/A-G retained hypoxia selectivity and had improved characteristics when compared with 64Cu-ATSM. The in vivo PET results indicated a difference in the excretion pathways, with a shift from primarily hepatointestinal for 64Cu-ATSM to partially renal with 64Cu-ATSE/A-G. This finding is consistent with the hydrophilic nature of the glucose conjugate. A comparison with 18F-FDG PET results revealed that 64Cu-ATSE/A-G was not a surrogate for glucose metabolism. We have demonstrated that our method for the modification of Cu-bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes allows their biodistribution to be modified without negating their hypoxia selectivity or tumor uptake properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Bayly
- Siemens Oxford Molecular Imaging Laboratory, Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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53
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Holland JP, Barnard PJ, Collison D, Dilworth JR, Edge R, Green JC, McInnes EJL. Spectroelectrochemical and computational studies on the mechanism of hypoxia selectivity of copper radiopharmaceuticals. Chemistry 2008; 14:5890-907. [PMID: 18494010 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Detailed chemical, spectroelectrochemical and computational studies have been used to investigate the mechanism of hypoxia selectivity of a range of copper radiopharmaceuticals. A revised mechanism involving a delicate balance between cellular uptake, intracellular reduction, reoxidation, protonation and ligand dissociation is proposed. This mechanism accounts for observed differences in the reported cellular uptake and washout of related copper bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes. Three copper and zinc complexes have been characterised by X-ray crystallography and the redox chemistry of a series of copper complexes has been investigated by using electronic absorption and EPR spectroelectrochemistry. Time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations have also been used to probe the electronic structures of intermediate species and assign the electronic absorption spectra. DFT calculations also show that one-electron oxidation is ligand-based, leading to the formation of cationic triplet species. In the absence of protons, metal-centred one-electron reduction gives the reduced anionic copper(I) species, [CuIATSM](-), and for the first time it is shown that molecular oxygen can reoxidise this anion to give the neutral, lipophilic parent complexes, which can wash out of cells. The electrochemistry is pH dependent and in the presence of stronger acids both chemical and electrochemical reduction leads to quantitative and rapid dissociation of copper(I) ions from the mono- or diprotonated complexes, [CuIATSMH] and [Cu(I)ATSMH2]+. In addition, a range of protonated intermediate species have been identified at lower acid concentrations. The one-electron reduction potential, rate of reoxidation of the copper(I) anionic species and ease of protonation are dependent on the structure of the ligand, which also governs their observed behaviour in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA (UK).
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54
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Gómez-Saiz P, Gil-García R, Maestro MA, Pizarro JL, Arriortua MI, Lezama L, Rojo T, González-Alvarez M, Borrás J, García-Tojal J. Structure, magnetic properties and nuclease activity of pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazonecopper(II) complexes. J Inorg Biochem 2008; 102:1910-20. [PMID: 18692903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 06/20/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
New complexes of formulae [Cu(HL(2))(H(2)O)(NO(3))](NO(3)) (1), [{Cu(L(1))(tfa)}(2)] (2), [{Cu(L(1))}(2)(pz)](ClO(4))(2) (3) and {[{Cu(L(1))}(2)(dca)](ClO(4))}(n) (4), where HL(1)=pyridine-2-carbaldehyde thiosemicarbazone, HL(2)=pyridine-2-carbaldehyde 4N-methylthiosemicarbazone, Htfa=trifluoroacetic acid (CF(3)COOH), pz=pyrazine (C(4)H(4)N(2)) and dca=dicyanamide [N(CN)(2)](-), have been synthesized and characterized. The crystal structures of these compounds are built up of monomers (1), dinuclear entities with the metal centers bridged through the non-thiosemicarbazone coligand (2 and 3) and 1D chains of dimers (4). In all the cases, square-pyramidal copper(II) ions are present, except for the square-planar ones in 3. Magnetic measurements show antiferromagnetic couplings in 2, 3 and 4. The susceptibility data were fitted by the Bleaney-Bowers' equation for copper(II) dimers derived from H=-2JS(1)S(2) being the obtained J/k values -4.8, -4.3 and -5.1K for compounds 2-4, respectively. The magnetic susceptibility of the already known [{Cu(HL(1))(tfa)}(2)](tfa)(2) compound has been also measured for the first time. The J/k value is -0.3K, lower than that in 2. The nuclease activity of 3 and 4 has been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Gómez-Saiz
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de Burgos, Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain
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55
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Holland JP, Barnard PJ, Bayly SR, Betts HM, Churchill GC, Dilworth JR, Edge R, Green JC, Hueting R. Synthesis, Radiolabelling and Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy of Styrene-Derivatised Bis(thiosemicarbazonato)zinc and -copper Complexes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200701351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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56
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Matesanz AI, Pastor C, Souza P. Synthesis, Characterization and X-ray Structures of [α-Diphenylethanedione bis(4-ethylthiosemicarbazonato)]palladium(II) and 1,2,4-Triazine-3-thione–Zinc(II) Complexes Obtained by Metal-Induced Cyclization. Eur J Inorg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200700619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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57
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Calatayud D, Escolar F, López-Torres E, Mendiola M. Facile and Selective Synthesis of 4-Methyl- and 4-Phenylthiosemicarbazide (=N-Methyl- andN-Phenylhydrazinecarbothioamide) Derivatives of Benzil (=1,2-Diphenylethane-1,2-dione). Helv Chim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.200790228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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58
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Bermejo MR, González-Noya AM, Martínez-Calvo M, Pedrido R, Maneiro M, Fernández MI, Gómez-Fórneas E. New Neutral Metal Complexes from the 4-N-Phenylthiosemicarbazone-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde Ligand –113Cd and207Pb NMR Studies. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200700274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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59
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Bermejo MR, González-Noya AM, Martínez-Calvo M, Pedrido R, Romero MJ, Fernández MI, Maneiro M. Electrochemical Synthesis: a Convenient Method for the Preparation of Neutral Metal Complexes with a Thiosemicarbazone Ligand. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200700026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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60
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Christlieb M, Struthers HSR, Bonnitcha PD, Cowley AR, Dilworth JR. The exocyclic functionalisation of bis(thiosemicarbazonate) complexes of zinc and copper: the synthesis of monomeric and dimeric species. Dalton Trans 2007:5043-54. [DOI: 10.1039/b705087a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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61
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Christlieb M, Cowley AR, Dilworth JR, Donnelly PS, Paterson BM, Struthers HSR, White JM. New bimetallic compounds based on the bis(thiosemicarbazonato) motif. Dalton Trans 2007:327-31. [PMID: 17200752 DOI: 10.1039/b612907b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc and copper bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes containing more than one metal centre have been prepared with a view to examining their application for molecular imaging. The zinc complexes are fluorescent with excitation and emission at relatively long wavelengths. The dinuclear copper complex undergoes two sequential, quasi-reversible reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Christlieb
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
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62
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Pascu SI, Waghorn PA, Conry TD, Betts HM, Dilworth JR, Churchill GC, Pokrovska T, Christlieb M, Aigbirhio FI, Warren JE. Designing Zn(ii) and Cu(ii) derivatives as probes for in vitro fluorescence imaging. Dalton Trans 2007:4988-97. [DOI: 10.1039/b705227h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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63
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Hall MD, Failes TW, Yamamoto N, Hambley TW. Bioreductive activation and drug chaperoning in cobalt pharmaceuticals. Dalton Trans 2007:3983-90. [PMID: 17828357 DOI: 10.1039/b707121c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The potential for cobalt(III) complexes in medicine, as chaperones of bioactive ligands, and to target tumours through bioreductive activation, has been examined over the past 20 years. Despite this, chemical properties such as reduction potential and carrier ligands required for optimal tumour targeting and drug delivery have not been optimised. Here we review the chemistry of cobalt(III) drug design, and recent developments in the understanding of the cellular fate of these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Hall
- Centre for Heavy Metals Research, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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64
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Holland JP, Aigbirhio FI, Betts HM, Bonnitcha PD, Burke P, Christlieb M, Churchill GC, Cowley AR, Dilworth JR, Donnelly PS, Green JC, Peach JM, Vasudevan SR, Warren JE. Functionalized Bis(thiosemicarbazonato) Complexes of Zinc and Copper: Synthetic Platforms Toward Site-Specific Radiopharmaceuticals. Inorg Chem 2006; 46:465-85. [PMID: 17279826 DOI: 10.1021/ic0615628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two new types of unsymmetrical bis(thiosemicarbazone) proligands and their neutral zinc(II) and copper(II) complexes have been synthesized. These bifunctional ligands both chelate the metal ions and provide pendent amino groups that can be readily functionalized with biologically active molecules. Functionalization has been demonstrated by the synthesis of three water-soluble glucose conjugates of the new zinc(II) bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes, and their copper(II) analogues have been prepared in aqueous solution via transmetalation. A range of techniques including NMR, electron paramagnetic resonance, cyclic voltammetry, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), UV/vis, and fluorescence emission spectroscopy have been used to characterize the complexes. Four compounds, including two zinc(II) complexes, have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The connectivity and conformation of the glucose conjugates have been assigned by NMR spectroscopy. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations have been used to assign the electronic transitions of the copper(II) bis(thiosemicarbazonato) chromophore. Two copper-64-radiolabeled complexes, including one glucose conjugate, have been prepared and characterized using radio-HPLC, and transmetalation is shown to be a viable method for radiolabeling compounds with copper radionuclides. Preliminary cell washout studies have been performed under normoxic conditions, and the uptake and intracellular distribution have been studied using confocal fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Holland
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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