51
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A highly sensitive and selective ratiometric fluorescent probe based on conjugated donor–acceptor–donor constitution of 1,8-naphthyridine for Hg2+. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2011.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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52
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Shiraishi Y, Ichimura C, Sumiya S, Hirai T. Multicolor Fluorescence of a Styrylquinoline Dye Tuned by Metal Cations. Chemistry 2011; 17:8324-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201101048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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53
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Hudson ZM, Wang S. Metal-containing triarylboron compounds for optoelectronic applications. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:7805-16. [PMID: 21603687 DOI: 10.1039/c1dt10292c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Triarylboranes have recently emerged as a powerful new class of electron acceptors with great potential as optoelectronic materials. The empty p(z) orbital on the boron centre promotes strong charge-transfer transitions, leading to highly luminescent compounds with colors spanning the entire visible spectrum. Due to intense research efforts over the past decade, many examples now exist of organic molecules based on this structural motif. Only recently, however, have transition metal-containing triarylboranes been closely investigated. These compounds are capable of bright luminescence from a triplet excited state, and have been developed as efficient emissive materials for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) as a result. In addition, their long-lived phosphorescence gives these materials potential as highly selective chemical sensors for small anions using time-gated detection, eliminating interference from background fluorescence. The research of the past several years has now led to a better understanding of the impact of the triarylboron group on the photophysical properties of metal complexes, which we expect will provide many opportunities for research into this class of functional phosphorescent materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary M Hudson
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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54
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Lanoë PH, Fillaut JL, Guerchais V, Le Bozec H, Williams JAG. Metal Cation Induced Modulation of the Photophysical Properties of a Platinum(II) Complex Featuring a Dipicolylanilino-Acetylide Ligand. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201001164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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55
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Goswami S, Das NK, Sen D, Hazra G, Goh JH, Sing YC, Fun HK. Recognition of acids involved in Krebs cycle by 9-anthrylmethyl-di(6-acetylamino-2-picolyl)amine: a case of selective fluorescence enhancement for maleic acid. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20339h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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56
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Nandy R, Sankararaman S. Donor-acceptor substituted phenylethynyltriphenylenes - excited state intramolecular charge transfer, solvatochromic absorption and fluorescence emission. Beilstein J Org Chem 2010; 6:992-1001. [PMID: 21085512 PMCID: PMC2981938 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.6.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Several 2-(phenylethynyl)triphenylene derivatives bearing electron donor and acceptor substituents on the phenyl rings have been synthesized. The absorption and fluorescence emission properties of these molecules have been studied in solvents of different polarity. For a given derivative, solvent polarity had minimal effect on the absorption maxima. However, for a given solvent the absorption maxima red shifted with increasing conjugation of the substituent. The fluorescence emission of these derivatives was very sensitive to solvent polarity. In the presence of strongly electron withdrawing (-CN) and strongly electron donating (-NMe₂) substituents large Stokes shifts (up to 130 nm, 7828 cm⁻¹) were observed in DMSO. In the presence of carbonyl substituents (-COMe and -COPh), the largest Stokes shift (140 nm, 8163 cm⁻¹) was observed in ethanol. Linear correlation was observed for the Stokes shifts in a Lippert-Mataga plot. Linear correlation of Stokes shift was also observed with E(T)(30) scale for protic and aprotic solvents but with different slopes. These results indicate that the fluorescence emission arises from excited state intramolecular charge transfer in these molecules where the triphenylene chromophore acts either as a donor or as an acceptor depending upon the nature of the substituent on the phenyl ring. HOMO-LUMO energy gaps have been estimated from the electrochemical and spectral data for these derivatives. The HOMO and LUMO surfaces were obtained from DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Nandy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
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57
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Highly selective colorimetric fluorescence sensor for Cu2+: cation-induced ‘switching on’ of fluorescence due to excited state internal charge transfer in the red/near-infrared region of emission spectra. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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58
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Younes AH, Zhang L, Clark RJ, Davidson MW, Zhu L. Electronic structural dependence of the photophysical properties of fluorescent heteroditopic ligands - implications in designing molecular fluorescent indicators. Org Biomol Chem 2010; 8:5431-41. [PMID: 20882250 DOI: 10.1039/c0ob00482k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Two fluorescent heteroditopic ligands (2a and 2b) for zinc ion were synthesized and studied. The efficiencies of two photophysical processes, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and photoinduced electron transfer (PET), determine the magnitudes of emission bathochromic shift and enhancement, respectively, when a heteroditopic ligand forms mono- or dizinc complexes. The electron-rich 2b is characterized by a high degree of ICT in the excited state with little propensity for PET, which is manifested in a large bathochromic shift of emission upon Zn(2+) coordination without enhancement in fluorescence quantum yield. The electron-poor 2a displays the opposite photophysical consequence where Zn(2+) binding results in greatly enhanced emission without significant spectral shift. The electronic structural effects on the relative efficiencies of ICT and PET in 2a and 2b as well as the impact of Zn(2+)-coordination are probed using experimental and computational approaches. This study reveals that the delicate balance between various photophysical pathways (e.g. ICT and PET) engineered in a heteroditopic ligand is sensitively dependent on the electronic structure of the ligand, i.e. whether the fluorophore is electron-rich or poor, whether it possesses a donor-acceptor type of structure, and where the metal binding occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Younes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
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59
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Sun Y, Wang S. Extending pi-conjugation of triarylborons with a 2,2-bpy core: impact of donor-acceptor geometry on luminescence, anion sensing, and metal ion binding. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:4394-404. [PMID: 20415452 DOI: 10.1021/ic1004159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Four new 2,2'-bipyridine-based molecules functionalized by either BMes(2)-phenyl (Mes = mesityl) or NPh(2)-phenyl--5,5'-(p-BMes(2)-phenyl)(2)-2,2'-bpy (5,5'-BP2bpy, 1), 4,4'-(p-BMes(2)-phenyl)(2)-2,2'-bpy (4,4'-BP2bpy, 2), 4-(p-BMes(2)-phenyl)-4'-(p-NPh(2)-phenyl)-2,2'-bipy (4,4'-BPNPbpy, 4), and 4,4'-(p-NPh(2)-phenyl)(2)-2,2'-bpy (4,4'-NP2bpy, 5)--have been synthesized. Their complexes with PtPh(2) have been synthesized and fully characterized. The electronic and photophysical properties of the new molecules have been examined by electrochemical, absorption, and luminescence spectroscopic analysis and DFT calculations, which show significant differences from those of the related but smaller 2,2'-bpy derivatives functionalized directly by either BMes(2) or NPh(2) groups that we reported previously. Molecules 1, 2, and 4 and their Pt(II) complexes respond to fluoride ions in both absorption and emission modes. The donor-acceptor molecule 4 and its Pt(II) complex have a distinct fluorescence/phosphorescence turn-on response toward fluoride or cyanide ions. Molecules 1, 2, 4, and 5 also respond to Zn(II) ions in both absorption and emission modes. The diboryl molecules 1 and 2 have a distinct and contrasting fluorescence response toward Zn(II) ion--turn-off for 1 and turn-on for 2--demonstrating the significant impact of molecular geometry on metal ion binding and fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6, Canada
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60
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Zhao Y, Zhang XB, Han ZX, Qiao L, Li CY, Jian LX, Shen GL, Yu RQ. Highly sensitive and selective colorimetric and off-on fluorescent chemosensor for Cu2+ in aqueous solution and living cells. Anal Chem 2010; 81:7022-30. [PMID: 19634898 DOI: 10.1021/ac901127n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The design and synthesis of a novel rhodamine spirolactam derivative and its application in fluorescent detections of Cu(2+) in aqueous solution and living cells are reported. The signal change of the chemosensor is based on a specific metal ion induced reversible ring-opening mechanism of the rhodamine spirolactam. It exhibits a highly sensitive "turn-on" fluorescent response toward Cu(2+) in aqueous solution with an 80-fold fluorescence intensity enhancement under 10 equiv of Cu(2+) added. This indicates that the synthesized chemosensor effectively avoided the fluorescence quenching for the paramagnetic nature of Cu(2+) via its strong binding capability toward Cu(2+). With the experimental conditions optimized, the probe exhibits a dynamic response range for Cu(2+) from 8.0 x 10(-7) to 1.0 x 10(-5) M, with a detection limit of 3.0 x 10(-7) M. The response of the chemosensor for Cu(2+) is instantaneous and reversible. Most importantly, both the color and fluorescence changes of the chemosensor are remarkably specific for Cu(2+) in the presence of other heavy and transition metal ions (even those that exist in high concentration), which meet the selective requirements for biomedical and environmental monitoring application. The proposed chemosensor has been used for direct measurement of Cu(2+) content in river water samples and imaging of Cu(2+) in living cells with satisfying results, which further demonstrates its value of practical applications in environmental and biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
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61
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Ogawa T, Yuasa J, Kawai T. Highly Selective Ratiometric Emission Color Change by Zinc-Assisted Self-Assembly Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201001676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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62
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Ogawa T, Yuasa J, Kawai T. Highly Selective Ratiometric Emission Color Change by Zinc-Assisted Self-Assembly Processes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5110-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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63
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Abstract
In the past decade, fluorescent chemosensors for zinc ion (Zn(2+)) have attracted great attention because of the biological significance of zinc combined with the simplicity and high sensitivity of fluorescence assays. Chemosensors can be divided into a fluorophore, a spacer and a receptor unit; the receptor is the central processing unit (CPU) of a chemosensor. This tutorial review will classify zinc chemosensors based on receptor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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64
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A simple internal charge transfer probe offering dual optical detection of Co (II) via color and fluorescence modulations. Tetrahedron Lett 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.12.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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65
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Younes AH, Zhang L, Clark RJ, Zhu L. Fluorescence of 5-arylvinyl-5'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyl ligands and their zinc complexes. J Org Chem 2010; 74:8761-72. [PMID: 19852467 DOI: 10.1021/jo901889y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of 5-arylvinyl-5'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridyls (AVMBs, 1-9, 11) and their zinc complexes were studied. Similar 2,2'-bipyridyl-based ligands have been applied as optical sensors for metal ions and sensitizers for solar energy conversion. The goal of this investigation is to reveal the factors that determine the emission band shift and fluorescence quantum yield change of the title ligand system upon zinc binding. The outcome of this study will not only advance the fundamental understanding of the coordination-driven photophysical processes embodied in the AVMB platform but facilitate the rational design of fluorescent probes for metal ions, particularly zinc. The AVMB ligands were synthesized using the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. AVMBs containing electron-donating aryl groups show absorption and emission in the visible region, which can be assigned to charge-transfer transitions as supported by solvent-dependency and computational studies. The binding between AVMB ligands and zinc ion in acetonitrile was studied using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). A multicomponent equilibrium model is suggested that explains the multiple transitions evidenced in fluorescence titration isotherms. Coordination to zinc ion stabilizes the charge-transfer excited state of an AVMB ligand with an electron-donating aryl substituent, consequently results in bathochromic shifts in both absorption and emission. However, unlike the emission band shift, the fluorescence quantum yield change upon zinc complex formation does not have an intuitive correlation with the electronic nature of the aryl group. Lifetime measurements using the Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting method enabled the determination of nonradiative and radiative decay rate constants. Both rates of an AVMB ligand decrease upon zinc binding. The collective effect gives rise to the change in fluorescence quantum yield with the apparent lack of correlation with the electronic property of the aryl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Younes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
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66
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Araya JC, Gajardo J, Moya SA, Aguirre P, Toupet L, Williams JAG, Escadeillas M, Le Bozec H, Guerchais V. Modulating the luminescence of an iridium(iii) complex incorporating a di(2-picolyl)anilino-appended bipyridine ligand with Zn2+ cations. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9nj00515c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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67
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Wandell RJ, Younes AH, Zhu L. Metal-coordination-mediated sequential chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in a heteroditopic ligand system. NEW J CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0nj00241k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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68
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Zhang L, Murphy CS, Kuang GC, Hazelwood KL, Constantino MH, Davidson MW, Zhu L. A fluorescent heteroditopic ligand responding to free zinc ion over six orders of magnitude concentration range. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:7408-10. [PMID: 20024244 DOI: 10.1039/b918729d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescent heteroditopic ligand useful in live-cell imaging studies responds to free zinc ion concentration over a range of six orders of magnitude in a buffered aqueous solution via dual-channel fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4390, USA
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69
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de Silva AP, Moody TS, Wright GD. Fluorescent PET (photoinduced electron transfer) sensors as potent analytical tools. Analyst 2009; 134:2385-93. [PMID: 19918605 DOI: 10.1039/b912527m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent sensors are an important part of the analytical scientist's toolbox. The use of fluorescent PET (Photoinduced Electron Transfer) sensors has seen particular growth in recent times. This Critical Review discusses recent growth areas in fluorescent PET sensors by emphasizing the modular features of the 'fluorophore-spacer-receptor' design. The occurrence of the dipicolylamine receptor in PET sensor designs is critically examined as a case in point.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prasanna de Silva
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queen's University, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 5AG, Northern Ireland.
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70
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Wang J, Ha CS. A colorimetric and fluorescent turn-on chemosensor for Zn2+ based on an azobenzene-containing compound. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2009.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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71
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Xue L, Liu Q, Jiang H. Ratiometric Zn2+ Fluorescent Sensor and New Approach for Sensing Cd2+ by Ratiometric Displacement. Org Lett 2009; 11:3454-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol901380w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Qing Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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72
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhu
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Lu Zhang
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Ali H. Younes
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Florida State University , Tallahassee, FL, USA
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73
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Xue L, Liu C, Jiang H. Highly Sensitive and Selective Fluorescent Sensor for Distinguishing Cadmium from Zinc Ions in Aqueous Media. Org Lett 2009; 11:1655-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol900315r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 158 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116012, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chun Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 158 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116012, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China, State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 158 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116012, P. R. China, and Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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74
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Zhang L, Kerszulis JA, Clark RJ, Ye T, Zhu L. Catechol boronate formation and its electrochemical oxidation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:2151-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b900016j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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75
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Coggins MK, Parker AM, Mangalum A, Galdamez GA, Smith RC. Dizinc Phosphohydrolase Model Built on am-Terphenyl Scaffold and Its Use in Indicator Displacement Assays for Pyrophosphate Under Physiological Conditions. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200800882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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76
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Nagl S, Stich MIJ, Schäferling M, Wolfbeis OS. Method for simultaneous luminescence sensing of two species using optical probes of different decay time, and its application to an enzymatic reaction at varying temperature. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:1199-207. [PMID: 18998117 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 10/07/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chemical sensing, imaging and microscopy based on the use of fluorescent probes has so far been limited almost exclusively to the detection of a single parameter at a time. We present a scheme that can overcome this limitation by enabling optical sensing of two parameter simultaneously and even at identical excitation and emission wavelengths of two probes provided (a) their decay times are different enough to enable two time windows to be recorded, and (b) the emission of the shorter-lived probe decays to below the detectable limit while that of the other still can be measured. We refer to this new scheme as the dual lifetime determination (DLD) method and show that it can be widely varied by appropriate choice of probes and experimental settings. DLD is demonstrated to work by sensing oxygen and temperature independently from each other by making use of two probes, one for oxygen (a platinum porphyrin dissolved in polystyrene), and one for temperature [a europium complex dissolved in poly(vinyl methylketone)]. DLD was applied to monitor the consumption of oxygen in the glucose oxidase-catalyzed oxidation of glucose at varying temperatures. The scheme is expected to have further applications in cellular assays and biophysical imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Nagl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040, Regensburg, Germany
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77
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Zhang L, Zhu L. Photochemically stable fluorescent heteroditopic ligands for zinc ion. J Org Chem 2008; 73:8321-30. [PMID: 18850742 DOI: 10.1021/jo8015083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Photochemically stable fluorescent heteroditopic ligands (9 and 10) for zinc ion were prepared and studied. Two independent metal coordination-driven photophysical processes, chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) and internal (or intramolecular) charge transfer (ICT), were designed into our heteroditopic ligand framework. This strategy successfully relates three coordination states of a ligand, non-, mono-, and dicoordinated, to three fluorescence states, fluorescence OFF, ON at one wavelength, and ON at another wavelength. This ligand platform has provided chemical foundation for applications such as the quantification of zinc concentration over broad ranges (Zhang, L.; Clark, R. J.; Zhu, L. Chem.-Eur. J. 2008, 14, 2894-2903) and molecular logic functions (Zhang, L.; Whitfield, W. A.; Zhu, L. Chem. Commun. 2008, 1880-1882). The binding stoichiometries of dipicolylamino and 2,2'-bipyridyl, the two binding sites featured in heteroditopic ligands 7-10, were studied in acetonitrile using both Job's method of continuous variation and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). The fluorescence enhancement of 7-10 upon the formation of monozinc complexes (defined as the fluorescence quantum yield ratio of monozinc complex and free ligand) is qualitatively related to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels of their fluorophores. This is consistent with our hypothesis on the thermodynamics of the coordination-driven photophysical processes embodied in the designed heteroditopic system, which was supported by cyclic voltammetry studies. In conclusion, compounds 9 and 10 not only possess better photochemical stability but also display a higher degree of fluorescence turn-on upon formation of monozinc complexes than their vinyl counterparts 7 and 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306-4390, USA
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78
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Zhang L, Whitfield WA, Zhu L. Unimolecular binary half-adders with orthogonal chemical inputs. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:1880-2. [DOI: 10.1039/b719644j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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