51
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Das AK, Engelhard MH, Liu F, Bullock RM, Roberts JAS. The Electrode as Organolithium Reagent: Catalyst-Free Covalent Attachment of Electrochemically Active Species to an Azide-Terminated Glassy Carbon Electrode Surface. Inorg Chem 2013; 52:13674-84. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402247n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atanu K. Das
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mark H. Engelhard
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Chemistry and School of Energy
Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - R. Morris Bullock
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - John A. S. Roberts
- Center for Molecular Electrocatalysis, Chemical and Materials Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, K2-57, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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52
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Albert J, Lepinay S, Caucheteur C, DeRosa MC. High resolution grating-assisted surface plasmon resonance fiber optic aptasensor. Methods 2013; 63:239-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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53
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COATES MEGAN, NYOKONG TEBELLO. X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND SCANNING ELECTROCHEMICAL MICROSCOPY STUDIES OF BRANCHED MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBE PAPER MODIFIED BY ELECTROCHEMICAL GRAFTING AND CLICK CHEMISTRY. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x13500178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Modification of nanomaterials through electrochemical grafting is a useful approach to introduce linking groups on to the surface of these structures. This work shows the possibility of applying electrochemical grafting to branched multiwalled carbon nanotube paper with an electrical resistance of 0.1 ohm-cm, and subsequent reaction of the grafted 4-azidobenzenediazonium with ethynylferrocene through the Sharpless click chemistry reaction. A comparison is made between this paper electrode and adsorbed single-walled carbon nanotubes on a glassy carbon electrode, with electrochemistry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electrochemical microscopy used for characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- MEGAN COATES
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
| | - TEBELLO NYOKONG
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
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54
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Horseradish Peroxidase Nanopatterned Electrodes by Click Chemistry: Application to the Electrochemical Detection of Paracetamol. ELECTROANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201300030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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55
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Ruther RE, Cui Q, Hamers RJ. Conformational Disorder Enhances Electron Transfer Through Alkyl Monolayers: Ferrocene on Conductive Diamond. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:5751-61. [DOI: 10.1021/ja312680p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rose E. Ruther
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue,
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Qiang Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue,
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Robert J. Hamers
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue,
Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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56
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Viel P, Walter J, Bellon S, Berthelot T. Versatile and nondestructive photochemical process for biomolecule immobilization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:2075-2082. [PMID: 23317333 DOI: 10.1021/la304941a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Covalent immobilization of unmodified biological materials as proteins has been performed through a one-step and soft method. This process is based on a polyazidophenylene layer derived from the electroreduction of the parent salt 4-azidobenzenediazonium tetrafluoborate on gold substrates. The wavelength used (365 nm) for the photochemical grafting of a large variety of molecules as biomolecules is a key point to this nondestructive immobilization method. This simple process is also versatile and could be used for covalently binding a wide range of molecules such as polyethylene glycol moieties, for example. To validate this approach for biochip or microarray fabrication, a surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) platform for immobilization of various antibody families was created by grafting G-protein through this process. This SPRi antibodies platform was tested with several consecutive cycles of antigen injections/regeneration steps without loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Viel
- CEA, IRAMIS, SPCSI Chemistry of Surfaces and Interfaces Group, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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57
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Lhenry S, Leroux YR, Hapiot P. Chemically irreversible redox mediator for SECM kinetics investigations: determination of the absolute tip-sample distance. Anal Chem 2013; 85:1840-5. [PMID: 23286357 DOI: 10.1021/ac303226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The use of a chemically irreversible redox probe in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was evaluated for the determination of the absolute tip-substrate distance. This data is required for a quantitative use of the method in the analysis of functional surfaces with an unknown redox response. Associated with the relevant model curves, the electrochemical response allows an easy positioning of the tip versus the substrate that is independent of the nature of the materials under investigation. The irreversible oxidation of polyaromatic compounds was found to be well adapted for such investigations in organic media. Anthracene oxidation in acetonitrile was chosen as a demonstrative example for evaluating the errors and limits of the procedure. Interest in the procedure was exemplified for the local investigations of surfaces modified by redox entities. This permits discrimination between the different processes occurring at the sample surface as the permeability of the probe through the layer or the charge transfer pathways. It was possible to observe small differences with simple kinetic models (irreversible charge transfer) that are related to permeation: charge transport steps through a permeable redox layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Lhenry
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226 (Equipe MaCSE), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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58
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Coates M, Nyokong T. Characterization of glassy carbon electrodes modified with carbon nanotubes and iron phthalocyanine through grafting and click chemistry. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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59
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Gietter AAS, Pupillo RC, Yap GPA, Beebe TP, Rosenthal J, Watson DA. On-Surface Cross Coupling Methods for the Construction of Modified Electrode Assemblies with Tailored Morphologies. Chem Sci 2013; 4:437-443. [PMID: 25520772 DOI: 10.1039/c2sc21413j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the molecular topology of electrode-catalyst interfaces is a critical factor in engineering devices with specific electron transport kinetics and catalytic efficiencies. As such, the development of rational methods for the modular construction of tailorable electrode surfaces with robust molecular wires (MWs) exhibiting well-defined molecular topologies, conductivities and morphologies is critical to the evolution and implementation of electrochemical arrays for sensing and catalysis. In response to this need, we have established modular on-surface Sonogashira and Glaser cross-coupling processes to synthetically install arrays of ferrocene-capped MWs onto electrochemically functionalized surfaces. These methods are of comparable convenience and efficiency to more commonly employed Huisgen methods. Furthermore, unlike the Huisgen reaction, this new surface functionalization chemistry generates modified electrodes that do not contain unwanted ancillary metal binding sites, while allowing the bridge between the ferrocenyl moiety and electrode surface to be synthetically tailored. Electrochemical and surface analytical characterization of these platforms demonstrate that the linker topology and connectivity influences the ferrocene redox potential and the kinetics of charge transport at the interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber A S Gietter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 USA
| | - Rachel C Pupillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 USA
| | - Glenn P A Yap
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 USA
| | - Thomas P Beebe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 USA
| | - Joel Rosenthal
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 USA
| | - Donald A Watson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716 USA
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60
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Leroux YR, Hui F, Hapiot P. A protecting-deprotecting strategy for structuring robust functional films using aryldiazonium electroreduction. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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61
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Coates M, Nyokong T. Electrode modification using iron metallophthalocyanine through click chemistry and axial ligation with pyridine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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62
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Richard W, Evrard D, Gros P. New insight into 4-nitrobenzene diazonium reduction process: Evidence for a grafting step distinct from NO2 electrochemical reactivity. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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63
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64
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Lhenry S, Leroux YR, Hapiot P. Use of Catechol As Selective Redox Mediator in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Investigations. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7518-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301634s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Lhenry
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226 (Equipe
MaCSE), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Yann R. Leroux
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226 (Equipe
MaCSE), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Institut
des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, UMR 6226 (Equipe
MaCSE), Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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65
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Coates M, Griveau S, Bedioui F, Nyokong T. Layer by Layer Electrode Surface Functionalisation Using Carbon Nanotubes, Electrochemical Grafting of Azide-Alkyne Functions and Click Chemistry. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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66
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Hayat A, Marty JL, Radi AE. Novel Amperometric Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor Based on Horseradish Peroxidase Azide Covalently Immobilized on Ethynyl-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode via Click Chemistry. ELECTROANAL 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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67
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Leroux YR, Hui F, Ruiz J, Astruc D, Hapiot P. Robust Assembly of Dendrimers as an Active Redox-Sensing Monolayer: An Example of Oxo-Anion Sensing. Chemistry 2012; 18:7041-4. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201200172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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68
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Eyley S, Shariki S, Dale SEC, Bending S, Marken F, Thielemans W. Ferrocene-decorated nanocrystalline cellulose with charge carrier mobility. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:6514-6519. [PMID: 22486421 DOI: 10.1021/la3001224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ferrocene-decorated cellulose nanowhiskers were prepared by the grafting of ethynylferrocene onto azide functionalized cotton-derived cellulose nanowhiskers using azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Successful surface modification and retention of the crystalline morphology of the nanocrystals was confirmed by elemental analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The coverage with ferrocenyl is high (approximately 1.14 × 10(-3) mol g(-1) or 4.6 × 10(13) mol cm(-2) corresponding to a specific area of 61 Å(2) per ferrocene). Cyclic voltammetry measurements of films formed by deposition of ferrocene-decorated nanowhiskers showed that this small spacing of redox centers along the nanowhisker surface allowed conduction hopping of electrons. The apparent diffusion coefficient for electron (or hole) hopping via Fe(III/II) surface sites is estimated as Dapp = 10(-19) m(2)s(-1) via impedance methods, a value significantly less than nonsolvated ferrocene polymers, which would be expected as the 1,2,3-triazole ring forms a rigid linker tethering the ferrocene to the nanowhisker surface. In part, this is believed to be also due to "bottleneck" diffusion of charges across contact points where individual cellulose nanowhiskers contact each other. However, the charge-communication across the nanocrystal surface opens up the potential for use of cellulose nanocrystals as a charge percolation template for the preparation of conducting films via covalent surface modification (with applications similar to those using adsorbed conducting polymers), for use in bioelectrochemical devices to gently transfer and remove electrons without the need for a solution-soluble redox mediator, or for the fabrication of three-dimensional self-assembled conducting networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Eyley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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69
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Coates M, Elamari H, Girard C, Griveau S, Nyokong T, Bedioui F. 4-Azidoaniline-based electropolymer as a building block for functionalisation of conductive surfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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70
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Tong L, Göthelid M, Sun L. Oxygen evolution at functionalized carbon surfaces: a strategy for immobilization of molecular water oxidation catalysts. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:10025-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35379b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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71
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Orain C, Le Poul N, Gomila A, Kerbaol JM, Cosquer N, Reinaud O, Conan F, Le Mest Y. A Generic Platform for the Addressable Functionalisation of Electrode Surfaces through Self-Induced “Electroclick”. Chemistry 2011; 18:594-602. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201102620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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72
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Henstridge MC, Batchelor-McAuley C, Gusmão R, Compton RG. Marcus–Hush–Chidsey theory of electron transfer to and from species bound at a non-uniform electrode surface: Theory and experiment. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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73
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Ran Q, Peng R, Liang C, Ye S, Xian Y, Zhang W, Jin L. Direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase immobilized on electrografted 4-ethynylphenyl film via click chemistry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 697:27-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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74
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Jenny NM, Mayor M, Eaton TR. Phenyl–Acetylene Bond Assembly: A Powerful Tool for the Construction of Nanoscale Architectures. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M. Jenny
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns‐Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, Fax: +41‐61‐267‐1016
| | - Marcel Mayor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns‐Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, Fax: +41‐61‐267‐1016
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Nanotechnology, P. O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas R. Eaton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns‐Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland, Fax: +41‐61‐267‐1016
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75
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Ervithayasuporn V, Wang X, Gacal B, Gacal BN, Yagci Y, Kawakami Y. Formation of trimethylsilylated open-cage oligomeric azidophenylsilsesquioxanes. J Organomet Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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76
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Hui F, Noël JM, Poizot P, Hapiot P, Simonet J. Electrochemical immobilization of a benzylic film through the reduction of benzyl halide derivatives: deposition onto highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:5119-5125. [PMID: 21413749 DOI: 10.1021/la104832p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of electrogenerated benzyl radicals at carbon surfaces was examined through the cathodic reduction of the corresponding bromide derivatives. 4-Nitrobenzyl bromide and benzyl bromide were reduced in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces. Electroproduced films were examined using electrochemistry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Experiments show the formation of strongly adherent deposits and the occurrence of electrografting processes. They are based on radical generation and the reaction of the radical with the substrate. As expected, the thickness of the organic film increases with deposition time but the deposit displays a lower compactness than previously reported for the electroreduction of aryl diazonium salts. Interestingly for benzyl derivatives, the reduction potential required for the electrografting could be rendered much more positive by simply using an iodide-type supporting electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Hui
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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77
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Coates M, Cabet E, Griveau S, Nyokong T, Bedioui F. Microelectrochemical patterning of gold surfaces using 4-azidobenzenediazonium and scanning electrochemical microscopy. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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78
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Garrett DJ, Jenkins P, Polson MI, Leech D, Baronian KH, Downard AJ. Diazonium salt derivatives of osmium bipyridine complexes: Electrochemical grafting and characterisation of modified surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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79
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Covalent immobilization of horseradish peroxidase via click chemistry and its direct electrochemistry. Talanta 2011; 83:1381-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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80
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Tanaka M, Sawaguchi T, Sato Y, Yoshioka K, Niwa O. Surface modification of GC and HOPG with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:170-178. [PMID: 21117684 DOI: 10.1021/la1035757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of glassy carbon (GC) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was carried out with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives bearing ferrocene as an electroactive moiety. Features of the modified surfaces were evaluated by surface concentrations of immobilized molecule, blocking effect of the modified surface against redox reaction, and surface observation using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (EC-STM). The measurement of surface concentrations of immobilized molecule revealed the following three aspects: (i) Diazonium and olefin derivatives could modify substrates with the dense-monolayer concentration. (ii) The surface concentration of immobilized amine derivative did not reach to the dense-monolayer concentration reflecting their low reactivity. (iii) The surface modification with the dense-monolayer concentration was also possible with azide derivative, but the modified surface contained some oligomers produced by the photoreaction of azides. Besides, the blocking effect against redox reaction was observed for GC modified with diazonium derivative and for HOPG modified with diazonium and azide derivatives, suggesting fabrication of a densely modified surface. Finally, the surface observation for HOPG modified with diazonium derivative by EC-STM showed a typical monolayer structure, in which the ferrocene moieties were packed densely at random. On the basis of those results, it was demonstrated that surface modification of carbon substrates with diazonium could afford a dense monolayer similar to the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Tanaka
- Biomedical Research Institute, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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81
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Ricci AM, Tognalli N, de la Llave E, Vericat C, Méndez De Leo LP, Williams FJ, Scherlis D, Salvarezza R, Calvo EJ. Electrochemistry of Os(2,2′-bpy)2ClPyCH2NHCOPh tethered to Au electrodes by S–Au and C–Au junctions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:5336-45. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02409k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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82
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Mahouche-Chergui S, Gam-Derouich S, Mangeney C, Chehimi MM. Aryl diazonium salts: a new class of coupling agents for bonding polymers, biomacromolecules and nanoparticles to surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4143-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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83
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Bélanger D, Pinson J. Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3995-4048. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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84
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Sun G, Hovestädt M, Zhang X, Hinrichs K, Rosu DM, Lauermann I, Zielke C, Vollmer A, Löchel H, Ay B, Holzhütter HG, Schade U, Esser N, Volkmer R, Rappich J. Infrared spectroscopic ellipsometry (IRSE) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) monitoring the preparation of maleimide-functionalized surfaces: from Au towards Si (111). SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.3699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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85
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Leroux YR, Fei H, Noël JM, Roux C, Hapiot P. Efficient Covalent Modification of a Carbon Surface: Use of a Silyl Protecting Group To Form an Active Monolayer. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14039-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106971x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann R. Leroux
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Hui Fei
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Clément Roux
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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86
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Gam-Derouich S, Carbonnier B, Turmine M, Lang P, Jouini M, Ben Hassen-Chehimi D, Chehimi MM. Electrografted aryl diazonium initiators for surface-confined photopolymerization: a new approach to designing functional polymer coatings. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11830-11840. [PMID: 20568823 DOI: 10.1021/la100880j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This article reports on the preparation of polystyrene (PS), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) ultrathin grafts on gold substrates modified by 4-benzoylphenyl (BP) moieties derived from the electroreduction of the parent diazonium salt BF(4)(-), (+)N(2)-C(6)H(4)-CO-C(6)H(5) (DS). The grafted organic species -C(6)H(4)-CO-C(6)H(5) was found to be very effective in the surface-initiating photopolymerization (SIPP) of vinylic monomers in the presence of an aromatic tertiary amine co-initiator acting as a hydrogen donor. This novel tandem diazonium salt electroreduction/SIPP was found to be effective in grafting PS, PMMA, and PHEMA from the surface of gold-coated silicon wafers. The polymer films were characterized in terms of chemical structure and wettability by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle measurements, respectively. The polymer grafts were further evaluated as adsorbents for bovine serum albumin (BSA) used as a model protein. It was found gold/PHEMA resisted BSA adsorption because of its hydrophilic character, whereas PS and PMMA grafts adsorbed BSA via interfacial hydrophobic interaction. The XPS-determined extent of adsorbed BSA was found to increase linearly with the hydrophobic character of the polymer grafts as measured by water contact angles. This work shows that this novel tandem diazonium salt electroreduction/SIPP is a facile, ultrafast, efficient protocol for grafting polymer chains to surfaces. It broadens the enormous possibilities offered by aryl diazonium salts to generate functional organic coatings.
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87
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Noncovalent assembly of ferrocene on modified gold surfaces mediated by uracil–adenine base pairs. Electrochem commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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88
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Noël JM, Zigah D, Simonet J, Hapiot P. Synthesis and immobilization of Ag(0) nanoparticles on diazonium modified electrodes: SECM and cyclic voltammetry studies of the modified interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7638-7643. [PMID: 20163093 DOI: 10.1021/la904413h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A versatile method was used to prepare modified surfaces on which metallic silver nanoparticles are immobilized on an organic layer. The preparation method takes advantage, on one hand, of the activated reactivity of some alkyl halides with Ag-Pd alloys to produce metallic silver nanoparticles and, on the other hand, of the facile production of an anchoring polyphenyl acetate layer by the electrografting of substituted diazonium salts on carbon surfaces. Transport properties inside such modified layers were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in feedback mode, and conducting AFM imaging for characterizing the presence and nature of the conducting pathways. The modification of the blocking properties of the surface (or its conductivity) was found to vary to a large extent on the solvents used for surface examination (H(2)O, CH(2)Cl(2), and DMF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Noël
- Laboratoire Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Equipe MaCSE, UMR CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
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89
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March G, Reisberg S, Piro B, Pham MC, Fave C, Noel V. Hydroxynaphthoquinone Ultrathin Films Obtained by Diazonium Electroreduction: Toward Design of Biosensitive Electroactive Interfaces. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3523-30. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100599e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory March
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes), UMR 7086, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Steeve Reisberg
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes), UMR 7086, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Benoit Piro
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes), UMR 7086, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Minh-Chau Pham
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes), UMR 7086, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Claire Fave
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes), UMR 7086, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
| | - Vincent Noel
- Laboratoire ITODYS (Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes), UMR 7086, Université Denis Diderot-Paris 7, Bâtiment Lavoisier, 15 rue Jean-Antoine de Baïf, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France
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90
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Gehan H, Fillaud L, Felidj N, Aubard J, Lang P, Chehimi MM, Mangeney C. A general approach combining diazonium salts and click chemistries for gold surface functionalization by nanoparticle assemblies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:3975-3980. [PMID: 20039598 DOI: 10.1021/la9033436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a general stepwise strategy combining diazonium salt and click chemistries for an efficient gold surface functionalization by gold nanoparticles. The procedure first involves the strong covalent bonding to gold electrodes of OH-terminated aryl layers derived from the electroreduction of the parent diazonium salts. The following step consists in transforming the OH end-groups to azides in order to obtain "clickable"-active gold surfaces, which could further be used as versatile platforms for the subsequent grafting of acetylene-bearing molecules. The practical interest of the gold surfaces functionalized by this stepwise strategy was evidenced through the self-assembly of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-active gold nanoparticles. SERS activity was shown to be amplified by the presence of a very strong local electric field confinement between the particles and the gold surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Gehan
- ITODYS, Université Paris Diderot and CNRS (UMR 7086), 75013 Paris, France
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91
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Goff AL, Moggia F, Debou N, Jegou P, Artero V, Fontecave M, Jousselme B, Palacin S. Facile and tunable functionalization of carbon nanotube electrodes with ferrocene by covalent coupling and π-stacking interactions and their relevance to glucose bio-sensing. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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92
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Gomila A, Le Poul N, Cosquer N, Kerbaol JM, Noël JM, Reddy MT, Jabin I, Reinaud O, Conan F, Le Mest Y. Self-induced “electroclick” immobilization of a copper complex onto self-assembled monolayers on a gold electrode. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:11516-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01093f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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93
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Decréau RA, Collman JP, Hosseini A. Electrochemical applications. How click chemistry brought biomimetic models to the next level: electrocatalysis under controlled rate of electron transfer. Chem Soc Rev 2010; 39:1291-301. [DOI: 10.1039/b901972n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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94
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Chrétien JM, Ghanem M, Bartlett P, Kilburn J. Covalent Modification of Glassy Carbon Surfaces by Using Electrochemical and Solid-Phase Synthetic Methodologies: Application to Bi- and Trifunctionalisation with Different Redox Centres. Chemistry 2009; 15:11928-36. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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95
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Noël JM, Sjöberg B, Marsac R, Zigah D, Bergamini JF, Wang A, Rigaut S, Hapiot P, Lagrost C. Flexible strategy for immobilizing redox-active compounds using in situ generation of diazonium salts. Investigations of the blocking and catalytic properties of the layers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:12742-9. [PMID: 19761268 DOI: 10.1021/la901765e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A versatile two-step method is developed to covalently immobilize redox-active molecules onto carbon surfaces. First, a robust anchoring platform is grafted onto surfaces by electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts in situ generated. Depending on the nature of the layer termini, -COOH or -NH(2), a further chemical coupling involving ferrocenemethylamine or ferrocene carboxylic acid derivatives leads to the covalent binding of ferrocene centers. The chemical strategy using acyl chloride activation is efficient and flexible, since it can be applied either to surface-reactive end groups or to reactive species in solution. Cyclic voltammetry analyses point to the covalent binding of ferrocene units restricted to the upper layers of the underlying aryl films, while AFM measurements show a lost of compactness of the layers after the chemical attachment of ferrocene centers. The preparation conditions of the anchoring layers were found to determine the interfacial properties of the resulted ferrocenyl-modified electrodes. The ferrocene units promoted effective redox mediation providing that the free redox probes are adequately chosen (i.e., vs size/formal potential) and the underlying layers exhibit strong blocking properties. For anchoring films with weaker blocking effect, the coexistence of two distinct phenomena, redox mediation and ET at pinholes could be evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Noël
- Equipe MaCSE, CNRS-Universite de Rennes 1,UMR6226,campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
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96
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Ghanem MA, Chrétien JM, Kilburn JD, Bartlett PN. Electrochemical and solid-phase synthetic modification of glassy carbon electrodes with dihydroxybenzene compounds and the electrocatalytic oxidation of NADH. Bioelectrochemistry 2009; 76:115-25. [PMID: 19346167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2009.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the preparation, using electrochemical and solid-phase synthesis, and characterisation of a 26 member library of 13 dihydroxybenzene derivatives covalently attached to glassy carbon through ethylenediamine (EDA) and C(6)H(4)CH(2)NH linkers. First, Boc-protected EDA or Boc-NHCH(2)C(6)H(4) were electrochemically attached to the GC surface. After Boc-deprotection, dimethoxybenzoyl chlorides were coupled to the EDA and C(6)H(4)CH(2)NH linkers using solid-phase synthesis followed by deprotection of the methoxy groups to give the corresponding dihydroxybenzene compounds. Surface coverage and electrochemical parameters of the dihydroxybenzene modified electrodes were evaluated in parallel using cyclic voltammetry. The mid-peak potentials, E(mp), and surface coverages for the 13 dihydroxybenzene derivatives were found to be independent of the choice of linker. The mid-peak potentials of the immobilised dihydroxybenzene derivatives varied between 0.0 and 260 mV vs. SCE and their surface coverages varied between 0.07 and 1.1 nmol cm(-2), depending on the pattern of substitution of the dihydroxybenzene ring. The electrocatalytic activities of the library were evaluated for mediation of NADH oxidation, and the ortho-dihydroxybenzene derivatives were found to have higher catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Ghanem
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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97
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Harper JC, Polsky R, Wheeler DR, Lopez DM, Arango DC, Brozik SM. A multifunctional thin film Au electrode surface formed by consecutive electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:3282-3288. [PMID: 19437729 DOI: 10.1021/la803215z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional thin film surface capable of immobilizing two diverse molecules on a single gold electrode was prepared by consecutive electrodeposition of nitrophenyl and phenylboronic acid pinacol ester (PBA-PE) diazonium salts. Activation of the stacked film toward binding platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) and yeast cells occurred via chemical deprotection of the pinacol ester followed by electroreduction of nitro to amino groups. FTIR spectral analysis was used to study and verify film composition at each stage of preparation. The affect of electrodeposition protocol over the thickness of the nitrophenyl and PBA-PE layers was explored and had a profound impact on the film properties. Thicker nitrophenyl films led to diminished PBA-PE diazonium reduction currents during assembly and decreased phenylboronic acid (PBA) layer thickness while allowing for higher PtNP loading and catalytic currents from PtNP-mediated peroxide reduction. Multilayer PBA films could be formed over the nitrophenyl film; however, only submonlayer PBA films permitted access to the underlying layer. The sequence of functional group activation toward binding was also shown to be significant, as perchlorate used to remove pinacol ester also converted aminophenyl groups accessible to the solution to nitrophenyl groups, preventing electrostatic PtNP binding. Finally, SEM images show PtNPs immobilized in close proximity (nanometers) to captured yeast cells on the PBA-aminophenyl-Au film. Such multibinding functionality films that maintain conductivity for subsequent electrochemical measurements hold promise for the development of electrochemical and/or optical platforms for fundamental cell studies, genomic and proteomic analysis, and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Harper
- Biosensors & Nanomaterials, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, MS-0892, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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