51
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Zhang BW, He CL, Jiang YX, Chen MH, Li YY, Rao L, Sun SG. High activity of PtBi intermetallics supported on mesoporous carbon towards HCOOH electro-oxidation. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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52
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Lović JD, Obradović MD, Tripković DV, Popović KD, Jovanović VM, Gojković SL, Tripković AV. High Activity and Stability of Pt2Bi Catalyst in Formic Acid Oxidation. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-012-0099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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53
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MATSUMOTO F. Ethanol and Methanol Oxidation Activity of PtPb, PtBi, and PtBi2 Intermetallic Compounds in Alkaline Media. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.5796/electrochemistry.80.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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54
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Wang G, Xiao L, Huang B, Ren Z, Tang X, Zhuang L, Lu J. AuCu intermetallic nanoparticles: surfactant-free synthesis and novel electrochemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32264a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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55
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Zheng L, Xiong L, Liu Q, Han K, Liu W, Li Y, Tao K, Niu L, Yang S, Xia J. Enhanced electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of liquid fuels on PtSn nanoparticles. Electrochim Acta 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2011.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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56
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Youn DH, Han S, Bae G, Lee JS. Carbon-supported PtPb intermetallic compounds for electrooxidation of methyl formate. Electrochem commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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57
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Kapur N, Shan B, Hyun J, Wang L, Yang S, Nicholas JB, Cho K. First-principles study of CO oxidation on bismuth-promoted Pt(111) surfaces. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2010.543978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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58
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Shao L, Zhang W, Armbrüster M, Teschner D, Girgsdies F, Zhang B, Timpe O, Friedrich M, Schlögl R, Su DS. Nanosizing Intermetallic Compounds Onto Carbon Nanotubes: Active and Selective Hydrogenation Catalysts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:10231-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201008013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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59
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Shao L, Zhang W, Armbrüster M, Teschner D, Girgsdies F, Zhang B, Timpe O, Friedrich M, Schlögl R, Su DS. Nanopartikuläre intermetallische Verbindungen auf Kohlenstoffnanoröhren: aktive und selektive Hydrierungskatalysatoren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201008013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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60
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Oxidation of carbon monoxide and formic acid on bulk and nanosized Pt–Co alloys. J Solid State Electrochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-011-1389-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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61
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62
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Magno LM, Sigle W, van Aken PA, Angelescu D, Stubenrauch C. Size control of PtPb intermetallic nanoparticles prepared via microemulsions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:9134-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp20159j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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63
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Wang XM, Wang ME, Zhou DD, Xia YY. Structural design and facile synthesis of a highly efficient catalyst for formic acid electrooxidation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:13594-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21680e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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64
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Simões M, Baranton S, Coutanceau C. Influence of bismuth on the structure and activity of Pt and Pd nanocatalysts for the direct electrooxidation of NaBH4. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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65
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Liu Y, Lowe MA, Finkelstein KD, Dale DS, DiSalvo FJ, Abruña HD. X-ray Fluorescence Investigation of Ordered Intermetallic Phases as Electrocatalysts towards the Oxidation of Small Organic Molecules. Chemistry 2010; 16:13689-97. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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66
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Saravanan G, Abe H, Xu Y, Sekido N, Hirata H, Matsumoto SI, Yoshikawa H, Yamabe-Mitarai Y. Pt3Ti nanoparticles: fine dispersion on SiO2 supports, enhanced catalytic CO oxidation, and chemical stability at elevated temperatures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:11446-11451. [PMID: 20586414 DOI: 10.1021/la100942h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A platinum-based intermetallic phase with an early d-metal, Pt(3)Ti, has been synthesized in the form of nanoparticles (NPs) dispersed on silica (SiO(2)) supports. The organometallic Pt and Ti precursors, Pt(1,5-cyclooctadiene)Cl(2) and TiCl(4)(tetrahydrofuran)(2), were mixed with SiO(2) and reduced by sodium naphthalide in tetrahydrofuran. Stoichiometric Pt(3)Ti NPs with an average particle size of 2.5 nm were formed on SiO(2) (particle size: 20-200 nm) with an atomically disordered FCC-type structure (Fm3m; a = 0.39 nm). A high dispersivity of Pt(3)Ti NPs was achieved by adding excessive amounts of SiO(2) relative to the Pt precursor. A 50-fold excess of SiO(2) resulted in finely dispersed, SiO(2)-supported Pt(3)Ti NPs that contained 0.5 wt % Pt. The SiO(2)-supported Pt(3)Ti NPs showed a lower onset temperature of catalysis by 75 degrees C toward the oxidation reaction of CO than did SiO(2)-supported pure Pt NPs with the same particle size and Pt fraction, 0.5 wt %. The SiO(2)-supported Pt(3)Ti NPs also showed higher CO conversion than SiO(2)-supported pure Pt NPs even containing a 2-fold higher weight fraction of Pt. The SiO(2)-supported Pt(3)Ti NPs retained their stoichiometric composition after catalytic oxidation of CO at elevated temperatures, 325 degrees C. Pt(3)Ti NPs show promise as a catalytic center of purification catalysts for automobile exhaust due to their high catalytic activity toward CO oxidation with a low content of precious metals.
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67
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Synthesis and Characterization of Ordered Intermetallic Nanostructured PtSn/C and PtSb/C and Evaluation as Electrodes for Alcohol Oxidation. Electrocatalysis (N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12678-010-0010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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68
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Nanocrystalline intermetallics on mesoporous carbon for direct formic acid fuel cell anodes. Nat Chem 2010; 2:286-93. [PMID: 21124509 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Shape- and size-controlled supported metal and intermetallic nanocrystallites are of increasing interest because of their catalytic and electrocatalytic properties. In particular, intermetallics PtX (X = Bi, Pb, Pd, Ru) are very attractive because of their high activity as fuel-cell anode catalysts for formic acid or methanol oxidation. These are normally synthesized using high-temperature techniques, but rigorous size control is very challenging. Even low-temperature techniques typically produce nanoparticles with dimensions much greater than the optimum <6 nm required for fuel cell catalysis. Here, we present a simple and robust, chemically controlled process for synthesizing size-controlled noble metal or bimetallic nanocrystallites embedded within the porous structure of ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC). By using surface-modified ordered mesoporous carbon to trap the metal precursors, nanocrystallites are formed with monodisperse sizes as low as 1.5 nm, which can be tuned up to ∼3.5 nm. To the best of our knowledge, 3-nm ordered mesoporous carbon-supported PtBi nanoparticles exhibit the highest mass activity for formic acid oxidation reported to date, and over double that of Pt-Au.
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69
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Liu Y, Abe H, Edvenson HM, Ghosh T, DiSalvo FJ, Abruña HD. Fabrication and surface characterization of single crystal PtBi and PtPb (100) and (001) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:12978-86. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00321b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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70
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Obradović MD, Tripković AV, Gojković SL. The origin of high activity of Pt–Au surfaces in the formic acid oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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71
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Ting SW, Cheng S, Tsang KY, van der Laak N, Chan KY. Low activation energy dehydrogenation of aqueous formic acid on platinum-ruthenium-bismuth oxide at near ambient temperature and pressure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:7333-5. [PMID: 20024219 DOI: 10.1039/b916507j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly selective dehydrogenation of formic acid in water was observed at near ambient temperature on a metal/metal oxide catalyst composed of platinum ruthenium and bismuth with a low activation energy of 37.3 kJ mol(-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu-Wa Ting
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR, P.R. China
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72
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Magno M, Angelescu DG, Stubenrauch C. Phase diagrams of non-ionic microemulsions containing reducing agents and metal salts as bases for the synthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2009.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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73
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Pašti IA, Mentus SV. Modification of electronic properties of Pt(111) surface by means of alloyed and adsorbed metals: DFT study. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2009. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024409090209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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74
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Controlled synthesis of Pt-decorated Au nanostructure and its promoted activity toward formic acid electro-oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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75
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Wang H, Alden LR, DiSalvo FJ, Abruña HD. Methanol electrooxidation on PtRu bulk alloys and carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticle catalysts: a quantitative DEMS study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:7725-7735. [PMID: 19505091 DOI: 10.1021/la900305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Methanol electrooxidation on smooth Pt and PtRu bulk alloys and carbon-supported Pt and PtRu nanoparticle catalysts has been studied using cyclic voltammetry and potential step chronoamperometry combined with differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS). The current efficiencies for generated CO2 and methyl formate were calculated from Faradaic current (coulometric charge) and mass spectrometric currents (charges) at m/z=44 and m/z=60. The effects of Ru content in PtRu catalysts, catalyst loading/roughness, and the concentration of sulfuric acid as supporting electrolyte on the reaction kinetics and product distribution during methanol electrooxidation have been investigated. The results indicate that Pt-rich PtRu alloys and carbon-supported PtRu catalysts with ca. 20 atom % Ru content exhibit the highest catalytic activity for methanol electrooxidation, that is, the highest Faradaic current and the highest current efficiency for CO2 generation at low applied potentials. As the catalyst loading/roughness increases, the current efficiency for CO2 formation increases due to the further oxidation of soluble intermediates (formaldehyde and formic acid). At high concentrations of sulfuric acid, the electrooxidation of methanol was suppressed; both the oxidative current and the current efficiency of CO2 decreased, likely due to sulfate/bisulfate adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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76
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77
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Uhm S, Lee HJ, Lee J. Understanding underlying processes in formic acid fuel cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:9326-36. [DOI: 10.1039/b909525j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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78
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López-Cudero A, Vidal-Iglesias FJ, Solla-Gullón J, Herrero E, Aldaz A, Feliu JM. Formic acid electrooxidation on Bi-modified polyoriented and preferential (111) Pt nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:416-24. [DOI: 10.1039/b814072c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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79
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Uhm S, Lee H, Kwon Y, Lee J. A Stable and Cost-Effective Anode Catalyst Structure for Formic Acid Fuel Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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80
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Uhm S, Lee H, Kwon Y, Lee J. A Stable and Cost-Effective Anode Catalyst Structure for Formic Acid Fuel Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:10163-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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81
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Modification of Pt nanoelectrodes dispersed on carbon support using irreversible adsorption of Bi to enhance formic acid oxidation. Electrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2008.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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82
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Methanol tolerant oxygen-reduction activity of carbon supported platinum–bismuth bimetallic nanoparticles. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-008-9638-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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83
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Abe H, Matsumoto F, Alden LR, Warren SC, Abruña HD, DiSalvo FJ. Electrocatalytic performance of fuel oxidation by Pt3Ti nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:5452-8. [PMID: 18370390 DOI: 10.1021/ja075061c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A Pt-based electrocatalyst for direct fuel cells, Pt3Ti, has been prepared in the form of nanoparticles. Pt(1,5-cyclooctadiene)Cl2 and Ti(tetrahydrofuran)2Cl4 are reduced by sodium naphthalide in tetrahydrofuran to form atomically disordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles (FCC-type structure: Fm3m; a = 0.39 nm; particle size = 3 +/- 0.4 nm). These atomically disordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles are transformed to larger atomically ordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles (Cu3Au-type structure: Pm3m; a = 0.3898 nm; particle size = 37 +/- 23 nm) by annealing above 400 degrees C. Both atomically disordered and ordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles show lower onset potentials for the oxidation of formic acid and methanol than either pure Pt or Pt-Ru nanoparticles. Both atomically disordered and ordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles show a much lower affinity for CO adsorption than either pure Pt or Pt-Ru nanoparticles. Atomically ordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles show higher oxidation current densities for both formic acid and methanol than pure Pt, Pt-Ru, or atomically disordered Pt3Ti nanoparticles. Pt3Ti nanoparticles, in particular the atomically ordered materials, have promise as anode catalysts for direct fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Abe
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA.
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84
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Bauer JC, Chen X, Liu Q, Phan TH, Schaak RE. Converting nanocrystalline metals into alloys and intermetallic compounds for applications in catalysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b712035d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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85
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Wang H, Alden L, DiSalvo FJ, Abruña HD. Electrocatalytic mechanism and kinetics of SOMs oxidation on ordered PtPb and PtBi intermetallic compounds: DEMS and FTIRS study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:3739-51. [DOI: 10.1039/b801473f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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86
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Gojković SL, Tripković AV, Stevanović RM, Krstajić NV. High activity of Pt(4)Mo alloy for the electrochemical oxidation of formic acid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:12760-12764. [PMID: 17988163 DOI: 10.1021/la702344s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Surface processes on Pt4Mo alloy well-defined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were studied in acid solution by cyclic voltammetry. It was established that Mo in the alloy is much more resistant toward electrochemical dissolution than pure Mo. During the potential cycling of Pt4Mo surfaces in completely quiescent electrolyte, hydrous Mo-oxide could be generated on Mo sites. Investigation of the formic acid oxidation revealed that this type of Mo-oxide enhances the reaction rate by more than 1 order of magnitude with respect to pure Pt. Surface poisoning by CO(ads) is significantly lower on Pt4Mo alloy than on pure Pt. The effect of hydrous Mo-oxide on the HCOOH oxidation rate was explained through the facilitated removal of the poisoning species and through its possible influence on the intrinsic rate of the direct reaction path.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snezana Lj Gojković
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia. sgojkovic@ tmf.bg.ac.yu
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87
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Tripković A, Gojković S, Popović K, Lović J, Kowal A. Study of the kinetics and the influence of Biirr on formic acid oxidation at Pt2Ru3/C. Electrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2007.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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88
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Abruña HD, Matsumoto F, Cohen JL, Jin J, Roychowdhury C, Prochaska M, van Dover RB, DiSalvo FJ, Kiya Y, Henderson JC, Hutchison GR. Electrochemical Energy Generation and Storage. Fuel Cells and Lithium-Ion Batteries. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2007. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.80.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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89
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Uhm S, Chung ST, Lee J. Activity of Pt anode catalyst modified by underpotential deposited Pb in a direct formic acid fuel cell. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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90
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Gregoire JM, van Dover RB, Jin J, Disalvo FJ, Abruña HD. Getter sputtering system for high-throughput fabrication of composition spreads. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2007; 78:072212. [PMID: 17672743 DOI: 10.1063/1.2755967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
We describe a sputtering system that can deposit composition spreads in an effectively UHV environment but which does not require the high-throughput paradigm to be compromised by a long pump down each time a target is changed. The system deploys four magnetron sputter guns in a cryoshroud (getter sputtering) which allows elements such as Ti and Zr to be deposited with minimal contamination by oxygen or other reactive background gases. The system also relies on custom substrate heaters to give rapid heating and cool down. The effectiveness of the gettering technique is evaluated, and example results obtained for catalytic activity of a pseudoternary composition spread are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Gregoire
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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91
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Cohen JL, Volpe DJ, Abruña HD. Electrochemical determination of activation energies for methanol oxidation on polycrystalline platinum in acidic and alkaline electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2007; 9:49-77. [PMID: 17164887 DOI: 10.1039/b612040g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation pathways of methanol (MeOH) have been the subject of intense research due to its possible application as a liquid fuel in polyelectrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cells. The design of improved catalysts for MeOH oxidation requires a deep understanding of these complex oxidation pathways. This paper will provide a discussion of the literature concerning the extensive research carried out in acidic and alkaline electrolytes. It will highlight techniques that have proven useful in the determination of product ratios, analysis of surface poisoning, anion adsorption, and oxide formation processes, in addition to the effects of temperature on the MeOH oxidation pathways at bulk polycrystalline platinum (Pt(poly)) electrodes. This discussion will provide a framework with which to begin the analysis of activation energy (E(a)) values. This kinetic parameter may prove useful in characterizing the rate-limiting step of the MeOH oxidation at an electrode surface. This paper will present a procedure for the determination of E(a) values for MeOH oxidation at a Pt(poly) electrode in acidic and alkaline media. Values from 24-76 kJ mol(-1) in acidic media and from 36-86 kJ mol(-1) in alkaline media were calculated and found to be a function of applied potential and direction of the potential sweep in a voltammetric experiment. Factors that influence the magnitude of the calculated E(a) include surface poisoning from MeOH oxidation intermediates, anion adsorption from the electrolyte, pH effects, and oxide formation processes. These factors are all potential, and temperature, dependent and must clearly be addressed when citing E(a) values in the literature. Comparison of E(a) values must be between systems of comparable electrochemical environment and at the same potential. E(a) values obtained on bulk Pt(poly), compared with other catalysts, may give insight into the superiority of other Pt-based catalysts for MeOH oxidation and lead to the development of new catalysts which lower the E(a) barrier at a given potential, thus driving MeOH oxidation to completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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92
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93
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Reduction of and in polyaniline: Catalytic oxidation of methanol at morphologically different composites. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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94
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Kinyanjui JM, Wijeratne NR, Hanks J, Hatchett DW. Chemical and electrochemical synthesis of polyaniline/platinum composites. Electrochim Acta 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Uhm S, Yun Y, Tak Y, Lee J. EQCM analysis of Bi oxidation mechanism on a Pt electrode. Electrochem commun 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2005.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Schaak RE, Sra AK, Leonard BM, Cable RE, Bauer JC, Han YF, Means J, Teizer W, Vasquez Y, Funck ES. Metallurgy in a beaker: nanoparticle toolkit for the rapid low-temperature solution synthesis of functional multimetallic solid-state materials. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:3506-15. [PMID: 15755172 DOI: 10.1021/ja043335f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Intermetallic compounds and alloys are traditionally synthesized by heating mixtures of metal powders to high temperatures for long periods of time. A low-temperature solution-based alternative has been developed, and this strategy exploits the enhanced reactivity of nanoparticles and the nanometer diffusion distances afforded by binary nanocomposite precursors. Prereduced metal nanoparticles are combined in known ratios, and they form nanomodulated composites that rapidly transform into intermetallics and alloys upon heating at low temperatures. The approach is general in terms of accessible compositions, structures, and morphologies. Multiple compounds in the same binary system can be readily accessed; e.g., AuCu, AuCu3, Au3Cu, and the AuCu-II superlattice are all accessible in the Au-Cu system. This concept can be extended to other binary systems, including the intermetallics FePt3, CoPt, CuPt, and Cu3Pt and the alloys Ag-Pt, Au-Pd, and Ni-Pt. The ternary intermetallic Ag2Pd3S can also be rapidly synthesized at low temperatures from a nanocomposite precursor comprised of Ag2S and Pd nanoparticles. Using this low-temperature solution-based approach, a variety of morphologically diverse nanomaterials are accessible: surface-confined thin films (planar and nonplanar supports), free-standing monoliths, nanomesh materials, inverse opals, and dense gram-scale nanocrystalline powders of intermetallic AuCu. Importantly, the multimetallic materials synthesized using this approach are functional, yielding a room-temperature Fe-Pt ferromagnet, a superconducting sample of Ag2Pd3S (Tc = 1.10 K), and a AuPd4 alloy that selectively catalyzes the formation of H2O2 from H2 and O2. Such flexibility in the synthesis and processing of functional intermetallic and alloy materials is unprecedented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E Schaak
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77842-3012, USA.
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