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Ye S, Wu J, Zhou L, Lv Z, Xie H, Zheng S. Interleukin-35: the future of hyperimmune-related diseases? J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:285-91. [PMID: 23472662 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2012.0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-35) is a newly identified heterodimeric cytokine belonging to the IL-12 family. It contains Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 subunit and IL-27 p35 subunit. Although its receptor and signaling pathway are not clear, we presumed that its receptor is composed by two chains that might be similar to those receptors of IL-12, IL-23, and IL-27. We also believe that the signal transducer activator of transcription family members is involved in its signaling pathway. It was reported that IL-35 could suppress Teff cell proliferation and Th17 development. It was considered to have a potential therapeutic effect against immune diseases. In our perspective, the finding of IL-35 is of great significance, since it can regulate T cells, which is an important therapeutic target of immunological disorders. IL-35 would promote the development of different kinds of vaccines, even vaccine for special cancer, and be promising to cure autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyi Ye
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Lin Y, Huang Y, Lu Z, Luo C, shi Y, Zeng Q, Cao Y, Liu L, Wang X, Ji Q. Decreased plasma IL-35 levels are related to the left ventricular ejection fraction in coronary artery diseases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52490. [PMID: 23285065 PMCID: PMC3528657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accumulating evidence shows that the novel anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-35 can efficiently suppress effector T cell activity and alter the progression of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The two subunits of IL-35, EBI3 and p35, are strongly expressed in human advanced plaque, suggesting a potential role of IL-35 in atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). However, the plasma levels of IL-35 in patients with CAD have yet to be investigated. Methods Plasma IL-35, IL-10, TGF-β1, IL-12 and IL-27 levels were measured using an ELISA in 43 stable angina pectoris (SAP) patients, 62 unstable angina pectoris (UAP) patients, 56 acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients and 47 chest pain syndrome patients as a control group. Results The results showed that plasma IL-35 levels were significantly decreased in the SAP group (90.74±34.22 pg/ml), the UAP group (72.20±26.63 pg/ml), and the AMI group (50.21±24.69 pg/ml) compared with chest pain syndrome group (115.06±32.27 pg/ml). Similar results were also demonstrated with IL-10 and TGF-β1. Plasma IL-12 and IL-27 levels were significantly increased in the UAP group (349.72±85.22 pg/ml, 101.75±51.42 pg/ml, respectively) and the AMI group (318.05±86.82 pg/ml, 148.88±68.45 pg/ml, respectively) compared with chest pain syndrome group (138.68±34.37 pg/ml, 63.60±22.75 pg/ml, respectively) and the SAP group (153.84±53.86 pg/ml, 70.84±38.77 pg/ml, respectively). Furthermore, lower IL-35 levels were moderately positively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in CAD patients (R = 0.416, P<0.01), whereas higher IL-27 levels were weakly negatively correlated with LVEF in CAD patients(R = −0.205, P<0.01). Conclusions The results of the present study show that circulating IL-35 is a potentially novel biomarker for coronary artery disease. Regulating the expression of IL-35 also provides a new possible target for the treatment of atherosclerosis and CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhong Lin
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengde Lu
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Ying shi
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Qiutang Zeng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifeng Cao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Qingwei Ji
- Department of Cardiology, the People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
- * E-mail:
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Brock LG, Delputte PL, Waldman JP, Nauwynck HJ, Rees MA. Porcine sialoadhesin: a newly identified xenogeneic innate immune receptor. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:3272-82. [PMID: 22958948 PMCID: PMC3513673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Extracorporeal porcine liver perfusion is being developed as a bridge to liver allotransplantation for patients with fulminant hepatic failure. This strategy is limited by porcine Kupffer cell destruction of human erythrocytes, mediated by lectin binding of a sialic acid motif in the absence of antibody and complement. Sialoadhesin, a macrophage restricted lectin that binds sialic acid, was originally described as a sheep erythrocyte binding receptor. Given similarities between sialoadhesin and the unidentified macrophage lectin in our model, we hypothesized porcine sialoadhesin contributed to recognition of human erythrocytes. Two additional types of macrophages were identified to bind human erythrocytes-spleen and alveolar. Expression of sialoadhesin was confirmed by immunofluorescence in porcine tissues and by flow cytometry on primary macrophages. A stable transgenic cell line expressing porcine sialoadhesin (pSn CHO) bound human erythrocytes, while a sialoadhesin mutant cell line did not. Porcine macrophage and pSn CHO recognition of human erythrocytes was inhibited approximately 90% by an antiporcine sialoadhesin monoclonal antibody and by human erythrocyte glycoproteins. Furthermore, this binding was substantially reduced by sialidase treatment of erythrocytes. These data support the hypothesis that porcine sialoadhesin is a xenogeneic receptor that mediates porcine macrophage binding of human erythrocytes in a sialic acid-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G. Brock
- Department of Urology, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH USA
| | - Peter L. Delputte
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joshua P. Waldman
- Department of Urology, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH USA
| | - Hans J. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Michael A. Rees
- Department of Urology, University of Toledo Health Sciences Campus, Toledo, OH USA
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The emerging role of Interleukin 27 in inflammatory arthritis and bone destruction. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2012; 24:115-21. [PMID: 23165310 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Although the causes of inflammatory arthritis elude us, aberrant cytokine expression has been linked to joint pathology. Consequently, several approaches in the clinic and/or in clinical trials are targeting cytokines, e.g. tumor necrosis factor (TNF), Interleukin 23 (IL-23) and Interleukin 17 (IL-17), with the goal of antagonizing their respective biologic activity through therapeutic neutralizing antibodies. Such, cytokine signaling-dependent molecular networks orchestrate synovial inflammation on multiple levels including differentiation of myeloid cells to osteoclasts, the central cellular players in arthritis-associated pathologic bone resorption. Hence, understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms elicited by synovial cytokine networks that dictate recruitment, differentiation and activation of osteoclast precursors and osteoclasts, respectively, is central to shaping novel therapeutic options for inflammatory arthritis patients. In this article we are discussing the complex signaling interactions involved in the regulation of inflammatory arthritis and it's associated bone loss with a focus on Interleukin 27 (IL-27). The present review will discuss the primary bone-degrading cell, the osteoclast, and on how IL-27, directly or indirectly, modulates osteoclast activity in autoimmune-driven inflammatory joint diseases.
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55
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Long J, Zhang X, Wen M, Kong Q, Lv Z, An Y, Wei XQ. IL-35 over-expression increases apoptosis sensitivity and suppresses cell growth in human cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 430:364-9. [PMID: 23154182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35 is a novel heterodimeric cytokine in the IL-12 family and is composed of two subunits: Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (EBI3) and IL-12p35. IL-35 is expressed in T regulatory (Treg) cells and contributes to the immune suppression function of these cells. In contrast, we found that both IL-35 subunits were expressed concurrently in most human cancer cell lines compared to normal cell lines. In addition, we found that TNF-α and IFN-γ stimulation led to increased IL-35 expression in human cancer cells. Furthermore, over-expression of IL-35 in human cancer cells suppressed cell growth in vitro, induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, and mediated robust apoptosis induced by serum starvation, TNF-α, and IFN-γ stimulation through the up-regulation of Fas and concurrent down-regulation of cyclinD1, survivin, and Bcl-2 expression. In conclusion, our results reveal a novel functional role for IL-35 in suppressing cancer activity, inhibiting cancer cell growth, and increasing the apoptosis sensitivity of human cancer cells through the regulation of genes related to the cell cycle and apoptosis. Thus, this research provides new insights into IL-35 function and presents a possible target for the development of novel cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Long
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
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56
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Immunoregulatory function of IL-27 and TGF-β1 in cardiac allograft transplantation. Transplantation 2012; 94:226-33. [PMID: 22790384 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31825b0c38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deciphering the mechanisms of tolerance represents a crucial aim of research in transplantation. We previously identified by DNA chip interleukin (IL)-27 p28 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 as overexpressed in a model of rat cardiac allograft tolerance mediated by regulatory CD4CD25 T cells. The role of these two molecules on the control of the inflammatory response remains controversial. However, both are involved in the regulation of the T helper 17/Treg axis, suggesting their involvement in tolerance. METHODS We analyzed regulation of IL-27 and TGF-β1 expression in allograft response and their role in tolerance by using blocking anti-TGF-β antibody and by generating an adeno-associated virus encoding IL-27. RESULTS Here, we confirmed the overexpression of IL-27 and TGF-β1 in tolerated cardiac allografts in two different rodent models. We observed that their expression correlates with inhibition of T helper 17 differentiation and with expansion of regulatory CD4CD25 T cells. We showed in a rat model that anti-TGF-β treatment abrogates infectious tolerance mediated by the transfer of regulatory CD4CD25 T cells. Moreover, overexpression of IL-27 by adeno-associated virus administration in combination with a short-term immunosuppression allows prolongation of cardiac allograft survival and one tolerant recipient. We found that IL-27 overexpression did not induce Foxp3CD4CD25 T-cell expansion but rather IL-10-expressing CD4 T cells in the tolerant recipient. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that both TGF-β1 and IL-27 play a role in the mechanisms of tolerance. However, in contrast to TGF-β1, IL-27 seems not to be involved in regulatory CD4CD25 T-cell expansion but rather in their mode of action.
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57
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Banchereau J, Pascual V, O'Garra A. From IL-2 to IL-37: the expanding spectrum of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Nat Immunol 2012; 13:925-31. [PMID: 22990890 PMCID: PMC3609707 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Feedback regulatory circuits provided by regulatory T cells (T(reg) cells) and suppressive cytokines are an intrinsic part of the immune system, along with effector functions. Here we discuss some of the regulatory cytokines that have evolved to permit tolerance to components of self as well as the eradication of pathogens with minimal collateral damage to the host. Interleukin 2 (IL-2), IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) are well characterized, whereas IL-27, IL-35 and IL-37 represent newcomers to the spectrum of anti-inflammatory cytokines. We also emphasize how information accumulated through in vitro as well as in vivo studies of genetically engineered mice can help in the understanding and treatment of human diseases.
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Abstract
The interleukin 12 (IL-12) family is unique in having the only heterodimeric cytokines, including IL-12, IL-23, IL-27 and IL-35. This feature endows these cytokines with a unique set of connections and functional interactions not shared by other cytokine families. Despite sharing many structural features and molecular partners, cytokines of the IL-12 family mediate surprisingly diverse functional effects. Here we discuss the unique and unusual structural and functional characteristics of this cytokine family. We outline how cells might interpret seemingly similar cytokine signals to give rise to the diverse functional outcomes that characterize this cytokine family. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of this complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA.
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Klaas M, Crocker PR. Sialoadhesin in recognition of self and non-self. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:353-64. [PMID: 22450957 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is tightly regulated to maintain an appropriate balance between immune activation and tolerance. Macrophages play a key role in this process since they express many pathogen recognition molecules as well as receptors for 'self'. Sialoadhesin is a major macrophage receptor that specifically recognizes sialic acid, an abundant component of host glycoconjugates but which can also be found on several human pathogens. In recent years, several studies have demonstrated that sialoadhesin can contribute to the uptake and processing of sialylated pathogens as well as playing an important role in regulating inflammatory and autoimmune responses via recognition of self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariliis Klaas
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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60
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Schmetterer KG, Neunkirchner A, Pickl WF. Naturally occurring regulatory T cells: markers, mechanisms, and manipulation. FASEB J 2012; 26:2253-76. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-193672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Klaus G. Schmetterer
- Institute of ImmunologyCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Alina Neunkirchner
- Institute of ImmunologyCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for ImmunmodulationViennaAustria
| | - Winfried F. Pickl
- Institute of ImmunologyCenter for Pathophysiology, Infectiology, and ImmunologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for ImmunmodulationViennaAustria
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61
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Issa F, Chandrasekharan D, Wood KJ. Regulatory T cells as modulators of chronic allograft dysfunction. Curr Opin Immunol 2012; 23:648-54. [PMID: 21752619 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) in solid organ transplantation is a principal cause of patient morbidity and late allograft loss. The pathogenesis of CAD is largely secondary to chronic damage by the adaptive immune system and long-term immunosuppression. Manipulating these factors may be possible with the use of regulatory T cells (Treg), which have the ability to suppress specific immune responses and therefore potentially remove the need for immunosuppressive drugs. Studies of CAD in experimental models have demonstrated the capacity for both mouse and human Treg cellular therapy to prevent the development of some manifestations of CAD. Furthermore, a role for Treg has been demonstrated in clinically tolerant transplant patients. Certain immunosuppressive therapies are also proving to be 'Treg friendly' and may be helpful in promoting Treg while maintaining other immunosuppressive activity. With this in mind, monitoring for biomarkers of operational tolerance with tailored immunosuppressive therapy or controlled weaning in conjunction with Treg cellular therapy may be a useful strategy to pursue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Issa
- Transplantation Research Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectins, or Siglecs, vary in their specificity for sialic acid-containing ligands and are mainly expressed by cells of the immune system. Many Siglecs are inhibitory receptors expressed in innate immune cells that regulate inflammation mediated by damage-associated and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs and PAMPs). This family also includes molecules involved in adhesion and phagocytosis and receptors that can associate with the ITAM-containing DAP12 adaptor. Siglecs contribute to the inhibition of immune cells both by binding to cis ligands (expressed in the same cells) and by responding to pathogen-derived sialoglycoconjugates. They can help maintain tolerance in B lymphocytes, modulate the activation of conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and contribute to the regulation of T cell function both directly and indirectly. Siglecs modulate immune responses, influencing almost every cell in the immune system, and are of relevance both in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Pillai
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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63
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Gravano DM, Vignali DAA. The battle against immunopathology: infectious tolerance mediated by regulatory T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 69:1997-2008. [PMID: 22205213 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious tolerance is a process whereby one regulatory lymphoid population confers suppressive capacity on another. Diverse immune responses are induced following infection or inflammatory insult that can protect the host, or potentially cause damage if not properly controlled. Thus, the process of infectious tolerance may be critical in vivo for exerting effective immune control and maintaining immune homeostasis by generating specialized regulatory sub-populations with distinct mechanistic capabilities. Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (T(regs)) are a central mediator of infectious tolerance through their ability to convert conventional T cells into induced regulatory T cells (iT(regs)) directly by secretion of the suppressive cytokines TGF-β, IL-10, or IL-35, or indirectly via dendritic cells. In this review, we will discuss the mechanisms and cell populations that mediate and contribute to infectious tolerance, with a focus on the intestinal environment, where tolerance induction to foreign material is critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gravano
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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64
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De Baere MI, Van Gorp H, Nauwynck HJ, Delputte PL. Antibody binding to porcine sialoadhesin reduces phagocytic capacity without affecting other macrophage effector functions. Cell Immunol 2011; 271:462-73. [PMID: 21944562 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 08/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sialoadhesin (Sn) is a macrophage-restricted endocytic receptor involved in cell-cell, cell-matrix and cell-pathogen interactions. Recently, porcine Sn (pSn) was shown to be involved in signaling and lately Sn is gaining interest as a potential target for immunotherapy. However, little is known about the effect of ligand binding to Sn on macrophage effector functions. In this study, we tested the effect of antibody binding to pSn on macrophage viability, phagocytosis of microspheres, uptake and processing of soluble antigens, reactive oxygen/nitrogen species production, MHC I and MHC II cell surface expression and cytokine production. This was done by treatment of porcine primary alveolar macrophages with the pSn-specific mAb 41D3, or an isotype-matched control mAb. No significant effect on most effector functions under study was observed, except for a significant reduction of phagocytosis. Thus, antibody binding to pSn can downregulate phagocytosis, which could have implications on homeostasis, infectious and immune diseases, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miet I De Baere
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Chaturvedi V, Collison LW, Guy CS, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. Cutting edge: Human regulatory T cells require IL-35 to mediate suppression and infectious tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6661-6. [PMID: 21576509 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human regulatory T cells (T(reg)) are essential for the maintenance of immune tolerance. However, the mechanisms they use to mediate suppression remain controversial. Although IL-35 has been shown to play an important role in T(reg)-mediated suppression in mice, recent studies have questioned its relevance in human T(reg). In this study, we show that human T(reg) express and require IL-35 for maximal suppressive capacity. Substantial upregulation of EBI3 and IL12A, but not IL10 and TGFB, was observed in activated human T(reg) compared with conventional T cells (T(conv)). Contact-independent T(reg)-mediated suppression was IL-35 dependent and did not require IL-10 or TGF-β. Lastly, human T(reg)-mediated suppression led to the conversion of the suppressed T(conv) into iTr35 cells, an IL-35-induced T(reg) population, in an IL-35-dependent manner. Thus, IL-35 contributes to human T(reg)-mediated suppression, and its conversion of suppressed target T(conv) into IL-35-induced T(reg) may contribute to infectious tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Chaturvedi
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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Abstract
Expression by DCs of co-inhibitory molecules such as programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1/B7-H1/CD274), a member of the B7 superfamily, is crucial for the downregulation of T-cell responses and the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Exposure of immature DCs to danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPS) or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) generally results in their maturation and acquisition of immunostimulatory function. However, exposure of DCs to TLR ligands early during their differentiation can inhibit further differentiation and confer tolerogenic properties on these APCs. A report in this issue of The European Journal of Immunology reveals that early inhibition of human DC differentiation from blood monocytes by TLR agonists is associated with a tolerogenic phenotype and Treg generation. The tolerogenic function of these APCs is dependent on MAPK-induced IL-6 and IL-10 production, which drives STAT-3-mediated PD-L1 expression. These observations link IL-10 and IL-6 to PD-L1 expression, providing a new dimension to the anti-inflammatory properties of these cytokines. These findings also have implications for understanding the inherent function of DCs in non-lymphoid tissues such as the liver and lung, where they are exposed to PAMPs that are found constitutively in the local microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Sumpter
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Liu F, Tong F, He Y, Liu H. Detectable expression of IL-35 in CD4+ T cells from peripheral blood of chronic hepatitis B patients. Clin Immunol 2011; 139:1-5. [PMID: 21285006 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 (Ebi3) and the p35 subunit of IL-12 have been reported to form a heterodimeric cytokine, named IL-35, in human and mouse. In mice, IL-35 has been shown to be constitutively expressed by CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suggested to contribute to their suppressive activity. However, human CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) Tregs do not constitutively express detectable amounts of IL-35 in both mRNA and protein levels. Circulating CD4(+)CD25(+) Treg frequency of chronic Hepatitis B patients significantly correlates with serum viral load. In this study, we investigated whether IL-35 expression could be detected in CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood of chronic Hepatitis B patients. Using both RT-PCR and immunoprecipitation plus Western blot analysis, we demonstrated that IL-35 expression could be detected in the CD4(+) T cells from peripheral blood of Chronic Hepatitis B patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fen Liu
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, PR China.
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68
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Abstract
Infectious agents have intimately co-evolved with the host immune system, acquiring a portfolio of highly sophisticated mechanisms to modulate immunity. Among the common strategies developed by viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, and fungi is the manipulation of the regulatory T cell network in order to favor pathogen survival and transmission. Treg activity also benefits the host in many circumstances by controlling immunopathogenic reactions to infection. Interestingly, some pathogens are able to directly induce the conversion of naive T cells into suppressive Foxp3-expressing Tregs, while others activate pre-existing natural Tregs, in both cases repressing pathogen-specific effector responses. However, Tregs can also act to promote immunity in certain settings, such as in initial stages of infection when effector cells must access the site of infection, and subsequently in ensuring generation of effector memory. Notably, there is little current information on whether infections selectively drive pathogen-specific Tregs, and if so whether these cells are also reactive to self-antigens. Further analysis of specificity, together with a clearer picture of the relative dynamics of Treg subsets over the course of disease, should lead to rational strategies for immune intervention to optimize immunity and eliminate infection.
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69
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells come in many different forms depending on their mode of action or developmental origin. Data now show that interleukin 35, an immunomodulatory cytokine secreted by regulatory T cells, and interleukin 10 induce so-called 'iTR35 cells', which may have an important role in the phenomenon of infectious tolerance.
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