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Kim D, Kwon S, Ahn CS, Lee Y, Choi SY, Park J, Kwon HY, Kwon HJ. Adjuvant effect of liposome-encapsulated natural phosphodiester CpG-DNA. BMB Rep 2012; 44:758-63. [PMID: 22118544 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2011.44.11.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunostimulatory CpG-DNA targeting TLR9 is one of the most extensively evaluated vaccine adjuvants. Previously, we found that a particular form of natural phosphodiester bond CpG-DNA (PO-ODN) encapsulated in a phosphatidyl-Β-oleoyl- γ-palmitoyl ethanolamine (DOPE) : cholesterol hemisuccinate (CHEMS) (1 : 1 ratio) complex (Lipoplex(O)) is a potent adjuvant. Complexes containing peptide and Lipoplex(O) are extremely useful for B cell epitope screening and antibody production without carriers. Here, we showed that IL-12 production was increased in bone marrow derived dendritic cells in a CpG sequence-dependent manner when PO-ODN was encapsulated in Lipoplex(O), DOTAP or lipofectamine. However, the effects of Lipoplex(O) surpassed those of PO-ODN encapsulated in DOTAP or lipofectamine and also other various forms of liposome-encapsulated CpG-DNA in terms of potency for protein antigen-specific IgG production and Th1- associated IgG2a production. Therefore, Lipoplex(O) may have a unique potent immunoadjuvant activity which can be useful for various applications involving protein antigens as well as peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbum Kim
- Departments of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, Korea
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52
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Hancock REW, Nijnik A, Philpott DJ. Modulating immunity as a therapy for bacterial infections. Nat Rev Microbiol 2012; 10:243-54. [PMID: 22421877 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite our efforts to halt the increase and spread of antimicrobial resistance, bacteria continue to become less susceptible to antimicrobial drugs over time, and rates of discovery for new antibiotics are declining. Thus, it is essential to explore new paradigms for anti-infective therapy. One promising approach involves host-directed immunomodulatory therapies, whereby natural mechanisms in the host are exploited to enhance therapeutic benefit. The objective is to initiate or enhance protective antimicrobial immunity while limiting inflammation-induced tissue injury. A range of potential immune modulators have been proposed, including innate defence regulator peptides and agonists of innate immune components such as Toll-like receptors and NOD-like receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E W Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, Room 232, 2259 Lower Mall Research Station, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4 British Columbia, Canada.
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53
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Allen IC, Jania CM, Wilson JE, Tekeppe EM, Hua X, Brickey WJ, Kwan M, Koller BH, Tilley SL, Ting JPY. Analysis of NLRP3 in the development of allergic airway disease in mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:2884-93. [PMID: 22323538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of NLRP3, a member of the nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing (NLR) family, to the development of allergic airway disease is currently controversial. In this study, we used multiple allergic asthma models to examine the physiologic role of NLRP3. We found no significant differences in airway eosinophilia, histopathologic condition, mucus production, and airway hyperresponsiveness between wild-type and Nlrp3(-/-) mice in either acute (alum-dependent) or chronic (alum-independent) OVA models. In addition to the OVA model, we did not detect a role for NLRP3 in the development of allergic airway disease induced by either acute or chronic house dust mite Ag exposure. Although we did not observe significant phenotypic differences in any of the models tested, we did note a significant reduction of IL-13 and IL-33 in Nlrp3(-/-) mice compared with wild-type controls in the chronic OVA model without added alum. In all of the allergic airway disease models, the NLRP3 inflammasome-associated cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 in the lung were below the level of detection. In sum, this report surveyed four different allergic asthma models and found a modest and selected role for NLRP3 in the alum-free OVA model. However, this difference did not greatly alter the clinical outcome of the disease. This finding suggests that the role of NLRP3 in allergic asthma must be re-evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving C Allen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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54
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Chu VT, Berek C. Immunization induces activation of bone marrow eosinophils required for plasma cell survival. Eur J Immunol 2011; 42:130-7. [PMID: 22057654 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201141953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Eosinophils not only have multiple functions as effector cells of the innate immune system but also as modulators of immune responses. As producers of cytokines required for plasma cell survival, they are essential for the long-term maintenance of plasma cells in the BM. Here we show that the activation of eosinophils both in vitro and in vivo enhances the expression of the plasma cell survival factors APRIL, IL-6, IL-4, IL-10 and TNF-α. The in vivo activation of eosinophils was independent of the type of adjuvant used for primary immunization. Although eosinophils were activated by adjuvant itself, a stable activation and a constant increase in BM eosinophils were observed only in the presence of antigen. Thus, the numbers and the quality of eosinophils were dependent on priming the adaptive immune system. With secondary immunization and re-activation of antigen-dependent memory cells, the ability of eosinophils to promote plasma cell survival was further increased. These findings suggest that in T-cell-dependent immune responses eosinophils are conditioned to support the long-term survival of plasma cells in the BM, and furthermore imply that through accelerated numbers of eosinophils, stable plasma cell survival niches are established and the long-term survival of plasma cells is ensured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van T Chu
- Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum, Institut der Leibniz Gemeinschaft, Berlin, Germany
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55
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Conforti-Andreoni C, Spreafico R, Qian HL, Riteau N, Ryffel B, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Mortellaro A. Uric acid-driven Th17 differentiation requires inflammasome-derived IL-1 and IL-18. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 187:5842-50. [PMID: 22058415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Uric acid is released from damaged cells and serves as a danger signal that alerts the immune system to potential threats, even in the absence of microbial infection. Uric acid modulation of innate immune responses has been extensively studied, but the impact of this damage-associated molecular pattern on adaptive responses remains largely unknown. In this study, we report that, in the presence of NF-κB signaling, uric acid crystals were capable of stimulating dendritic cells to promote the release of cytokines associated with Th17 polarization. Accordingly, naive CD4(+) T cells cocultured with uric acid-treated dendritic cells differentiated toward the Th17 lineage. Th17 differentiation required the inflammasome-dependent cytokines IL-1α/β and IL-18 in both in vitro and in vivo models, and the inflammasome adaptor protein ASC and caspase-1 were essential for Th17 responses. Collectively, our findings indicate a novel role for the danger signal uric acid, in cooperation with NF-κB activation, in driving proinflammatory Th17 differentiation. Our data indicate that sterile inflammation shapes adaptive immunity, in addition to influencing early innate responses.
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56
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Chu CL, Chen DC, Lin CC. A novel adjuvant Ling Zhi-8 for cancer DNA vaccines. HUMAN VACCINES 2011; 7:1161-4. [PMID: 22048115 DOI: 10.4161/hv.7.11.17753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccines have a wide range of applications, with several potential advantages compared to other vaccine technologies for diseases. No DNA vaccine has yet been licensed in humans; however, a lot of effort has been made to enhance their potential as human vaccines and therapeutics. Finding an effective adjuvant is a strategy to improve the efficacy of DNA vaccines. We recently identified a fungal immunomodulatory protein Ling Zhi-8 (LZ-8) with stimulatory activity on dendritic cells (DCs) that significantly increases the efficacy of a cancer DNA vaccine in a preclinical tumor model, suggesting that LZ-8 may be a good candidate adjuvant for vaccine development. Here we discuss the possibility for applying LZ-8 to a cancer DNA vaccine for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Liang Chu
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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57
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Kawai T, Akira S. Toll-like receptors and their crosstalk with other innate receptors in infection and immunity. Immunity 2011; 34:637-50. [PMID: 21616434 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2593] [Impact Index Per Article: 199.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR-mediated recognition of components derived from a wide range of pathogens and their role in the subsequent initiation of innate immune responses is widely accepted; however, the recent discovery of non-TLR PRRs, such as C-type lectin receptors, NOD-like receptors, and RIG-I-like receptors, suggests that many aspects of innate immunity are more sophisticated and complex. In this review, we will focus on the role played by TLRs in mounting protective immune responses against infection and their crosstalk with other PRRs with respect to pathogen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Kawai
- Laboratory of Host Defense, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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58
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DNA released from dying host cells mediates aluminum adjuvant activity. Nat Med 2011; 17:996-1002. [PMID: 21765404 DOI: 10.1038/nm.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aluminum-based adjuvants (aluminum salts or alum) are widely used in human vaccination, although their mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Here we report that, in mice, alum causes cell death and the subsequent release of host cell DNA, which acts as a potent endogenous immunostimulatory signal mediating alum adjuvant activity. Furthermore, we propose that host DNA signaling differentially regulates IgE and IgG1 production after alum-adjuvanted immunization. We suggest that, on the one hand, host DNA induces primary B cell responses, including IgG1 production, through interferon response factor 3 (Irf3)-independent mechanisms. On the other hand, we suggest that host DNA also stimulates 'canonical' T helper type 2 (T(H)2) responses, associated with IgE isotype switching and peripheral effector responses, through Irf3-dependent mechanisms. The finding that host DNA released from dying cells acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern that mediates alum adjuvant activity may increase our understanding of the mechanisms of action of current vaccines and help in the design of new adjuvants.
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59
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Embry CA, Franchi L, Nuñez G, Mitchell TC. Mechanism of impaired NLRP3 inflammasome priming by monophosphoryl lipid A. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra28. [PMID: 21540455 PMCID: PMC3249414 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Monophosphoryl lipid A (MLA), a nontoxic derivative of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), has been approved in the United States for use as a vaccine adjuvant. LPS and MLA are ligands of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and it has been unclear why LPS triggers toxic inflammation, whereas MLA generates safe and effective immunostimulation. Signaling downstream of TLR4 is mediated by the adaptor proteins TRIF [Toll-interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor (TIR) domain-containing adaptor-inducing interferon-β], which is required for adaptive immune outcomes, and MyD88 (myeloid differentiation marker 88), which is responsible for many proinflammatory effects. Two models have provided nonexclusive explanations for the differential effects of LPS and MLA. According to the first model, MLA fails to induce maturation of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β because it fails to activate caspase-1, which is required for the conversion of pro-IL-1β into its bioactive form. The second model suggests that MLA triggers unequal engagement of both of the signaling adaptor pathways of TLR4, such that signaling mediated by TRIF is largely intact, whereas signaling mediated by MyD88 is incomplete. We show that the TRIF-biased signaling that is characteristic of low-toxicity MLA explains its failure to activate caspase-1. Defective induction of NLRP3, which depends on MyD88, led to decreased assembly of components of the IL-1β-activating inflammasome required for the activation of preformed, inactive procaspase-1. In addition, we elucidated the contributions of MyD88 and TRIF to priming of the NLRP3 inflammasome and demonstrated that TRIF-biased TLR4 activation by MLA was responsible for the defective production of mature IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea A. Embry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Luigi Franchi
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gabriel Nuñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Thomas C. Mitchell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Institute for Cellular Therapeutics, University of Louisville School of Medicine, 570 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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60
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Chen M, Wang H, Chen W, Meng G. Regulation of adaptive immunity by the NLRP3 inflammasome. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:549-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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61
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Brereton CF, Sutton CE, Ross PJ, Iwakura Y, Pizza M, Rappuoli R, Lavelle EC, Mills KHG. Escherichia coliHeat-Labile Enterotoxin Promotes Protective Th17 Responses against Infection by Driving Innate IL-1 and IL-23 Production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:5896-906. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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62
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Henriksen-Lacey M, Korsholm KS, Andersen P, Perrie Y, Christensen D. Liposomal vaccine delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:505-19. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.558081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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63
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Heike T, Saito MK, Nishikomori R, Yasumi T, Nakahata T. Autoinflammatory diseases - a new entity of inflammation. Inflamm Regen 2011. [DOI: 10.2492/inflammregen.31.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Heike
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Megumu K Saito
- Clinical Application Department, Center for iPS cell research and application, Kyoto University
| | | | - Takahiro Yasumi
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Tatsutoshi Nakahata
- Clinical Application Department, Center for iPS cell research and application, Kyoto University
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64
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Abstract
Therapeutic immunization leading to cancer regression remains a significant challenge. Successful immunization requires activation of adaptive immunity, including tumor specific CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells. Generally, the activation of T cells is compromised in patients with cancer because of immune suppression, loss of tumor antigen expression, and dysfunction of antigen-presenting cells. Antigen-presenting cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) are key for the induction of adaptive antitumor immune responses. Recently, attention has focused on novel adjuvants that enhance dendritic cell function and their ability to prime T cells. Agonists that target toll-like receptors are being used clinically either alone or in combination with tumor antigens and showing initial success both in terms of enhancing immune responses and eliciting antitumor activity. This review summarizes the application of these adjuvants to treat cancer and the potential for boosting responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Bhardwaj
- New York University School of Medicine, 522 First Avenue, Smilow Research Building, Room 1303, New York, NY 10016, Office: (212) 263-5814, Fax: (212) 263-6729,
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65
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Fitzgerald KA. NLR-containing inflammasomes: central mediators of host defense and inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2010; 40:595-8. [PMID: 20201007 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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66
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Abstract
Outbreaks of influenza A viruses continue to cause morbidity and mortality worldwide. The global disease burden of influenza is substantial. While antiviral therapies are available, influenza vaccines are the mainstay of efforts to reduce the substantial health burden from seasonal influenza. Inactivated influenza vaccines have been available since the 1940s, with live attenuated, cold-adapted vaccines becoming available in the United States in 2003. In spite of the successes, more research is needed to develop more effective seasonal influenza vaccines that provide long-lasting immunity and broad protection against strains that differ antigenically from vaccine viruses. This review introduces the virus and its disease, the current state of seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines, and the challenges we face in the future.
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