51
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PD-1 mediates functional exhaustion of activated NK cells in patients with Kaposi sarcoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:72961-72977. [PMID: 27662664 PMCID: PMC5341956 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed Death-1 (PD-1), an inhibitory receptor expressed by activated lymphocytes, is involved in regulating T- and B-cell responses. PD-1 and its ligands are exploited by a variety of cancers to facilitate tumor escape through PD-1-mediated functional exhaustion of effector T cells. Here, we report that PD-1 is upregulated on Natural Killer (NK) cells from patients with Kaposi sarcoma (KS). PD-1 was expressed in a sub-population of activated, mature CD56dimCD16pos NK cells with otherwise normal expression of NK surface receptors. PD-1pos NK cells from KS patients were hyporesponsive ex vivo following direct triggering of NKp30, NKp46 or CD16 activating receptors, or short stimulation with NK cell targets. PD-1pos NK cells failed to degranulate and release IFNγ, but exogenous IL-2 or IL-15 restored this defect. That PD-1 contributed to NK cell functional impairment and was not simply a marker of dysfunctional NK cells was confirmed in PD-1-transduced NKL cells. In vitro, PD-1 was induced at the surface of healthy control NK cells upon prolonged contact with cells expressing activating ligands, i.e. a condition mimicking persistent stimulation by tumor cells. Thus, PD-1 appears to plays a critical role in mediating NK cell exhaustion. The existence of this negative checkpoint fine-tuning NK activation highlights the possibility that manipulation of the PD-1 pathway may be a strategy for circumventing tumor escape not only from the T cell-, but also the NK-cell mediated immune surveillance.
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52
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Dugast E, David G, Oger R, Danger R, Judor JP, Gagne K, Chesneau M, Degauque N, Soulillou JP, Paul P, Picard C, Guerif P, Conchon S, Giral M, Gervois N, Retière C, Brouard S. Broad Impairment of Natural Killer Cells from Operationally Tolerant Kidney Transplanted Patients. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1721. [PMID: 29312288 PMCID: PMC5732263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of natural killer (NK) cells in organ transplantation is controversial. This study aims to decipher their role in kidney transplant tolerance in humans. Previous studies highlighted several modulated genes involved in NK cell biology in blood from spontaneously operationally tolerant patients (TOLs; drug-free kidney-transplanted recipients with stable graft function). We performed a phenotypic, functional, and genetic characterization of NK cells from these patients compared to kidney-transplanted patients with stable graft function under immunosuppression and healthy volunteers (HVs). Both operationally TOLs and stable patients harbored defective expression of the NKp46 activator receptor and lytic molecules perforin and granzyme compared to HVs. Surprisingly, NK cells from operationally TOLs also displayed decreased expression of the CD16 activating marker (in the CD56Dim NK cell subset). This decrease was associated with impairment of their functional capacities upon stimulation, as shown by lower interferon gamma (IFNγ) production and CD107a membranous expression in a reverse antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay, spontaneous lysis assays, and lower target cell lysis in the 51Cr release assay compared to HVs. Conversely, despite impaired K562 cell lysis in the 51Cr release assay, patients with stable graft function harbored a normal reverse ADCC and even increased amounts of IFNγ+ NK cells in the spontaneous lysis assay. Altogether, the strong impairment of the phenotype and functional cytotoxic capacities of NK cells in operationally TOLs may accord with the establishment of a pro-tolerogenic environment, despite remaining highly activated after transplantation in patients with stable graft function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dugast
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Gaëlle David
- Etablissement Français du sang, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Romain Oger
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Danger
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Paul Judor
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Katia Gagne
- Etablissement Français du sang, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Mélanie Chesneau
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Pascale Paul
- Nephrology Dialysis Renal Transplantation Center, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, Hospital de la Conception, UMR 1076, Vascular Research Center of Marseille, INSERM, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Picard
- Établissement Français du Sang Alpes Méditerranée, Marseille, France.,ADES UMR 7268, CNRS, EFS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Pierrick Guerif
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,CIC Biotherapy, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Conchon
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Magali Giral
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.,CIC Biotherapy, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Nadine Gervois
- CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Christelle Retière
- Etablissement Français du sang, Nantes, France.,CRCINA, INSERM, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
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53
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Control of NK Cell Activation by Immune Checkpoint Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102129. [PMID: 29023417 PMCID: PMC5666811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cancer and chronic infections is facilitated by many subversion mechanisms, among which enhanced expression of immune checkpoints molecules, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4), on exhausted T cells. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown remarkable efficiency in the treatment of a number of cancers. However, expression of immune checkpoints on natural killer (NK) cells and its functional consequences on NK cell effector functions are much less explored. In this review, we focus on the current knowledge on expression of various immune checkpoints in NK cells, how it can alter NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Dissecting the role of these inhibitory mechanisms in NK cells is critical for the full understanding of the mode of action of immunotherapies using checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of cancers and chronic infections.
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54
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The Immune Response to Epstein Barr Virus and Implications for Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder. Transplantation 2017; 101:2009-2016. [PMID: 28376031 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a serious complication in organ transplant recipients and is most often associated with the Epstein Barr virus (EBV). EBV is a common gammaherpes virus with tropism for B lymphocytes and infection in immunocompetent individuals is typically asymptomatic and benign. However, infection in immunocompromised or immunosuppressed individuals can result in malignant B cell lymphoproliferations, such as PTLD. EBV+ PTLD can arise after primary EBV infection, or because of reactivation of a prior infection, and represents a leading malignancy in the transplant population. The incidence of EBV+ PTLD is variable depending on the organ transplanted and whether the recipient has preexisting immunity to EBV but can be as high as 20%. It is generally accepted that impaired immune function due to immunosuppression is a primary cause of EBV+ PTLD. In this overview, we review the EBV life cycle and discuss our current understanding of the immune response to EBV in healthy, immunocompetent individuals, in transplant recipients, and in PTLD patients. We review the strategies that EBV uses to subvert and evade host immunity and discuss the implications for the development of EBV+ PTLD.
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55
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Abstract
Adjunctive therapies have been proposed for use in at least 5 inflammation pathobiology phenotypes in pediatric sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. This article discusses host-pathogen interaction prototypes to facilitate understanding of the rationale for personalized therapy in these phenotypes. The article discusses the literature on adjunctive antiinflammatory and immune modulation therapies that, in addition to traditional organ support and infection source control, might be part of a personalized precision medicine approach to the reversal of each of these inflammatory pathobiology phenotypes.
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56
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Liu Y, Cheng Y, Xu Y, Wang Z, Du X, Li C, Peng J, Gao L, Liang X, Ma C. Increased expression of programmed cell death protein 1 on NK cells inhibits NK-cell-mediated anti-tumor function and indicates poor prognosis in digestive cancers. Oncogene 2017; 36:6143-6153. [PMID: 28692048 PMCID: PMC5671935 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal expression of activating/inhibitory receptors leads to natural killer (NK) cells dysfunction in tumor. Here we show that programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), a well-known immune checkpoint of T cells, is highly expressed on peripheral and tumor-infiltrating NK cells from patients with digestive cancers including esophageal, liver, colorectal, gastric and biliary cancer. The increased PD-1 expression on NK cells indicates poorer survival in esophageal and liver cancers. Blocking PD-1/PD-L1 signaling markedly enhances cytokines production and degranulation and suppresses apoptosis of NK cells in vitro. PD-1/PD-L1 exerts inhibitory effect through repressing the activation of PI3K/AKT signaling in NK cells. More importantly, a PD-1 blocking antibody was found to significantly suppress the growth of xenografts in nude mice, and this inhibition of tumor growth was completely abrogated by NK depletion. These findings strongly suggested that PD-1 is an inhibitory regulator of NK cells in digestive cancers. PD-1 blockade might be an efficient strategy in NK cell-based tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Y Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Y Xu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Z Wang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - X Du
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - C Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - J Peng
- Department of Hematology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - L Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - X Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - C Ma
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education and Department of Immunology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, Shandong, China
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57
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Abstract
Natural killer cells are important effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system, playing critical roles in antitumor and anti-infection host defense. Tumor progression or chronic infections, however, usually leads to exhaustion of NK cells, thus limiting the antitumor/infection potential of NK cells. In many tumors or chronic infections, multiple mechanisms might contribute to the exhaustion of NK cells, such as dysregulated NK cell receptors signaling, as well as suppressive effects by regulatory cells or soluble factors within the microenvironment. Better understanding of the characteristics, as well as the underlying mechanisms of NK cell exhaustion, not only should increase our understanding of the basic biology of NK cells but also could reveal novel NK cell-based antitumor/infection targets. Here, we provide an overview of our current knowledge on NK cell exhaustion in tumors, and in chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Bi
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Antibody Engineering, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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58
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Dharnidharka VR. Peripheral Blood Epstein-Barr Viral Nucleic Acid Surveillance as a Marker for Posttransplant Cancer Risk. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:611-616. [PMID: 27458691 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Several viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, are now known to be associated with several human cancers, but not all patients with these viral infections develop cancer. In transplantation, such viruses often have a prolonged time gap from infection to cancer development, and many are preceded by a period of circulating and detectable nucleic acids in the peripheral blood compartment. The interpretation of a viral load as a measure of posttransplant risk of developing cancer depends on the virus, the cancer and associated pathogenic factors. This review describes the current state of knowledge regarding the utility and limitations of peripheral blood nucleic acid testing for Epstein-Barr virus in surveillance and risk prediction for posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Dharnidharka
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Washington University School of Medicine and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO
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59
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Eriksen W. The spread of EBV to ectopic lymphoid aggregates may be the final common pathway in the pathogenesis of ME/CFS. Med Hypotheses 2017; 102:8-15. [PMID: 28478837 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
According to the hypothesis presented here, myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) develops over 3 steps: Step 1 is characterized by the aggregation of lymphoid cells in dorsal root ganglia or other nervous structures. The cause of this formation of ectopic lymphoid aggregates may be an acute infection, asymptomatic reactivations of a common neurotropic virus, exposure to a neurotoxin, or physical injury to peripheral nerves. In step 2, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-infected lymphocytes or monocytes bring EBV from the circulation to one or several of these lymphoid aggregates, whereupon cell-to-cell transmission of EBV and proliferation of latently EBV-infected lymphocytes lead to the presence of many EBV-infected cells in the lymphoid aggregates. The EBV-infected cells in the aggregates ignite an inflammation in the surrounding nervous tissue. This local inflammation elicits, in turn, a wave of glial cell activation that spreads from the EBV-infected area to parts of the nervous system that are not EBV-infected, disturbing the neuron-glial interaction in both the peripheral - and central nervous system. In step 3, immune cell exhaustion contributes to a consolidation of the pathological processes. There might be a cure: Infusions of autologous EBV-specific T-lymphocytes can perhaps remove the EBV-infected cells from the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willy Eriksen
- Domain for Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Box 4404 Nydalen, 0403 Oslo, Norway.
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60
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Morscio J, Tousseyn T. Recent insights in the pathogenesis of post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders. World J Transplant 2016; 6:505-516. [PMID: 27683629 PMCID: PMC5036120 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v6.i3.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is an aggressive complication of solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation that arises in up to 20% of transplant recipients. Infection or reactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous human herpesvirus, in combination with chronic immunosuppression are considered as the main predisposing factors, however insight in PTLD biology is fragmentary. The study of PTLD is complicated by its morphological heterogeneity and the lack of prospective trials, which also impede treatment optimization. Furthermore, the broad spectrum of underlying disorders and the graft type represent important confounding factors. PTLD encompasses different malignant subtypes that resemble histologically similar lymphomas in the general population. Post-transplant diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (PT-DLBCL), Burkitt lymphoma (PT-BL) and plasmablastic lymphoma (PT-PBL) occur most frequently. However, in many studies various EBV+ and EBV- PTLD subtypes are pooled, complicating the interpretation of the results. In this review, studies of the gene expression pattern, the microenvironment and the genetic profile of PT-DLBCL, PT-BL and PT-PBL are summarized to better understand the mechanisms underlying post-transplantation lymphomagenesis. Based on the available findings we propose stratification of PTLD according to the histological subtype and the EBV status to facilitate the interpretation of future studies and the establishment of clinical trials.
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61
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Della Chiesa M, Pesce S, Muccio L, Carlomagno S, Sivori S, Moretta A, Marcenaro E. Features of Memory-Like and PD-1(+) Human NK Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2016; 7:351. [PMID: 27683578 PMCID: PMC5021715 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human NK cells are distinguished into CD56brightCD16− cells and CD56dimCD16+ cells. These two subsets are conventionally associated with differential functional outcomes and are heterogeneous with respect to the expression of KIR and CD94/NKG2 heterodimers that represent the two major types of HLA-class I-specific receptors. Recent studies indicated that immature CD56bright NK cells, homogeneously expressing the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A receptor, are precursors of CD56dim NK cells that, in turn, during their process of differentiation, lose expression of CD94/NKG2A and subsequentially acquire inhibitory KIRs and LIR-1. The terminally differentiated phenotype of CD56dim cells is marked by the expression of the CD57 molecule that is associated with poor responsiveness to cytokine stimulation, but retained cytolytic capacity. Remarkably, this NKG2A−KIR+LIR-1+CD57+CD56dim NK cell subset when derived from individuals previously exposed to pathogens, such as human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), may contain “memory-like” NK cells. These cells are generally characterized by an upregulation of the activating receptor CD94/NKG2C and a downregulation of the inhibitory receptor Siglec-7. The “memory-like” NK cells are persistent over time and display some hallmarks of adaptive immunity, i.e., clonal expansion, more effective antitumor and antiviral immune responses, longevity, as well as given epigenetic modifications. Interestingly, unknown cofactors associated with HCMV infection may induce the onset of a recently identified fully mature NK cell subset, characterized by marked downregulation of the activating receptors NKp30 and NKp46 and by the unexpected expression of the inhibitory PD-1 receptor. This phenotype correlates with an impaired antitumor NK cell activity that can be partially restored by antibody-mediated disruption of PD-1/PD-L interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Della Chiesa
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Silvia Pesce
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Letizia Muccio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Simona Carlomagno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Simona Sivori
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy; CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy; CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy; CEBR, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genova, Italy
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62
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Assmann N, Finlay DK. Metabolic regulation of immune responses: therapeutic opportunities. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2031-9. [PMID: 27249676 DOI: 10.1172/jci83005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell metabolism is dynamically regulated in parallel with the substantial changes in cellular function that accompany immune cell activation. While these changes in metabolism are important for facilitating the increased energetic and biosynthetic demands of activated cells, immune cell metabolism also has direct roles in controlling the functions of immune cells and shaping the immune response. A theme is emerging wherein nutrients, metabolic enzymes, and metabolites can act as an extension of the established immune signal transduction pathways, thereby adding an extra layer of complexity to the regulation of immunity. This Review will outline the metabolic configurations adopted by different immune cell subsets, describe the emerging roles for metabolic enzymes and metabolites in the control of immune cell function, and discuss the therapeutic implications of this emerging immune regulatory axis.
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63
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Pesce S, Greppi M, Tabellini G, Rampinelli F, Parolini S, Olive D, Moretta L, Moretta A, Marcenaro E. Identification of a subset of human natural killer cells expressing high levels of programmed death 1: A phenotypic and functional characterization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 139:335-346.e3. [PMID: 27372564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Programmed death 1 (PD-1) is an immunologic checkpoint that limits immune responses by delivering potent inhibitory signals to T cells on interaction with specific ligands expressed on tumor/virus-infected cells, thus contributing to immune escape mechanisms. Therapeutic PD-1 blockade has been shown to mediate tumor eradication with impressive clinical results. Little is known about the expression/function of PD-1 on human natural killer (NK) cells. OBJECTIVE We sought to clarify whether human NK cells can express PD-1 and analyze their phenotypic/functional features. METHODS We performed multiparametric cytofluorimetric analysis of PD-1+ NK cells and their functional characterization using degranulation, cytokine production, and proliferation assays. RESULTS We provide unequivocal evidence that PD-1 is highly expressed (PD-1bright) on an NK cell subset detectable in the peripheral blood of approximately one fourth of healthy subjects. These donors are always serologically positive for human cytomegalovirus. PD-1 is expressed by CD56dim but not CD56bright NK cells and is confined to fully mature NK cells characterized by the NKG2A-KIR+CD57+ phenotype. Proportions of PD-1bright NK cells were higher in the ascites of a cohort of patients with ovarian carcinoma, suggesting their possible induction/expansion in tumor environments. Functional analysis revealed a reduced proliferative capability in response to cytokines, low degranulation, and impaired cytokine production on interaction with tumor targets. CONCLUSIONS We have identified and characterized a novel subpopulation of human NK cells expressing high levels of PD-1. These cells have the phenotypic characteristics of fully mature NK cells and are increased in patients with ovarian carcinoma. They display low proliferative responses and impaired antitumor activity that can be partially restored by antibody-mediated disruption of PD-1/programmed death ligand interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pesce
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Greppi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Rampinelli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Parolini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniel Olive
- CRCM, Equipe Immunité et Cancer, Inserm, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Department of Immunology, IRCCS Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy; Center of Excellence for Biomedical Research (CEBR), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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64
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Dulphy N, Chrétien AS, Khaznadar Z, Fauriat C, Nanbakhsh A, Caignard A, Chouaib S, Olive D, Toubert A. Underground Adaptation to a Hostile Environment: Acute Myeloid Leukemia vs. Natural Killer Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:94. [PMID: 27014273 PMCID: PMC4783386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous group of malignancies which incidence increases with age. The disease affects the differentiation of hematopoietic stem or precursor cells in the bone marrow and can be related to abnormal cytogenetic and/or specific mutational patterns. AML blasts can be sensitive to natural killer (NK) cell antitumor response. However, NK cells are frequently defective in AML patients leading to tumor escape. NK cell defects affect not only the expression of the activating NK receptors, including the natural cytotoxicity receptors, the NK group 2, member D, and the DNAX accessory molecule-1, but also cytotoxicity and IFN-γ release. Such perturbations in NK cell physiology could be related to the adaptation of the AML to the immune pressure and more generally to patient’s clinical features. Various mechanisms are potentially involved in the inhibition of NK-cell functions in AML, including defects in the normal lymphopoiesis, reduced expression of activating receptors through cell-to-cell contacts, and production of immunosuppressive soluble agents by leukemic blasts. Therefore, the continuous cross-talk between AML and NK cells participates to the leukemia immune escape and eventually to patient’s relapse. Methods to restore or stimulate NK cells seem to be attractive strategies to treat patients once the complete remission is achieved. Moreover, our capacity in stimulating the NK cell functions could lead to the development of preemptive strategies to eliminate leukemia-initiating cells before the emergence of the disease in elderly individuals presenting preleukemic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dulphy
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Chrétien
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe Immunité et Cancer, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258 , Marseille , France
| | - Zena Khaznadar
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Cyril Fauriat
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe Immunité et Cancer, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258 , Marseille , France
| | | | - Anne Caignard
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | | | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Equipe Immunité et Cancer, INSERM, U1068, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, UM 105, CNRS, UMR7258 , Marseille , France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- UMRS-1160, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France; U 1160, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Immunologie et Histocompatibilité, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
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65
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Natural Killer Lymphocytes Are Dysfunctional in Kidney Transplant Recipients on Diagnosis of Cancer. Transplantation 2016; 99:2422-30. [PMID: 26798861 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of cancer is increased after solid organ transplantation. Natural killer (NK) cells are key effectors of the tumor immune response. METHODS We conducted a cross sectional multicentre matched case-control study including 42 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) on diagnosis of cancer and 41 KTRs without cancer. Extensive phenotyping of NK cells populations and functional tests of NK cells were performed. RESULTS Kidney transplant recipients with cancer had a higher incidence of acute rejection (P = 0.02) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection (P = 0.03) than controls. They had more lymphopenia than control KTRs (1020/mm3 +/- 32 vs 1218/mm3 +/- 34; P = 0.001) including a CD4+ lymphopenia (P = 0.01). Total CD3-/CD56+ NK cell counts were similar in both groups. However, KTRs with cancer had a lower frequency of the cytokine-enriched CD56bright NK cell subset (P = 0.001). The percentage of NK cells expressing NKp46 was decreased in KTRs with cancer (45% vs 53 %, P = 0.001). Furthermore, the ability of NK cells to degranulate CD107a+ cytolytic vesicles was reduced (11% vs 22%; P = 0.02), and the percentage of NK cells secreting IFN[gamma] was decreased (7.5% vs 28.8%; P = 0.01) in KTRs with cancer. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal an imbalance between NK cell subpopulations and functional NK cell defects in KTRs at the diagnosis of malignancy, including a decreased expression of NKp46 and decreased numbers of NK cells producing INF[gamma]. This study highlights the role of NKp46, a major activating NK cell receptor, which could be considered as a potential marker during immunological follow-up of KTRs.
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Abstract
Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) are a group of conditions that involve uncontrolled proliferation of lymphoid cells as a consequence of extrinsic immunosuppression after organ or haematopoietic stem cell transplant. PTLDs show some similarities to classic lymphomas in the non-immunosuppressed general population. The oncogenic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a key pathogenic driver in many early-onset cases, through multiple mechanisms. The incidence of PTLD varies with the type of transplant; a clear distinction should therefore be made between the conditions after solid organ transplant and after haematopoietic stem cell transplant. Recipient EBV seronegativity and the intensity of immunosuppression are among key risk factors. Symptoms and signs depend on the localization of the lymphoid masses. Diagnosis requires histopathology, although imaging techniques can provide additional supportive evidence. Pre-emptive intervention based on monitoring EBV levels in blood has emerged as the preferred strategy for PTLD prevention. Treatment of established disease includes reduction of immunosuppression and/or administration of rituximab (a B cell-specific antibody against CD20), chemotherapy and EBV-specific cytotoxic T cells. Despite these strategies, the mortality and morbidity remains considerable. Patient outcome is influenced by the severity of presentation, treatment-related complications and risk of allograft loss. New innovative treatment options hold promise for changing the outlook in the future.
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67
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Ligocki AJ, Brown JR, Niederkorn JY. Role of interferon-γ and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in intraocular tumor rejection. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:735-47. [PMID: 26578649 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0315-093rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is normally an immunosuppressive environment. This condition is better known as immune privilege and protects the eye from immune-mediated inflammation of tissues that cannot regenerate. However, immune privilege creates a dilemma for the eye when intraocular neoplasms arise. In some cases, immune privilege is suspended, resulting in the immune rejection of intraocular tumors. This study employed a mouse model in which interferon-γ-dependent intraocular tumor rejection occurs. We tested the hypothesis that this rejection requires interferon-γ for the generation and functional capacity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated rejection of intraocular tumors. Tumors grew progressively in the eyes of interferon-γ knockout mice, even though the mice generated tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in the periphery. However, interferon-γ knockout mice rejected tumors that were introduced into extraocular sites. Subcutaneous tumor immunization before intraocular challenge led to tumor rejection and preservation of the eye in wild-type mice. By contrast, tumors grew progressively in the eyes of interferon-γ knockout mice despite their ability to generate peripheral tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes as well as the capacity of CD8(+) T cells to enter the eye as shown by the presence of CD8 and perforin message and CD3(+)CD8(+) leukocytes within the tumor-bearing eye. We found that cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated in wild-type mice and adoptively transferred into interferon-γ knockout mice mediated the rejection of intraocular tumors in interferon-γ knockout hosts. The results indicate that interferon-γ is critical for the initial priming and differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes residing in the periphery to produce the most effect antitumor function within the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Ligocki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph R Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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68
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Wu SF, Wang WJ, Gao YQ. Natural killer cells in hepatitis B virus infection. Braz J Infect Dis 2015; 19:417-25. [PMID: 26119852 PMCID: PMC9427491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells are a unique type of lymphocytes with cytotoxic capacity, and play important roles against tumors and infections. Recently, natural killer cells have been increasingly valued in their effects in hepatitis B virus infection. Since hepatitis B virus is not cytopathic, the subsequent antiviral immune responses of the host are responsible for sustaining the liver injury, which may result in cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Many studies have confirmed that natural killer cells participate in anti-hepatitis B virus responses both in the early phase after infection and in the chronic phase via cytolysis, degranulation, and cytokine secretion. However, natural killer cells play dichotomic roles: they exert antiviral and immunoregulatory functions whilst contribute to the pathogenesis of liver injury. Here, we review the roles of natural killer cells in hepatitis B virus infection, introducing novel therapeutic strategies for controlling hepatitis B virus infection via the modulation of natural killer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-fei Wu
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-jing Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-qiu Gao
- Department of Hepatopathy, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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69
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Latent Membrane Protein LMP2A Impairs Recognition of EBV-Infected Cells by CD8+ T Cells. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004906. [PMID: 26067064 PMCID: PMC4465838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The common pathogen Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transforms normal human B cells and can cause cancer. Latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A) of EBV supports activation and proliferation of infected B cells and is expressed in many types of EBV-associated cancer. It is not clear how latent EBV infection and cancer escape elimination by host immunity, and it is unknown whether LMP2A can influence the interaction of EBV-infected cells with the immune system. We infected primary B cells with EBV deleted for LMP2A, and established lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). We found that CD8+ T cell clones showed higher reactivity against LMP2A-deficient LCLs compared to LCLs infected with complete EBV. We identified several potential mediators of this immunomodulatory effect. In the absence of LMP2A, expression of some EBV latent antigens was elevated, and cell surface expression of MHC class I was marginally increased. LMP2A-deficient LCLs produced lower amounts of IL-10, although this did not directly affect CD8+ T cell recognition. Deletion of LMP2A led to several changes in the cell surface immunophenotype of LCLs. Specifically, the agonistic NKG2D ligands MICA and ULBP4 were increased. Blocking experiments showed that NKG2D activation contributed to LCL recognition by CD8+ T cell clones. Our results demonstrate that LMP2A reduces the reactivity of CD8+ T cells against EBV-infected cells, and we identify several relevant mechanisms. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is carried by most humans. It can cause several types of cancer. In healthy infected people, EBV persists for life in a "latent" state in white blood cells called B cells. For infected persons to remain healthy, it is crucial that they harbor CD8-positive "killer" T cells that recognize and destroy precancerous EBV-infected cells. However, this protection is imperfect, because the virus is not eliminated from the body, and the danger of EBV-associated cancer remains. How does the virus counteract CD8+ T cell control? Here we study the effects of latent membrane protein 2A (LMP2A), which is an important viral molecule because it is present in several types of EBV-associated cancers, and in latently infected cells in healthy people. We show that LMP2A counteracts the recognition of EBV-infected B cells by antiviral killer cells. We found a number of mechanisms that are relevant to this effect. Notably, LMP2A disturbs expression of molecules on B cells that interact with NKG2D, a molecule on the surface of CD8+ T cells that aids their activation. In this way, LMP2A weakens important immune responses against EBV. Similar mechanisms may operate in different types of LMP2A-expressing cancers caused by EBV.
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70
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Therapeutic approaches to enhance natural killer cell cytotoxicity against cancer: the force awakens. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 14:487-98. [PMID: 26000725 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Scientific insights into the human immune system have recently led to unprecedented breakthroughs in immunotherapy. In the twenty-first century, drugs and cell-based therapies developed to bolster humoral and T cell immunity represent an established and growing component of cancer therapeutics. Although natural killer (NK) cells have long been known to have advantages over T cells in terms of their capacity to induce antigen-independent host immune responses against malignancies, their therapeutic potential in the clinic has been largely unexplored. A growing number of scientific discoveries into pathways that both activate and suppress NK cell function, as well as methods to sensitize tumours to NK cell cytotoxicity, have led to the development of numerous pharmacological and genetic methods to enhance NK cell antitumour immunity. These findings, as well as advances in our ability to expand NK cells ex vivo and manipulate their capacity to home to the tumour, have now provided investigators with a variety of new methods and strategies to harness the full potential of NK cell-based cancer immunotherapy in the clinic.
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71
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Bellucci R, Martin A, Bommarito D, Wang K, Hansen SH, Freeman GJ, Ritz J. Interferon-γ-induced activation of JAK1 and JAK2 suppresses tumor cell susceptibility to NK cells through upregulation of PD-L1 expression. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1008824. [PMID: 26155422 PMCID: PMC4485824 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1008824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of JAK1 or JAK2 in human tumor cells was previously shown to increase susceptibility of these cells to NK cell lysis. In the present study, we examined the cellular mechanisms that mediate this effect in hematopoietic tumor cell lines and primary tumor cells. Incubation of tumor cells with supernatant from activated NK cells or interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-induced activation of pSTAT1 and increased expression of PD-L1 without altering expression of other activating or inhibitory NK cell ligands. These functional effects were blocked by chemical JAK inhibition or shRNAs targeting JAK1, JAK2 or STAT1. Inhibition of IFNγ signaling also prevented the upregulation of PD-L1 and blocking PD-L1 resulted in increased tumor lysis by NK cells. These results show that NK cell activation and secretion of IFNγ results in activation of JAK1, JAK2 and STAT1 in tumor cells, resulting in rapid up-regulation of PD-L1 expression. Increased expression of PD-L1 results in increased resistance to NK cell lysis. Blockade of JAK pathway activation prevents increased PD-L1 expression resulting in increased susceptibility of tumor cells to NK cell activity. These observations suggest that JAK pathway inhibitors as well as PD-1 and PD-L1 antibodies may work synergistically with other immune therapies by preventing IFN-induced inhibition of NK cell-mediated tumor cell lysis.
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Key Words
- ADCC, Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity
- AKT, Ak strain transforming
- APC, Allophycocyanin
- CTRL, Control
- DMSO, Dimethyl sulfoxide
- ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinases
- IFNγ
- JAK1/JAK2
- MACS, Magnetic cell separation
- MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinases
- NK cells
- PD-1/PD-L1
- RAS, Rat sarcoma
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Bellucci
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ; Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Woman's Hospital ; Boston, MA, USA ; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University ; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Allison Martin
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Davide Bommarito
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathy Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Steen H Hansen
- Department of Medicine; Brigham and Woman's Hospital ; Boston, MA, USA ; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University ; Boston, MA, USA ; GI Cell Biology Research Laboratory; Children's Hospital Boston ; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ; Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Woman's Hospital ; Boston, MA, USA ; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University ; Boston, MA, USA ; Cancer Vaccine Center; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ; Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerome Ritz
- Department of Medical Oncology; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ; Boston, MA, USA ; Department of Medicine; Brigham and Woman's Hospital ; Boston, MA, USA ; Harvard Medical School; Harvard University ; Boston, MA, USA ; Cancer Vaccine Center; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute ; Boston, MA, USA
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72
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is usually acquired silently early in life and carried thereafter as an asymptomatic infection of the B lymphoid system. However, many circumstances disturb the delicate EBV-host balance and cause the virus to display its pathogenic potential. Thus, primary infection in adolescence can manifest as infectious mononucleosis (IM), as a fatal illness that magnifies the immunopathology of IM in boys with the X-linked lymphoproliferative disease trait, and as a chronic active disease leading to life-threatening hemophagocytosis in rare cases of T or natural killer (NK) cell infection. Patients with primary immunodeficiencies affecting the NK and/or T cell systems, as well as immunosuppressed transplant recipients, handle EBV infections poorly, and many are at increased risk of virus-driven B-lymphoproliferative disease. By contrast, a range of other EBV-positive malignancies of lymphoid or epithelial origin arise in individuals with seemingly intact immune systems through mechanisms that remain to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham S Taylor
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; , , , ,
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73
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Baychelier F, Achour A, Nguyen S, Raphael M, Toubert A, Besson C, Arnoux A, Roos-Weil D, Marty M, Chapelier A, Samuel D, Debré P, Vieillard V. Natural killer cell deficiency in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma after lung transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 34:604-12. [PMID: 25476847 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-transplant non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is a well-recognized complication of solid-organ transplantation, and pharmacologic suppression of adaptive immunity plays a major role in its development. However, the role of natural killer (NK) cells in post-lung transplant de novo NHL is unknown. METHODS Extensive phenotypic analyses of NK cells from patients diagnosed with NHL after liver or lung transplantation were conducted with multicolor flow cytometry. Polyfunctionality assays simultaneously assessed NK cell degranulation (CD107a) and intracellular cytokine production (interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α) in the presence of NHL target cells. RESULTS The development of de novo NHL is linked to NK-cell maturation defects, including overexpression of NKG2A and CD62L and down-modulation of inhibitory killer immunoglobulin-like receptors and CD57 receptors. More importantly, in patients who developed NHL after lung transplantation, we observed a specific down-modulation of the activating receptors (NKp30, NKp46, and NKG2D) and a sharp decrease in perforin expression and degranulation against NHL target cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that accumulation of abnormal NK cells could play a role in the outgrowth of NHL after lung transplantation, independently of the immunosuppressive regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Baychelier
- Sorbone Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Abla Achour
- Sorbone Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Nguyen
- Sorbone Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Hématologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Martine Raphael
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Départementd'Hématologie et d'Immunologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France; Univ Paris-Sud, UFR Médecine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S1160, Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Université d'Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Besson
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d'Hématologie, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Armelle Arnoux
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Unité de Recherche Clinique, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Damien Roos-Weil
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital La Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Hématologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Michel Marty
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Centre des Innovations Thérapeutiques en Oncologie et Hématologie, Paris, France
| | - Alain Chapelier
- Hôpital Foch, Service de Chirurgie Thoracique et de Transplantation Pulmonaire, Suresnes, France
| | - Didier Samuel
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Paul Brousse, Centre Hépatobiliaire, Villejuif, France
| | - Patrice Debré
- Sorbone Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Vieillard
- Sorbone Universités, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Univ Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 8255, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses-Paris, Paris, France.
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells become activated during viral infections and can play roles in such infections by attacking virus-infected cells or by regulating adaptive immune responses. Experimental models suggest that NK cells may also have the capacity to restrain virus-induced cancers. Here, we discuss the seven viruses linked to human cancers and the evidence of NK cell involvement in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabinarayan Mishra
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS9-2051, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Raymond Welsh
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS9-2051, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Eva Szomolanyi-Tsuda
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, AS9-2051, Worcester, MA 01605
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Lugli E, Marcenaro E, Mavilio D. NK Cell Subset Redistribution during the Course of Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2014; 5:390. [PMID: 25177322 PMCID: PMC4132273 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important effectors of innate immunity that play a critical role in the control of human viral infections. Indeed, given their capability to directly recognize virally infected cells without the need of specific antigen presentation, NK cells are on the first line of defense against these invading pathogens. By establishing cellular networks with a variety of cell types such as dendritic cells, NK cells can also amplify anti-viral adaptive immune responses. In turn, viruses evolved and developed several mechanisms to evade NK cell-mediated immune activity. It has been reported that certain viral diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 as well as human cytomegalovirus infections, are associated with a pathologic redistribution of NK cell subsets in the peripheral blood. In particular, it has been observed the expansion of unconventional CD56(neg) NK cells, whose effector functions are significantly impaired as compared to that of conventional CD56(pos) NK cells. In this review, we address the impact of these two chronic viral infections on the functional and phenotypic perturbations of human NK cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Lugli
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Milan , Italy
| | - Emanuela Marcenaro
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy
| | - Domenico Mavilio
- Unit of Clinical and Experimental Immunology, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center , Milan , Italy ; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Centro di Eccellenza per le Ricerche Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Genova , Genova , Italy ; Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan , Milan , Italy
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77
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Nair N, Gongora E, Mehra MR. Long-term immunosuppression and malignancy in thoracic transplantation: Where is the balance? J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 33:461-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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78
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NK cells in hepatitis B virus infection: a potent target for immunotherapy. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1555-65. [PMID: 24445811 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1965-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), are the most prevalent and infectious agents that lead to liver disease in humans. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis of the liver are the most serious complications arising from prolonged forms of hepatitis B. Previous studies demonstrated that patients suffering from long-term HBV infections are unable to eradicate HBV from hepatocytes completely. The mechanisms responsible for progression of these forms of infection have not yet been clarified. However, it seems that there are differences in genetic and immunological parameters when comparing patients to subjects who successfully clear HBV infections, and these may represent the causes of long-term infection. Natural killer (NK) cells, the main innate immune cells that target viral infections, play important roles in the eradication of HBV from hepatocytes. NK cells carry several stimulatory and inhibitor receptors, and binding of receptors with their ligands results in activation and suppression of NK cells, respectively. The aim of this review is to address the recent information regarding NK cell phenotype, functions and modifications in hepatitis B. This review addresses the recent data regarding the roles of NK cells as novel targets for immunotherapies that target hepatitis B infection. It also discusses the potential to reduce the risk of HCC or cirrhosis of the liver by targeting NK cells.
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79
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Popescu I, Pipeling M, Akulian J, McDyer J. Phenotypic and functional characterization of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1186:21-47. [PMID: 25149301 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1158-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are important constituents of the adaptive immune system. Development of CTLs are particularly important for bacterial and viral infections, in addition to tumor surveillance. Measuring T cell immune function is important in evaluating host defense, allergy, autoimmunity, transplant rejection, and tumor immunity. In these recent years it has become possible to measure multiple effector functions in a single cell such as cytokine, transcription factors, and cytolytic function. In addition these parameters can be evaluated in conjunction with cellular proliferation. In this chapter we detail these cellular based assays and the methods used to characterize and quantify both phenotype and function of CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iulia Popescu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA,
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Smets F, Sokal EM. Prevention and treatment for Epstein-Barr virus infection and related cancers. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 193:173-190. [PMID: 24008299 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first herpes virus described as being oncogenic in humans. EBV infection is implicated in post-transplant lymphoproliferative diseases (PTLD) and several other cancers in non-immunocompromised patients, with more than 200,000 new cases per year. While prevention of PTLD is improving, mainly based on EBV monitoring and preemptive tapering of immunosuppression, early diagnosis remains the best current option for the other malignancies. Significant progress has been achieved in treatment, with decreased mortality and morbidity, but some challenges are still to face, especially for the more aggressive diseases. Possible prevention by EBV vaccination would be a more global approach of this public health problem, but further active research is needed before this goal could be reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Françoise Smets
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires St-Luc, Avenue Hippocrate 10/1301, 1200, Brussels, Belgium,
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81
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Freud AG, Zhao S, Wei S, Gitana GM, Molina-Kirsch HF, Atwater SK, Natkunam Y. Expression of the activating receptor, NKp46 (CD335), in human natural killer and T-cell neoplasia. Am J Clin Pathol 2013; 140:853-66. [PMID: 24225754 DOI: 10.1309/ajcpwgg69mczowmm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the expression of CD335 (NKp46), an activation receptor that is selectively expressed on natural killer (NK) cells. METHODS We assessed CD335's potential utility as a diagnostic marker in 657 cases by flow cytometry and 410 cases by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS We observed that CD335 was highly specific for NK cells in nonneoplastic tissues. Moreover, 61 (90%) of 68 of NK cell neoplasms demonstrated CD335 expression, whereas B-cell, myelomonocytic, and plasma cell neoplasms lacked expression. Notably, 16 (20%) of 82 mature T-cell neoplasms, particularly T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia, mycosis fungoides, and ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma, aberrantly expressed CD335. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data support the diagnostic utility of CD335 in evaluating hematopoietic malignancies and suggest that CD335 could be a useful target for selective immunotherapy in patients with mature NK and T-cell neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon G. Freud
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Shuchun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Sibing Wei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Gary M. Gitana
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Susan K. Atwater
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Yasodha Natkunam
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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83
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Jacobson A, Bell F, Lejarcegui N, Mitchell C, Frenkel L, Horton H. Healthy Neonates Possess a CD56-Negative NK Cell Population with Reduced Anti-Viral Activity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67700. [PMID: 23805324 PMCID: PMC3689709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neonatal Natural Killer (NK) cells show functional impairment and expansion of a CD56 negative population of uncertain significance. Methods NK cells were isolated from cord blood and from adult donors. NK subpopulations were identified as positive or negative for the expression of CD56 and characterized for expression of granzyme B and surface markers by multi-parameter flow cytometry. Cell function was assessed by viral suppression and cytokine production using autologous lymphocytes infected with HIV. Activating (NKp30, NKp46) and inhibitory (Siglec-7) markers in healthy infants and adults were compared with viremic HIV-infected adults. Results Cord blood contained increased frequencies of CD56 negative (CD56neg) NK cells with reduced expression of granzyme B and reduced production of IFNγ and the CC-class chemokines RANTES, MIP1α and MIP1β upon stimulation. Both CD56pos and CD56neg NK subpopulations showed impaired viral suppression in cord blood, with impairment most marked in the CD56neg subset. CD56neg NK cells from cord blood and HIV-infected adults shared decreased inhibitory and activating receptor expression when compared with CD56pos cells. Conclusions CD56neg NK cells are increased in number in normal infants and these effectors show reduced anti-viral activity. Like the expanded CD56neg population described in HIV-infected adults, these NK cells demonstrate functional impairments which may reflect inadequate development or activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Jacobson
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,
| | - Frank Bell
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Lejarcegui
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,
| | - Caroline Mitchell
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisa Frenkel
- Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Lab Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Helen Horton
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America,
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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84
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Neuringer IP. Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease after lung transplantation. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:430209. [PMID: 23533455 PMCID: PMC3603163 DOI: 10.1155/2013/430209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) after lung transplantation occurs due to immunosuppressant therapy which limits antiviral host immunity and permits Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) replication and transformation of B cells. Mechanistically, EBV survives due to latency, escape from cytotoxic T cell responses, and downregulation of host immunity to EBV. Clinical presentation of EBV may occur within the lung allograft early posttransplantation or later onset which is more likely to be disseminated. Improvements in monitoring through EBV viral load have provided a means of earlier detection; yet, sensitivity and specificity of EBV load monitoring after lung transplantation may require further optimization. Once PTLD develops, staging and tissue diagnosis are essential to appropriate histopathological classification, prognosis, and guidance for therapy. The overall paradigm to treat PTLD has evolved over the past several years and depends upon assessment of risk such as EBV-naïve status, clinical presentation, and stage and sites of disease. In general, clinical practice involves reduction in immunosuppression, anti-CD20 biologic therapy, and/or use of plasma cell inhibition, followed by chemotherapy for refractory PTLD. This paper focuses upon the immunobiology of EBV and PTLD, as well as the clinical presentation, diagnosis, prognosis, and emerging treatments for PTLD after lung transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel P Neuringer
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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85
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2013; 25:275-83. [DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32835eb755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wilcox RA, Ansell SM, Lim MS, Zou W, Chen L. The B7 homologues and their receptors in hematologic malignancies. Eur J Haematol 2012; 88:465-75. [PMID: 22372959 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2012.01766.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The B7 homologues and their receptors regulate both peripheral tolerance and adaptive immunity. This field is rapidly evolving as new ligands and receptors are being identified. Much of the work supporting their role in the regulation of host anti-tumor immunity has been derived from experimental models and clinical trials in solid malignancies. However, a growing body of evidence demonstrates that the B7-H family has important immunologic and non-immunologic functions in a variety of hematologic malignancies. Herein, we will review recent evidence that supports the therapeutic targeting of the B7 homologues in hematologic malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A Wilcox
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5948, USA.
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Fukui A, Yokota M, Funamizu A, Nakamua R, Fukuhara R, Yamada K, Kimura H, Fukuyama A, Kamoi M, Tanaka K, Mizunuma H. Changes of NK Cells in Preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67:278-86. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2012.01120.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Aomori; Japan
| | - Megumi Yokota
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Aomori; Japan
| | - Ayano Funamizu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Aomori; Japan
| | - Rika Nakamua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Aomori; Japan
| | - Rie Fukuhara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Aomori; Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Aomori; Japan
| | - Hidetaka Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Aomori; Japan
| | - Asami Fukuyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Aomori; Japan
| | - Mai Kamoi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Aomori; Japan
| | - Kanji Tanaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Aomori; Japan
| | - Hideki Mizunuma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine; Aomori; Japan
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