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Markey O, Souroullas K, Fagan CC, Kliem KE, Vasilopoulou D, Jackson KG, Humphries DJ, Grandison AS, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA, Methven L. Consumer acceptance of dairy products with a saturated fatty acid-reduced, monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched content. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:7953-7966. [PMID: 28803023 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Agriculture-based reformulation initiatives, including oleic acid-rich lipid supplementation of the dairy cow diet, provide a novel means for reducing intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) at a population level. In a blinded manner, this study evaluated the consumer acceptance of SFA-reduced, monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched (modified) milk, Cheddar cheese, and butter when compared with control and commercially available comparative samples. The effect of providing nutritional information about the modified cheese was also evaluated. Consumers (n = 115) rated samples for overall liking (appearance, flavor, and texture) using 9-point hedonic scales. Although no significant differences were found between the milk samples, the modified cheese was liked significantly less than a regular-fat commercial alternative for overall liking and liking of specific modalities and had a lower liking of texture score compared with the control cheese. The provision of health information significantly increased the overall liking of the modified cheese compared with tasting the same sample in a blinded manner. Significant differences were evident between the butter samples for overall liking and modalities of liking; all of the samples were significantly more liked than the commercial butter and sunflower oil spread. In conclusion, this study illustrated that consumer acceptance of SFA-reduced, monounsaturated fatty acid-enriched dairy products was dependent on product type. Future research should consider how optimization of the textural properties of fatty acid-modified (and fat-reduced) cheese might enhance consumer acceptance of this product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Markey
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom.
| | - Kallis Souroullas
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Colette C Fagan
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty E Kliem
- Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Dafni Vasilopoulou
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Kim G Jackson
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - David J Humphries
- Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair S Grandison
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
| | - David I Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Julie A Lovegrove
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research (ICMR), University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom; Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP, United Kingdom
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Lerma-Reyes I, Mendoza-Martínez GD, Rojo-Rubio R, Mejia M, García-Lopez JC, Lee-Rangel HA. Influence of supplemental canola or soybean oil on milk yield, fatty acid profile and postpartum weight changes in grazing dairy goats. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017; 31:225-229. [PMID: 28728359 PMCID: PMC5767504 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.17.0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective This experiment was designed to evaluate the effect of supplementation with soybean or canola oil on milk production and the composition of long chain fatty acids as well as weight changes in the goats and their kids. Methods Thirty nine mulitparous crossed Alpine×Nubian goats (initial body weight [BW] 43.5±1.7 kg) from the day of parturition were assigned to the treatments: grazing control (n = 15); grazing plus 20 mL/goat/d of supplemental soybean oil (n = 12); and grazing plus 20 mL/goat/d of supplemental canola oil (n = 12) from November 26, 2014 to March 7, 2015. The planned contrasts were: CI (control vs supplemented with oils); CII (soybean vs canola oil) to compare the treatment effects. Results The vegetable oil supplementation reduced weight losses in lactating goats (CI: −0.060 vs 0.090 kg/d; p = 0.03) but did not improve milk production or affect kids’ growth. The content of C4, C6, C8, C10, C11, C14, and C18:1n9t in the milk was increased (p<0.05) with respect to control. However, C12, C14, C16, C18, C18:1n9c, C18:2n6c, and C18:3n3 were reduced (p<0.05) in supplemented goats. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was increased (p<0.05) in goats supplemented with oils compared to the control group. Conclusion Supplementation with 20 mL/d of soybean or canola oil did not affect milk production or kids’ performance; however, it increased CLA concentration and reduced the reduced weight losses in lactating goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Lerma-Reyes
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78321, México
| | - German D Mendoza-Martínez
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Xochimilco, Ciudad de México 04970, México
| | - Rolado Rojo-Rubio
- Centro Universitario UAEM-Temascaltepec, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Estado de México 51300, México
| | - Mario Mejia
- Facultad de Agronomia, Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa, Culiacán Sinaloa 80000, México
| | - J C García-Lopez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Zonas Desérticas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosi 78377, México
| | - Héctor A Lee-Rangel
- Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí 78321, México
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Markey O, Vasilopoulou D, Kliem KE, Koulman A, Fagan CC, Summerhill K, Wang LY, Grandison AS, Humphries DJ, Todd S, Jackson KG, Givens DI, Lovegrove JA. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid profile confirms compliance to a novel saturated fat-reduced, monounsaturated fat-enriched dairy product intervention in adults at moderate cardiovascular risk: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J 2017; 16:33. [PMID: 28535777 PMCID: PMC5442645 DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0249-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy products are a major contributor to dietary SFA. Partial replacement of milk SFA with unsaturated fatty acids (FAs) is possible through oleic-acid rich supplementation of the dairy cow diet. To assess adherence to the intervention of SFA-reduced, MUFA-enriched dairy product consumption in the RESET (REplacement of SaturatEd fat in dairy on Total cholesterol) study using 4-d weighed dietary records, in addition to plasma phospholipid FA (PL-FA) status. METHODS In a randomised, controlled, crossover design, free-living UK participants identified as moderate risk for CVD (n = 54) were required to replace habitually consumed dairy foods (milk, cheese and butter), with study products with a FA profile typical of retail products (control) or SFA-reduced, MUFA-enriched profile (modified), for two 12-week periods, separated by an 8-week washout period. A flexible food-exchange model was used to implement each isoenergetic high-fat, high-dairy diet (38% of total energy intake (%TE) total fat): control (dietary target: 19%TE SFA; 11%TE MUFA) and modified (16%TE SFA; 14%TE MUFA). RESULTS Following the modified diet, there was a smaller increase in SFA (17.2%TE vs. 19.1%TE; p < 0.001) and greater increase in MUFA intake (15.4%TE vs. 11.8%TE; p < 0.0001) when compared with the control. PL-FA analysis revealed lower total SFAs (p = 0.006), higher total cis-MUFAs and trans-MUFAs (both p < 0.0001) following the modified diet. CONCLUSION The food-exchange model was successfully used to achieve RESET dietary targets by partial replacement of SFAs with MUFAs in dairy products, a finding reflected in the PL-FA profile and indicative of objective dietary compliance. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02089035 , date 05-01-2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Markey
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
- Present address: School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU UK
| | - Dafni Vasilopoulou
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - Kirsty E. Kliem
- Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
- NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Colette C. Fagan
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - Keith Summerhill
- MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
| | - Laura Y. Wang
- MRC Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL UK
| | - Alistair S. Grandison
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - David J. Humphries
- Animal, Dairy and Food Chain Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - Susan Todd
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, School of Mathematical, Physical and Computational Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AX UK
| | - Kim G. Jackson
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
| | - David I. Givens
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR UK
| | - Julie A. Lovegrove
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition and Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AP UK
- Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6AR UK
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Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Toro-Mujica P, Enriquez-Hidalgo D, Fellenberg MA, Gómez-Cortés P. Short communication: Discrimination between retail bovine milks with different fat contents using chemometrics and fatty acid profiling. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4253-4257. [PMID: 28434733 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We used a multivariate chemometric approach to differentiate or associate retail bovine milks with different fat contents and non-dairy beverages, using fatty acid profiles and statistical analysis. We collected samples of bovine milk (whole, semi-skim, and skim; n = 62) and non-dairy beverages (n = 27), and we analyzed them using gas-liquid chromatography. Principal component analysis of the fatty acid data yielded 3 significant principal components, which accounted for 72% of the total variance in the data set. Principal component 1 was related to saturated fatty acids (C4:0, C6:0, C8:0, C12:0, C14:0, C17:0, and C18:0) and monounsaturated fatty acids (C14:1 cis-9, C16:1 cis-9, C17:1 cis-9, and C18:1 trans-11); whole milk samples were clearly differentiated from the rest using this principal component. Principal component 2 differentiated semi-skim milk samples by n-3 fatty acid content (C20:3n-3, C20:5n-3, and C22:6n-3). Principal component 3 was related to C18:2 trans-9,trans-12 and C20:4n-6, and its lower scores were observed in skim milk and non-dairy beverages. A cluster analysis yielded 3 groups: group 1 consisted of only whole milk samples, group 2 was represented mainly by semi-skim milks, and group 3 included skim milk and non-dairy beverages. Overall, the present study showed that a multivariate chemometric approach is a useful tool for differentiating or associating retail bovine milks and non-dairy beverages using their fatty acid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Casilla 306, C.P. 6904411, Chile.
| | - Paula Toro-Mujica
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Casilla 306, C.P. 6904411, Chile
| | - Daniel Enriquez-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Casilla 306, C.P. 6904411, Chile
| | - María Angélica Fellenberg
- Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Casilla 306, C.P. 6904411, Chile
| | - Pilar Gómez-Cortés
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 9, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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Meignan T, Lechartier C, Chesneau G, Bareille N. Effects of feeding extruded linseed on production performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:4394-4408. [PMID: 28390715 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects on production performance and milk fatty acid (FA) profile of feeding dairy cows extruded linseed (EL), a feed rich in α-linolenic acid, and to assess the variability of the responses related to the dose of EL and the basal diet composition. This meta-analysis was carried out using only data from trials including a control diet without fat supplementation. The dependent variables were defined by the mean differences between values from EL-supplemented groups and values from control groups. The data were processed by regression testing the dose effect, multivariable regression testing the effect of each potential interfering factor associated with the dose effect, and then stepwise regression with backward elimination procedure with all potential interfering factors retained in previous steps. This entire strategy was also applied to a restricted data set, including only trials conducted inside a practical range of fat feeding (only supplemented diets with <60 g of fat/kg of dry matter and supplemented with <600 g of fat from EL). The whole data set consisted of 17 publications, representing 21 control diets and 29 EL-supplemented diets. The daily intake of fat from EL supplementation ranged from 87 to 1,194 g/cow per day. The dry matter intake was numerically reduced in high-fat diets. Extruded linseed supplementation increased milk yield (0.72 kg/d in the restricted data set) and decreased milk protein content by a dilutive effect (-0.58 g/kg in the restricted data set). No effect of dose or diet was identified on dry matter intake, milk yield, or milk protein content. Milk fat content decreased when EL was supplemented to diets with high proportion of corn silage in the forage (-2.8 g/kg between low and high corn silage-based diets in the restricted data set) but did not decrease when the diet contained alfalfa hay. Milk trans-10 18:1 proportion increased when EL was supplemented to high corn silage-based diets. A shift in ruminal biohydrogenation pathways, from trans-11 18:1 to trans-10 18:1, probably occurred when supplementing EL with high corn silage-based diets related to a change in the activity or composition of the microbial equilibrium in the rumen. The sum of pairs 4:0 to 14:0 (FA synthesized de novo by the udder), palmitic acid, and the sum of saturated FA decreased linearly, whereas oleic acid, vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, α-linolenic acid, and the sums of mono- and polyunsaturated FA increased linearly when the daily intake of fat from EL was increased. In experimental conditions, EL supplementation increased linearly proportions of potentially human health-beneficial FA in milk (i.e., oleic acid, vaccenic acid, rumenic acid, α-linolenic acid, total polyunsaturated FA), but should be used cautiously in corn silage-based diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Meignan
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, F-44307 Nantes, France; Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France.
| | - C Lechartier
- Unité de Recherche sur les Systèmes d'Elevage, Univ Bretagne Loire, Ecole Supérieure d'Agricultures, 55 rue Rabelais, F-49007 Angers, France
| | - G Chesneau
- Valorex, La Messayais, F-35210 Combourtillé, France
| | - N Bareille
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, F-44307 Nantes, France
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Gadeyne F, De Neve N, Vlaeminck B, Fievez V. State of the art in rumen lipid protection technologies and emerging interfacial protein cross‐linking methods. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201600345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Gadeyne
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Nympha De Neve
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Bruno Vlaeminck
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Veerle Fievez
- Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringLaboratory for Animal Nutrition and Animal Product QualityGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
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Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau A, Shingfield KJ, Simpura I, Kokkonen T, Jaakkola S, Toivonen V, Vanhatalo A. Effect of incremental amounts of camelina oil on milk fatty acid composition in lactating cows fed diets based on a mixture of grass and red clover silage and concentrates containing camelina expeller. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:305-324. [PMID: 27865509 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Camelina is an ancient oilseed crop that produces an oil rich in cis-9,cis-12 18:2 (linoleic acid, LA) and cis-9,cis-12,cis-15 18:3 (α-linolenic acid, ALA); however, reports on the use of camelina oil (CO) for ruminants are limited. The present study investigated the effects of incremental CO supplementation on animal performance, milk fatty acid (FA) composition, and milk sensory quality. Eight Finnish Ayrshire cows (91d in milk) were used in replicated 4×4 Latin squares with 21-d periods. Treatments comprised 4 concentrates (12kg/d on an air-dry basis) based on cereals and camelina expeller containing 0 (control), 2, 4, or 6% CO on an air-dry basis. Cows were offered a mixture of grass and red clover silage (RCS; 1:1 on a dry matter basis) ad libitum. Incremental CO supplementation linearly decreased silage and total dry matter intake, and linearly increased LA, ALA, and total FA intake. Treatments had no effect on whole-tract apparent organic matter or fiber digestibility and did not have a major influence on rumen fermentation. Supplements of CO quadratically decreased daily milk and lactose yields and linearly decreased milk protein yield and milk taste panel score from 4.2 to 3.6 [on a scale of 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent)], without altering milk fat yield. Inclusion of CO linearly decreased the proportions of saturated FA synthesized de novo (4:0 to 16:0), without altering milk fat 18:0, cis-9 18:1, LA, and ALA concentrations. Milk fat 18:0 was low (<5g/100g of FA) across all treatments. Increases in CO linearly decreased the proportions of total saturates from 58 to 45g/100g of FA and linearly enriched trans-11 18:1, cis-9,trans-11 18:2, and trans-11,cis-15 18:2 from 5.2, 2.6, and 1.7 to 11, 4.3, and 5.8g/100g of FA, respectively. Furthermore, CO quadratically decreased milk fat trans-10 18:1 and linearly decreased trans-10,cis-12 18:2 concentration. Overall, milk FA composition on all treatments suggested that one or more components in camelina seeds may inhibit the complete reduction of 18-carbon unsaturates in the rumen. In conclusion, CO decreased the secretion of saturated FA in milk and increased those of the trans-11 biohydrogenation pathway or their desaturation products. Despite increasing the intake of 18-carbon unsaturated FA, CO had no effect on the secretions of 18:0, cis-9 18:1, LA, or ALA in milk. Concentrates containing camelina expeller and 2% CO could be used for the commercial production of low-saturated milk from grass- and RCS-based diets without major adverse effects on animal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Halmemies-Beauchet-Filleau
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K J Shingfield
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland; Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, SY23 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - I Simpura
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - T Kokkonen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Jaakkola
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - V Toivonen
- Green Technology, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), FI-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - A Vanhatalo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Animal Science, Helsinki, PO Box 28, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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