51
|
Brössner C, Petritsch K, Fink K, Auprich M, Madersbacher S, Adlercreutz H, Rehak P, Petritsch P. Phytoestrogen tissue levels in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer and their association with prostatic diseases. Urology 2004; 64:707-11. [PMID: 15491706 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2004] [Accepted: 04/26/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare phytoestrogen tissue levels in men with small-volume benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), large-volume BPH, and prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS Prostatic tissue samples of men consuming a Western diet who underwent surgery for BPH (n = 63) or PCa (n = 31) were collected and frozen at -40 degrees C. In the tissue samples, the enterolactone and genistein levels were determined in duplicate by monoclonal antibody-based immunoassays. We subsequently compared the tissue levels in patients with BPH and PCa and studied the impact of enterolactone and genistein on prostate volume. RESULTS The enterolactone tissue levels were comparable in patients with BPH and PCa and revealed no correlation to prostate volume. The genistein tissue levels tended to be lower in patients with PCa (median 8.4 ng/g dry weight) compared with the entire BPH group (11.0 ng/g dry weight; P = 0.072). In addition, the genistein tissue levels were significantly greater in men with small-volume BPH (median 20.9 ng/g dry weight) compared with those with large-volume BPH (8.8 ng/g dry weight; P = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest an involvement of genistein in the pathogenesis of BPH and, possibly, of PCa. The impact of enterolactone is currently unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Brössner
- Department of Urology and Andrology, Danube Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Oikarinen S, Heinonen SM, Nurmi T, Adlercreutz H, Mutanen M. No effect on adenoma formation in Min mice after moderate amount of flaxseed. Eur J Nutr 2004; 44:273-80. [PMID: 15278371 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-004-0521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2003] [Accepted: 05/28/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIM The mammalian lignan enterolactone (ENL) produced from plant lignans, e. g. secoisolariciresinol diglycoside (SDG), may protect against various cancers in humans. The present work aims to evaluate the effect of flaxseed on tumour formation in multiple intestinal neoplasia (Min) mice, a model for colon tumorigenesis. DESIGN Male and female Min mice were fed either with a non-fibre control diet or the same diet supplemented with 0.5 % (w/w) defatted flaxseed meal. Conversion of SDG to the mammalian lignans enterodiol (END) and ENL in the gut, and plasma ENL, were measured by HPLC with coulometric electrode array detector (CEAD) and timeresolved fluoroimmunoassay, respectively. Wild-type mice were also fed with the experimental diets in order to see whether lignan metabolism is different in Min and wild-type mice. RESULTS The total number of adenomas or their size in the small intestine was not different in the flaxseed and control groups. The flaxseed group had a tendency for a decreased number of colon adenomas in both genders. Gender and genotype based differences were found in the intestinal ENL levels. When compared to Min females, Min males in the flaxseed group had several fold higher ENL levels in the small intestine (Min males 125 +/- 124.5 nmol/g vs. females 22.8 +/- 16.0 nmol/g, P = 0.048) and caecum (47.6 +/- 31.6 nmol/g vs. females 14.5 +/- 6.6 nmol/g, P = 0.001). Presence of adenomas in the gut influences the intestinal lignan metabolism. Min mice had less intestinal END and ENL as compared with the wild-type mice (P < 0.05). Mean plasma ENL increased 7-fold during the flaxseed feeding (7 nmol/L in control vs. 50 nmol/L in flaxseed group) but no differences between gender and genotype were found. The plasma ENL level did not correlate with adenoma number in the small intestine and colon. CONCLUSION The number of intestinal adenomas in the Min mouse model is not related to ENL level in plasma nor is it associated with the levels of intestinal lignans. A gender difference in ENL lignan metabolism was found in the gut but not in the plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Oikarinen
- Dept. of Applied Chemistry & Microbiology (Nutrition), University of Helsinki, 6600014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
The prostate has only one function, namely to secrete fluid containing substances that are needed for reproduction. This requires an extremely high concentration of androgens in the tissues. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) seems to be related to the long-term exposure of the prostate to the strong androgen 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and, possibly, to estrogens. The relation between prostate cancer and androgens is suggested to be U-shaped, with both extremes of androgen concentrations being associated with increased risk of invasive cancer. In the treatment of patients with BPH, the lipidic liposterolic extracts of Serenoa repens were as effective as the pharmaceutical inhibitors of the 5alpha-reductase enzyme or alpha1-adrenergic blockers in relieving urinary symptoms. In addition to moderately inhibiting the 5alpha-reductase activity, Serenoa seems to exert anti-inflammatory and complementary cellular actions with beneficial effects on the prostate. Unlike the pharmaceutical 5alpha-reductase inhibitors, finasteride and dutasteride, Serenoa does not suppress serum PSA, facilitating the follow-up and the early detection of prostate cancer. We suggest a strategy to prevent prostate cancer that aims at providing men with partial androgen deficiency correct testosterone substitution with a sustained release buccal bio-adhesive tablet. In addition, food supplementation with extracts of Serenoa repens and a combination of the antioxidants selenium, (cis)-lycopene and natural vitamin E, together with fish oil rich in long-chain polyunsaturated essential fatty acids of the omega-3 group seems warranted. Clearly, a holistic approach including careful clinical and biological monitoring of the aging man and his prostate remains mandatory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Comhaire
- Ghent University Hospital, Gent, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Magee PJ, Rowland IR. Phyto-oestrogens, their mechanism of action: current evidence for a role in breast and prostate cancer. Br J Nutr 2004; 91:513-31. [PMID: 15035679 DOI: 10.1079/bjn20031075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of hormone-dependent cancers, such as those of the breast and prostate, is much lower in Eastern countries such as China and Japan in comparison with the Western world. Diet is believed to have a major effect on disease risk and one group of compounds, the phyto-oestrogens, which are consumed in large amounts in Asian populations, have been implicated in cancer protection. This view follows the finding that plasma and urinary levels of phyto-oestrogens are much higher in areas where cancer incidence is low in comparison with areas of high cancer incidence. The phyto-oestrogens are comprised of two main groups; the isoflavones and lignans. Of the isoflavones, genistein and daidzein have been the most widely studied. These compounds have been shown to possess anticancer properties; however their precise mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. In comparison, few studies have investigated the effects of lignans in breast and prostate cancer. In vitro studies have shown that genistein exerts biphasic effects on cancer cell growth, stimulating growth at low concentrations (<10 microm) and inhibiting growth at high concentrations (>10 microm), which suggests that low phyto-oestrogen levels may stimulate cancer growth in vivo. Plasma phyto-oestrogen concentrations of >10 microm cannot be achieved by dietary intake and therefore the timing of exposure to phyto-oestrogens may be of the utmost importance in determining their chemopreventive effects. The present paper reviews the effects of phyto-oestrogens on breast and prostate cancer in vivo and in vitro and discusses possible mechanisms of action via which these compounds may exert their effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela J Magee
- Northern Ireland Centre for Food and Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Road, Coleraine BT52 1SA, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
|
56
|
Abstract
Collectively, plants contain several different families of natural products among which are compounds with weak estrogenic or antiestrogenic activity toward mammals. These compounds, termed phytoestrogens, include certain isoflavonoids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans. The best-studied dietary phytoestrogens are the soy isoflavones and the flaxseed lignans. Their perceived health beneficial properties extend beyond hormone-dependent breast and prostate cancers and osteoporosis to include cognitive function, cardiovascular disease, immunity and inflammation, and reproduction and fertility. In the future, metabolic engineering of plants could generate novel and exquisitely controlled dietary sources with which to better assess the potential health beneficial effects of phytoestrogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Dixon
- Plant Biology Division, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation, Ardmore, Oklahoma 73401, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Abstract
Recent results obtained in collaboration with many other groups with regard to phytoestrogens (isoflavones and lignans) and breast cancer, prostate cancer and cardiovascular disease are presented and discussed in light of new developments in the field. Both isoflavones and lignans may be protective with regard to these diseases, but we do not yet understand some of the controversial results obtained. In this short communication the possible mechanisms of disease prevention were not discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman Adlercreutz
- Institute for Preventive Medicine, Nutrition and Cancer, Folkhälsan Research Center, and Division of Clinical Chemistry, Biomedicum, POB 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Ozasa K, Nakao M, Watanabe Y, Hayashi K, Miki T, Mikami K, Mori M, Sakauchi F, Washio M, Ito Y, Suzuki K, Wakai K, Tamakoshi A. Serum phytoestrogens and prostate cancer risk in a nested case-control study among Japanese men. Cancer Sci 2004; 95:65-71. [PMID: 14720329 PMCID: PMC11160038 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2004.tb03172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2003] [Revised: 10/31/2003] [Accepted: 11/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether a high serum concentration of phytoestrogens reduces the risk of prostate cancer in a case-control study nested in a community-based cohort in Japan (Japan Collaborative Cohort (JACC) Study). Information on lifestyles and sera of the subjects were collected in 1988-90, and they were followed up to 1999. Incident and dead cases of prostate cancer and controls were matched for study area and age. Phytoestrogens and sex hormones in sera stored at - 80 degrees C were measured in 2002. Of 14,105 male subjects of the cohort who donated their sera, 52 cases and 151 controls were identified. Three datasets were analyzed; 1) all subjects, 2) 40 cases and 101 controls after excluding subjects with low testosterone levels who were suspected of having had medical intervention, and 3) 28 cases and 69 controls with prostate specific antigen level of = 10.0 ng/ml. The odds ratio (OR) for the highest level to the lowest was 0.38 (95% confidence interval (CI); 0.13, 1.13) for genistein, 0.41 (0.15, 1.11) for daidzein, and 0.34 (0.11, 1.10) for equol for the second dataset. Genistein and daidzein showed similar findings in the third one. Equol and equol/daidzein ratio showed consistent findings in all three datasets (OR = 0.39, 95% CI; 0.13, 0.89, trend P = 0.02 for the first dataset). Their effects seemed to be independent of serum sex hormones. In conclusion, serum genistein, daidzein, and equol seemed to dose-dependently reduce prostate cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Ozasa
- Department of Epidemiology for Community Health and Medicine, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine Graduate School of Medical Science, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Begum AN, Nicolle C, Mila I, Lapierre C, Nagano K, Fukushima K, Heinonen SM, Adlercreutz H, Rémésy C, Scalbert A. Dietary lignins are precursors of mammalian lignans in rats. J Nutr 2004; 134:120-7. [PMID: 14704303 DOI: 10.1093/jn/134.1.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian lignans enterolactone (ENL) and enterodiol, commonly found in human plasma and urine, are phytoestrogens that may contribute to the prevention of breast cancer and coronary heart disease. They are formed by the conversion of dietary precursors such as secoisolariciresinol and matairesinol lignans by the colonic microflora. The identification of lignins, cell-wall polymers structurally related to lignans, as precursors of mammalian lignans is reported here for the first time. In study 1, rats were fed rye or wheat bran (15% diet) for 5 d. Untreated brans and brans extracted with solvents to remove lignans were compared. ENL was estimated in urine samples collected for 24 h by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. ENL urinary excretion was reduced from 18.6 to 5.3 nmol/d (n=8; P<0.001) when lignans were removed from rye bran and from 30.5 to 6.2 nmol/d (P<0.001) when they were removed from wheat bran. These results suggest that lignins, embedded in the cell wall and retained in the bran during solvent extraction, account for 26-32% of the ENL formed from cereal brans. In study 2, rats were fed a deuterated synthetic lignin (0.2% diet) together with wheat bran (15%) for 3 d. The detection of deuterated ENL by LC-tandem MS in urine (20 nmol/d) clearly confirms the conversion of lignin into mammalian lignans. More research is warranted to determine the bioavailability of lignins in the human diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aynun Nahar Begum
- Unite des Maladies Metaboliques et Micronutrients, INRA Theix, 63122 Saint-Genes-Champanelle, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Abstract
Phyto-oestrogens are oestrogenic compounds found in plants and consist of isoflavones, lignans and coumestans. Epidemiological studies provide evidence for a protective role of isoflavones, and to a lesser extent lignans, against the development of numerous chronic diseases, including several cancers, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. The structural similarity of phyto-oestrogens to endogenous oestrogens has prompted the hypothesis that phyto-oestrogens exert hormonal or anti-hormonal effects relevant to the risk of hormone-dependent disease and/or their suitability as a dietary alternative to hormone replacement therapy. The many human studies that have evaluated the effects of isoflavones and lignans on various endpoints relating to risk of various diseases have greatly increased knowledge of how these compounds behave. At the same time, additional questions have been generated. For example, the increasing interest in extracting isoflavones from the soybean for incorporation into dietary supplements has raised important concerns regarding safety and efficacy. Overall, it is clear that phyto-oestrogens are an area of active and advancing research with great potential to continue to affect human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Duncan
- Department of Human Biology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada N1G 2W1.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
Because more and more men are being diagnosed with prostate cancer worldwide, knowledge about and prevention of this disease is important. Epidemiological studies have provided some insight about the cause of prostate cancer in terms of diet and genetic factors. However, compared with other common cancers such as breast and lung cancer, the causes remain poorly understood. Several important issues could help in our understanding of this disease-the variation in incidence of prostate cancer between ethnic populations and the factors leading to familial clustering of the diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Grönberg
- Department of Radiation Sciences/Oncology, Umeå University, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Hallmans G, Zhang JX, Lundin E, Stattin P, Johansson A, Johansson I, Hultén K, Winkvist A, Aman P, Lenner P, Adlercreutz H. Rye, lignans and human health. Proc Nutr Soc 2003; 62:193-9. [PMID: 12749346 DOI: 10.1079/pns2002229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Rye bran contains a high content not only of dietary fibre, but also of plant lignans and other bioactive compounds in the so-called dietary fibre complex. Blood concentrations of lignans such as enterolactone have been used as biomarkers of intake of lignan-rich plant food. At present,evidence from studies in human subjects does not warrant the conclusion that rye, whole grains orphyto-oestrogens protect against cancer. Some studies, however, have pointed in that direction,especially in relation to cancers of the upper digestive tract. A number of prospective epidemiological studies have clearly shown a protective effect of wholegrain cereals against myocardial infarctions. A corresponding protective effect against diabetes and ischaemic stroke(brain infarct) has also been demonstrated. It seems reasonable to assume that these protective effects are associated with one or more factors in the dietary fibre complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Göran Hallmans
- Departments of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Stattin P, Lumme S, Tenkanen L, Alfthan H, Jellum E, Hallmans G, Thoresen S, Hakulinen T, Luostarinen T, Lehtinen M, Dillner J, Stenman UH, Hakama M. High levels of circulating testosterone are not associated with increased prostate cancer risk: A pooled prospective study. Int J Cancer 2003; 108:418-24. [PMID: 14648709 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.11572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Androgens stimulate prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. However, evidence from epidemiologic studies of an association between circulating levels of androgens and prostate cancer risk has been inconsistent. We investigated the association of serum levels of testosterone, the principal androgen in circulation, and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) with risk in a case-control study nested in cohorts in Finland, Norway and Sweden of 708 men who were diagnosed with prostate cancer after blood collection and among 2,242 men who were not. In conditional logistic regression analyses, modest but significant decreases in risk were seen for increasing levels of total testosterone down to odds ratio for top vs. bottom quintile of 0.80 (95% CI = 0.59-1.06; p(trend) = 0.05); for SHBG, the corresponding odds ratio was 0.76 (95% CI = 0.57-1.01; p(trend) = 0.07). For free testosterone, calculated from total testosterone and SHBG, a bell-shaped risk pattern was seen with a decrease in odds ratio for top vs. bottom quintile of 0.82 (95% CI = 0.60-1.14; p(trend) = 0.44). No support was found for the hypothesis that high levels of circulating androgens within a physiologic range stimulate development and growth of prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pär Stattin
- Department of Urology, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Grace PB, Taylor JI, Botting NP, Fryatt T, Oldfield MF, Al-Maharik N, Bingham SA. Quantification of isoflavones and lignans in serum using isotope dilution liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2003; 17:1350-1357. [PMID: 12811759 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Phytoestrogens (isoflavones and lignans) are receiving increasing attention due to a potential protective effect against a number of complex diseases. However, in order to investigate these associations, it is necessary to accurately quantify the levels of phytoestrogens in foods and biological fluids. We report an assay for three isoflavones (daidzein, genistein, and glycitein), two metabolites of daidzein (O-desmethylangolensin and equol), and two lignans (enterodiol and enterolactone) in human serum using electrospray ionisation liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) with selective reaction monitoring. A simple, highly automated sample preparation procedure requires only 200 microL of sample and utilises one solid-phase extraction stage. Limits of detection are in the region of 10 pg/mL for all analytes except equol, which had a limit of detection of approximately 100 pg/mL. The method developed is suitable for measuring the concentrations of phytoestrogens in blood samples collected from large epidemiological studies. The results of the analysis of serum samples from 300 men and women living in the UK are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Grace
- MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
| | - James I Taylor
- MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
| | - Nigel P Botting
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Tara Fryatt
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Mark F Oldfield
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Nawaf Al-Maharik
- School of Chemistry, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Sheila A Bingham
- MRC Dunn Human Nutrition Unit, Wellcome Trust/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2XY, UK
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Oral Presentation Abstracts. J Nutr 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/jn/132.11.3534s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|