51
|
Le Calvez-Kelm F, Lesueur F, Damiola F, Vallée M, Voegele C, Babikyan D, Durand G, Forey N, McKay-Chopin S, Robinot N, Nguyen-Dumont T, Thomas A, Byrnes GB, Hopper JL, Southey MC, Andrulis IL, John EM, Tavtigian SV. Rare, evolutionarily unlikely missense substitutions in CHEK2 contribute to breast cancer susceptibility: results from a breast cancer family registry case-control mutation-screening study. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R6. [PMID: 21244692 PMCID: PMC3109572 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Both protein-truncating variants and some missense substitutions in CHEK2 confer increased risk of breast cancer. However, no large-scale study has used full open reading frame mutation screening to assess the contribution of rare missense substitutions in CHEK2 to breast cancer risk. This absence has been due in part to a lack of validated statistical methods for summarizing risk attributable to large numbers of individually rare missense substitutions. Methods Previously, we adapted an in silico assessment of missense substitutions used for analysis of unclassified missense substitutions in BRCA1 and BRCA2 to the problem of assessing candidate genes using rare missense substitution data observed in case-control mutation-screening studies. The method involves stratifying rare missense substitutions observed in cases and/or controls into a series of grades ordered a priori from least to most likely to be evolutionarily deleterious, followed by a logistic regression test for trends to compare the frequency distributions of the graded missense substitutions in cases versus controls. Here we used this approach to analyze CHEK2 mutation-screening data from a population-based series of 1,303 female breast cancer patients and 1,109 unaffected female controls. Results We found evidence of risk associated with rare, evolutionarily unlikely CHEK2 missense substitutions. Additional findings were that (1) the risk estimate for the most severe grade of CHEK2 missense substitutions (denoted C65) is approximately equivalent to that of CHEK2 protein-truncating variants; (2) the population attributable fraction and the familial relative risk explained by the pool of rare missense substitutions were similar to those explained by the pool of protein-truncating variants; and (3) post hoc power calculations implied that scaling up case-control mutation screening to examine entire biochemical pathways would require roughly 2,000 cases and controls to achieve acceptable statistical power. Conclusions This study shows that CHEK2 harbors many rare sequence variants that confer increased risk of breast cancer and that a substantial proportion of these are missense substitutions. The study validates our analytic approach to rare missense substitutions and provides a method to combine data from protein-truncating variants and rare missense substitutions into a one degree of freedom per gene test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Le Calvez-Kelm
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, 150 Cours Albert Thomas, Lyon CEDEX 08, F-69372, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Irrelevance of CHEK2 variants to diagnosis of breast/ovarian cancer predisposition in Polish cohort. J Appl Genet 2010; 52:185-91. [PMID: 21120647 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-010-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
CHEK2 gen encodes cell cycle checkpoint kinase 2 that participates in the DNA repair pathway, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. Mutations in CHEK2 gene may result in kinase inactivation or reduce both catalytic activity and capability of binding other proteins. Some studies indicate that alterations in CHEK2 gene confers increase the risk of breast cancer and some other malignancies, while the results of other studies are inconclusive. Thus the significance of CHEK2 mutations in aetiology of breast cancer is still debatable. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relationship between the breast/ovarian cancer and CHEK2 variants by: i) the analysis of the frequency of selected CHEK2 variants in breast and ovarian cancer patients compared to the controls; ii) evaluation of relationships between the certain CHEK2 variants and clinico-histopathological and pedigree data. The study was performed on 284 breast cancer patients, 113 ovarian cancer patients and 287 healthy women. We revealed the presence of 430T > C, del5395 and IVS2 + 1G > A variants but not 1100delC in individuals from both study and control groups. We did not observe significant differences between cancer patients and controls neither in regard to the frequency nor to the type of CHEK2 variants. We discussed the potential application of CHEK2 variants in the evaluation of breast and ovarian cancer predisposition.
Collapse
|
53
|
Yarden RI, Friedman E, Metsuyanim S, Olender T, Ben-Asher E, Papa MZ. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the p53 pathway genes modify cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 carriers of Jewish-Ashkenazi descent. Mol Carcinog 2010; 49:545-55. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.20618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
54
|
|
55
|
PERRY CS, OTERO JC, PALMER JL, GROSS AS. Risk factors for breast cancer in East Asian women relative to women in the West. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-7563.2009.01242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
56
|
Skladanowski A, Bozko P, Sabisz M. DNA structure and integrity checkpoints during the cell cycle and their role in drug targeting and sensitivity of tumor cells to anticancer treatment. Chem Rev 2009; 109:2951-73. [PMID: 19522503 DOI: 10.1021/cr900026u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Skladanowski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Haplotypes of the I157T CHEK2 germline mutation in ethnically diverse populations. Fam Cancer 2009; 8:473-8. [PMID: 19609724 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-009-9269-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The CHEK2*I157T missense mutation, reported in ethnically diverse, high-risk families, moderately increases breast and colon cancer risk. The present study assessed whether this mutation represents a founder mutation. Participants identified in high risk clinics or from consecutive cancer patients in Israel, Poland, Latvia, and Finland, were either carriers of the CHEK2*I157T mutation or non-carrier family members. Multi-locus genotyping employed two intragenic markers and five CHEK2 gene flanking markers, spanning about 645 kb. Haplotyping was done when families were available for phasing. Overall, 101 individuals (83 I157T*CHEK2 mutation carriers) were genotyped: 16 Finnish individuals from 11 families (14 mutation carriers, two non-carrier family members), 50 Polish individuals (20 families) (35 carriers, 15 non-carriers), 28 unrelated Latvian mutation carriers, and seven Israeli participants (two families) (six mutation carriers, one non-carrier). Overall 36/83 mutation carriers (43%) were diagnosed with breast cancer, 15/83 (18%)-colon cancer, three-ovarian cancer, one-thyroid cancer, and the rest (n = 28) were asymptomatic. A common core haplotype was detected in all I157T*CHEK2 mutation carriers of Israeli, Polish, and Finnish origin between markers D22S275-D22S689 (approximately 258 kb), with a different allele pattern in Latvians. In conclusion, CHEK2*I157T missense mutation is a founder mutation in ethnically diverse populations, but may also be a mutational hotspot.
Collapse
|
58
|
Thirthagiri E, Cheong LS, Yip CH, Teo SH. CHEK2*1100delC does not contribute to risk to breast cancer among Malay, Chinese and Indians in Malaysia. Fam Cancer 2009; 8:355-8. [PMID: 19399639 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-009-9244-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A truncating mutation (1100delC) in the cell cycle checkpoint kinase-2 gene, CHEK2, has been identified as a risk factor for familial and sporadic breast cancer in some Northern and Western European populations. However, the prevalence of CHEK2*1100delC in breast cancer appears to be population dependent. We analysed the prevalence of CHEK2*1100delC in 668 breast cancer cases, of which 542 were invasive breast cancers, from a hospital-based cohort of breast cancer patients from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The variant was not found in any patients in this cohort, suggesting that CHEK2*1100delC is rare in our population, and unlikely to contribute significantly to risk to breast cancer among the Malay, Chinese and Indian ethnic groups in Malaysia. This suggests that screening for this allele should not be routinely conducted in Malaysia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eswary Thirthagiri
- Cancer Research Initiatives Foundation, 2nd Floor Outpatient Centre, Sime Darby Medical Centre, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Ripperger T, Gadzicki D, Meindl A, Schlegelberger B. Breast cancer susceptibility: current knowledge and implications for genetic counselling. Eur J Hum Genet 2008; 17:722-31. [PMID: 19092773 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2008.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women in the Western world. Except for the high breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers as well as the risk for breast cancer in certain rare syndromes caused by mutations in TP53, STK11, PTEN, CDH1, NF1 or NBN, familial clustering of breast cancer remains largely unexplained. Despite significant efforts, BRCA3 could not be identified, but several reports have recently been published on genes involved in DNA repair and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with an increased breast cancer risk. Although candidate gene approaches demonstrated moderately increased breast cancer risks for rare mutations in genes involved in DNA repair (ATM, CHEK2, BRIP1, PALB2 and RAD50), genome-wide association studies identified several SNPs as low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility polymorphisms within genes as well as in chromosomal loci with no known genes (FGFR2, TOX3, LSP1, MAP3K1, TGFB1, 2q35 and 8q). Some of these low-penetrance breast cancer susceptibility polymorphisms also act as modifier genes in BRCA1/BRCA2 mutation carriers. This review not only outlines the recent key developments and potential clinical benefit for preventive management and therapy but also discusses the current limitations of genetic testing of variants associated with intermediate and low breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tim Ripperger
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Cybulski C, Huzarski T, Byrski T, Gronwald J, Debniak T, Jakubowska A, Górski B, Wokołorczyk D, Masojć B, Narod SA, Lubiński J. Estrogen receptor status in CHEK2-positive breast cancers: implications for chemoprevention. Clin Genet 2008; 75:72-8. [PMID: 19021634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2008.01111.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between CHEK2 mutation status and estrogen receptor (ER) status in unselected cases of early-onset breast cancer from Poland, we screened 4441 women diagnosed with breast cancer younger than 51 years and 7217 controls for three inherited mutations in CHEK2 (1100delC, IVS2+1G>A, del5395). ER status was compared between CHEK2-positive and CHEK2-negative breast cancer cases. A truncating mutation in CHEK2 was seen in 140 of 4441 cases and in 70 of 7217 controls [odds ratio (OR) = 3.3; 95% CI = 2.5-4.4; p < 0.0001]. ER status was available for 92 of 140 mutation carriers and for 3001 of 4301 non-carriers with breast cancer. The OR was higher for ER-positive cancers (OR = 3.9; 95% CI = 2.7-5.4; p < 0.0001) than for ER-negative cancers (OR = 2.1; 95% CI = 1.3-3.3; p = 0.002). Sixty-six of the 92 breast cancers in carriers of CHEK2 truncating mutations were ER positive compared with 1742 of the 3001 breast cancers in non-carriers (72% vs 58%; p = 0.01). Women with a CHEK2 mutation face a fourfold increase in the risk of ER-positive breast cancer and might be candidates for tamoxifen chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Cybulski
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, International Hereditary Cancer Center, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Novak DJ, Chen LQ, Ghadirian P, Hamel N, Zhang P, Rossiny V, Cardinal G, Robidoux A, Tonin PN, Rousseau F, Narod SA, Foulkes WD. Identification of a novel CHEK2 variant and assessment of its contribution to the risk of breast cancer in French Canadian women. BMC Cancer 2008; 8:239. [PMID: 18706089 PMCID: PMC2532692 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-8-239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for the majority of the known familial breast cancer risk, however, the impact of other cancer susceptibility genes largely remains to be elucidated. Checkpoint Kinase 2 (CHEK2) is an important signal transducer of cellular responses to DNA damage, whose defects have been associated with an increase in breast cancer risk. Previous studies have identified low penetrance CHEK2 alleles such as 1100delC and I157T, as well as variants such as S428F in the Ashkenazi Jewish population and IVS2 + 1G>A in the Polish population. No founder allele has been specifically identified in the French Canadian population. METHODS The 14 coding exons of CHEK2 were fully sequenced for variant alleles in a panel of 25 affected French Canadian women and 25 healthy controls. Two variants were identified of which one novel variant was further screened for in an additional panel of 667 breast cancer patients and 6548 healthy controls. Additional genotyping was conducted using allele specific PCR and a restriction digest assay. Significance of amino acid substitutions were deduced by employing comparative analysis techniques. RESULTS Two variants were identified: the previously reported silent substitution 252A>G (E84E) and the novel missense variant, 1217G>A (R406H). No significant difference in allele distribution between French Canadian women with breast cancer and healthy controls was observed (3/692, 0.43% vs. 22/6573, 0.33%, respectively, P = 0.73). CONCLUSION The novel CHEK2 missense variant identified in this study, R406H, is unlikely to contribute to breast cancer risk in French Canadian women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J Novak
- Program in Cancer Genetics, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H2W 1S6, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Lee ASG, Ang P. CHEK2*1100delC screening of Asian women with a family history of breast cancer is unwarranted. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26:2419; author reply 2419-20. [PMID: 18467741 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.16.4335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
|
63
|
Weischer M, Bojesen SE, Nordestgaard BG. In Reply. J Clin Oncol 2008. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2008.16.4871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maren Weischer
- Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stig E. Bojesen
- Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Offit
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Choi DH, Cho DY, Lee MH, Park HS, Ahn SH, Son BH, Haffty BG. The CHEK2 1100delC mutation is not present in Korean patients with breast cancer cases tested for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2008; 112:569-73. [PMID: 18175216 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9878-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The germline CHEK2 1100delC mutation is a low penetrance breast cancer susceptibility allele, frequently observed in patient with family history of breast cancer and/or young age and the frequency varied according to race or ethnicity. In this study, we evaluated the significance of CHEK2 1100delC in predisposition to breast cancer by assessing its frequency in a material of 493 Korean breast cancer patients who had been screened for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations (42 patients had deleterious mutation of BRCA1/2). Mutation detection of CHEK2 1100delC was based upon analysis of primer extension products generated for previously amplified genomic DNA using a chip based MALDI-TOP mass spectrometry platform. After overall measurement automatically, assays which had bad peaks were checked again manually. None of the 493 Korean patients with breast cancer who were candidate for BRCA1 and BRCA2 test carried the 1100delC mutation observed in Caucasians with limited frequency. In the previous studies, we observed higher or comparable prevalence of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in Korean patients with breast cancer compared to Caucasian breast cancer population. In the present study, we evaluated the role of a CHEK2 1100delC as a susceptibility mutation of breast cancer in the Korean population. However, our results suggest that this mutation is absent or may be very infrequent in Korean patients with breast cancer who have high risk of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation, making its screening irrelevant from the practical point view.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doo Ho Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Kangnam-Gu, Seoul, South Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Analysis of CHEK2 FHA domain in Czech patients with sporadic breast cancer revealed distinct rare genetic alterations. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 112:159-64. [PMID: 18058223 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9838-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The CHEK2 gene mutations I157T (c.470T>C) and IVS2+1G>A affecting the forkhead-associated domain (FHA) have been shown to increase the risk of breast cancer development in several populations. We analyzed the CHEK2 gene segment coding for FHA domain in 673 unselected breast cancer patients and 683 controls from the Czech Republic using the denaturant high-performance liquid chromatography. The found frequency of predominant FHA alteration I157T did not differ between breast cancer patients (19/673; 2.82%) and controls (17/683; 2.49%; P=0.71). Besides this mutation we characterized another nine alterations-six located within FHA coding sequence and three occurring in introns 1 or 2). Eight variants occurred once each in patients with breast cancer and two were present in controls. Three alterations found in breast cancer patients were novel missense variants (Y159H, T172A, and L174F) affecting highly conservative residues in FHA domain. Despite the lack of association of I157T mutation with breast cancer development in our population we deduced that the FHA domain is the subject of rare population-specific alterations that might modify risk of various cancers.
Collapse
|