51
|
Abstract
The prevalence of gastric cancer is associated with several factors including geographical location, diet, and genetic background of the host. However, it is evident that infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is crucial for the development of the disease. Virulence of the bacteria is also important in modulating the risk of the disease. After infection, H. pylori gains access to the gastric mucosa and triggers the production of cytokines that promote recruitment of inflammatory cells, probably involved in tissue damage. Once the infection is established, a cascade of inflammatory steps associated with changes in the gastric epithelia that may lead to cancer is triggered. H. pylori-induced gastritis and H. pylori-associated gastric cancer have been the focus of extensive research aiming to discover the underlying mechanisms of gastric tissue damage. This research has led to the association of host genetic components with the risk of the disease. Among these is the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several genes, including cytokine genes, which are able to differentially modulate the production of inflammatory cytokines and then modulate the risk of gastric cancer. Interestingly, the frequency of some of these SNPs is different among populations and may serve as a predictive factor for gastric cancer risk within that specific population. However, the role played by other genetic modifications should not be minimized. Methylation of gene promoters has been recognized as a major mechanism of gene expression regulation without changing the primary structure of the DNA. Most DNA methylation occurs in cytosine residues in CpG dinucleotide, but it can also be found in other DNA bases. DNA methyltransferases add methyl groups to the CpG dinucleotide, and when this methylation level is too high, the gene expression is turned off. In H. pylori infection as well as in gastric cancer, hypermethylation of promoters of genes involved in cell cycle control, metabolism of essential nutrients, and production of inflammatory mediators, among others, has been described. Interestingly, DNA changes like SNPs or mutations can create CpG sites in sequences where transcription factors normally sit, affecting transcription.In this chapter, we review the literature about the role of SNPs and methylation on H. pylori infection and gastric cancer, with big emphasis to the H. pylori role in the development of the disease due to the strong association between both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jovanny Zabaleta
- Department of Pediatrics and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Qiao L, Feng Y. Genetic variations of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) contribute to the risk of gastric cancer for Eastern Asians: a meta-analysis based on 16792 individuals. Gene 2011; 493:83-91. [PMID: 22155405 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/09/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The associations between polymorphisms of prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA-rs2294008C>T and -rs2976392G>A) and gastric cancer (GC) risk for Eastern Asians have been commonly studied, but the results were conflicting. The aim of the present study was to further assess the associations by the method of meta-analysis. The databases of Medline, Embase and CNKI (up to May 25th, 2011) were retrieved to identify eligible case-control studies. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) were used to present the strength of the associations. In total, eight case-control studies in seven articles with 16792 individuals (9738 cases of GC and 7054 controls) were included in this meta-analysis. Through quantitative analyses, we found that T allele of rs2294008C>T and A allele of rs2976392G>A were significantly associated with increased GC risk [rs2294008C>T: OR (95%CI)=1.31 (1.22-1.42), P(z-test)<0.001, P(heterogeneity)=0.166 for TT vs. C carriers; rs2976392G>A: OR (95%CI)=1.36(1.24-1.50), P(z-test)=0.015, P(heterogeneity)=0.111 for AA vs. G carriers]. The results of subgroup analyses (according to histopathology, countries and sources of controls) indicated that T allele of rs2294008C>T and A allele rs2976392G>A were associated with increased risk of both intestinal- and diffuse-type GC, and associated with increased risk of GC for Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, PCC and HCC/PHCC. Furthermore, T allele of rs2294008C>T was also associated with increased risk of cardia and non-cardia GC, and associated with increased risk of GC for males and females. Besides those, this meta-analysis also indicated that the interactions between T allele of rs2294008C>T and A allele of rs2976392G>A was associated with increased risk of GC (A-T vs. G-T: OR=1.16, 95%CI=1.06-1.27, P(z-test)=0.001, P(heterogeneity)=0.835). Although modest limitations and potential bias cannot be eliminated, this meta-analysis suggests that PSCA -rs2294008C>T and -rs2976392G>A are potential factors of GC development for Eastern Asians, and future work may incorporate these findings and evaluate these variants as potential markers for screening and early diagnosis of GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, He Ping district, Shen Yang City, Liang Ning Province 110004, PR China
| | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the most common cancer in Korea, with an age-standardized rate of 61.2 in males and 23.9 in females (in 2007), one of the highest in the world. Using a large gastric tissue depository and the extensive clinical experience gained from gastric cancer surgery, we work as a 'translational researcher' to apply basic research tools and results to the clinical field. We are also interested in providing answers to the questions in the operating room using the methods of basic research. I would like to introduce our research activities in this review paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Kwang Yang
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine and Gastric Cancer Center, Seoul National University Cancer Hospital, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
A genome-wide association study identifies new susceptibility loci for non-cardia gastric cancer at 3q13.31 and 5p13.1. Nat Genet 2011; 43:1215-8. [PMID: 22037551 DOI: 10.1038/ng.978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer, including the cardia and non-cardia types, is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. To identify genetic risk variants for non-cardia gastric cancer, we performed a genome-wide association study in 3,279 individuals (1,006 with non-cardia gastric cancer and 2,273 controls) of Chinese descent. We replicated significant associations in an additional 6,897 subjects (3,288 with non-cardia gastric cancer and 3,609 controls). We identified two new susceptibility loci for non-cardia gastric cancer at 5p13.1 (rs13361707 in the region including PTGER4 and PRKAA1; odds ratio (OR) = 1.41; P = 7.6 × 10(-29)) and 3q13.31 (rs9841504 in ZBTB20; OR = 0.76; P = 1.7 × 10(-9)). Imputation analyses also confirmed previously reported associations of rs2294008 and rs2976392 on 8q24, rs4072037 on 1q22 and rs13042395 on 20p13 with non-cardia gastric cancer susceptibility in the Han Chinese population.
Collapse
|
55
|
Sala N, Muñoz X, Travier N, Agudo A, Duell EJ, Moreno V, Overvad K, Tjonneland A, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Canzian F, Kaaks R, Boeing H, Meidtner K, Trichopoulos A, Tsiotas K, Zylis D, Vineis P, Panico S, Palli D, Krogh V, Tumino R, Lund E, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Numans ME, Peeters PHM, Quirós JR, Sánchez MJ, Navarro C, Ardanaz E, Dorronsoro M, Hallmans G, Stenling R, Manjer J, Allen NE, Travis RC, Khaw KT, Jenab M, Offerhaus GJA, Riboli E, González CA. Prostate stem-cell antigen gene is associated with diffuse and intestinal gastric cancer in Caucasians: results from the EPIC-EURGAST study. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2417-27. [PMID: 21681742 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A genome-wide study performed in a Japanese population identified a strong association between SNP rs2294008 (Met1Thr) in the Prostate Stem Cell Antigen gene (PSCA) and diffuse-type gastric cancer (GC). This association was validated in different Asian populations, and, very recently, a study has been published in Caucasians. In this study, we analyzed the association between PSCA variation and GC risk in Caucasians from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Six tagSNPs covering the PSCA gene region were genotyped in 411 incident gastric adenocarcinoma cases and 1530 matched controls from a nested case-control study in the EPIC cohort. Associations were analyzed by unconditional logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex and country. The T allele of rs2294008 in PSCA was found to be a highly significant risk factor for GC (per allele OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 1.23-1.66, p-value = 6.5 × 10(-6) ), particularly of the noncardia-type (per allele OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.19-1.81, p-value = 3 × 10(-4) ). At contrast with previous studies, no significant differences were observed between the diffuse (per allele OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 1.20-1.96, p-value = 5 × 10(-4) ) and the intestinal (per allele OR = 1.52, 95% CI: 1.20-1.93, p-value = 5 × 10(-4) ) GC histological subtypes. Although rs12155758 and rs9297976 were also found associated with GC, this association appeared to be due to linkage disequilibrium with rs2294008. Haplotype analysis did not provide additional information. These results confirm the association between variation in the promoter region of PSCA and GC risk in Caucasians and also indicate that the rs2294008 variant is a similar risk factor for both the diffuse and intestinal-types of GC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Sala
- Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology-IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Song HR, Kim HN, Piao JM, Kweon SS, Choi JS, Bae WK, Chung IJ, Park YK, Kim SH, Choi YD, Shin MH. Association of a common genetic variant in prostate stem-cell antigen with gastric cancer susceptibility in a Korean population. Mol Carcinog 2011; 50:871-5. [PMID: 21538581 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A recent genome wide association study (GWAS) indentified a significant association between rs2294008 (C > T) polymorphism in prostate stem-cell antigen (PSCA) and increased risk of gastric cancer in Japanese and Korean populations. The aim of this study was to determine whether rs2294008 polymorphism is associated with risk of gastric cancer in a Korean population. We conducted a large-scale case-control study of 3,245 gastric cancer patients and 1,700 controls. The frequencies of the CC, CT, and TT genotypes of rs2294008 polymorphism were 17.8%, 49.9%, and 32.3% in the gastric cancer patients; and 24.4%, 48.1%, and 27.5% in the controls, respectively. We found that the CT and TT genotypes were associated with a significantly increased risk of gastric cancer (OR(CT) = 1.50, 95% confidence intervals, 95% CI: 1.28-1.76; OR(TT) = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.43-2.04), compared with the CC genotype. Further, stratified by tumor location and histological type, the effect of the rs2294008 T allele was larger in cardia (OR(TT) = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.42-4.85) than non-cardia (OR(TT) = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.40-2.00), in diffuse-type (OR(TT) = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.55-2.59) than in intestinal-type (OR(TT) = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.22-1.86). Our study showed that rs2294008 in the PSCA gene was associated with increased risks of gastric cancer in a Korean population, suggests that rs2294008 might play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Rim Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
57
|
Guo Y, Fang J, Liu Y, Sheng HH, Zhang XY, Chai HN, Jin W, Zhang KH, Yang CQ, Gao HJ. Association between polymorphism rs6983267 and gastric cancer risk in Chinese population. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:1759-65. [PMID: 21483638 PMCID: PMC3072642 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i13.1759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 8q24 and gastric cancer risk.
METHODS: A case-control investigation including 212 gastric cancer patients and 377 healthy controls was conducted. The genotypes of SNPs (rs6983267, rs7008482 and rs10808555) were examined and established through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between SNPs and gastric cancer.
RESULTS: The genotype frequencies of rs6983267 in gastric cancer patients were obviously different from those in the control (P = 0.005). GT genotype of rs6983267 was associated with an increased risk of gastric cancer compared with GG genotype (adjusted odds ratio = 2.01, 95% confidence interval: 1.28-3.14). Further stratified analysis indicated that rs6983267 GT genotype facilitated the risk of gastric cancer of non-cardiac and intestinal type (OR: 2.638, 95% CI: 1.464-4.753; OR: 1.916, 95% CI: 1.166-3.150, respectively).
CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates for the first time that rs6983267 is involved in susceptibility to gastric cancer, although further large-sample investigations are still needed.
Collapse
|
58
|
Zhang H, Jin G, Li H, Ren C, Ding Y, Zhang Q, Deng B, Wang J, Hu Z, Xu Y, Shen H. Genetic variants at 1q22 and 10q23 reproducibly associated with gastric cancer susceptibility in a Chinese population. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:848-52. [PMID: 21427165 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Two recent genome-wide association studies reported significant associations of genetic variants at 1q22, 10q23 and 20p13 with gastric cancer (GC) risk in Chinese populations. However, these findings have not been confirmed in other independent studies. Here, we performed an independent case-control study in a Chinese population by genotyping three loci (rs4072037A>G at 1q22, rs2274223A>G at 10q23 and rs13042395C>T at 20p13) in 1681 GC cases and 1858 controls. We found that rs4072037 at 1q22 and rs2274223 at 10q23 were significantly associated with risk of GC with per allele odds ratio (OR) of 0.72 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63-0.81; P = 2.98 × 10(-7)] and 1.42 (95% CI: 1.27-1.58; P = 9.68 × 10(-10)), respectively. The association was more prominent for rs2274223 in female (OR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.49-2.32) and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma (GCA) (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.49-1.95). Furthermore, we combined the two single-nucleotide polymorphisms to evaluate the joint effect and found that the GC risk significantly increased with the number of risk allele increasing with a trend P value of 6.66 × 10(-16), and individuals with four risk alleles had a 3.28-fold (95% CI: 1.75-6.13) risk of GC compared with those having no risk alleles. However, no significant association was detected between rs13042395 at 20p13 and GC risk (OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 0.94-1.15; P = 0.452). In conclusion, our results indicate that genetic variants at 1q22 and 10q23 but not 20p13 may serve as candidate markers for GC susceptibility in the Chinese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanze Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, 140 Hanzhong Road, Nanjing 210029, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Lochhead P, Frank B, Hold GL, Rabkin CS, Ng MTH, Vaughan TL, Risch HA, Gammon MD, Lissowska J, Weck MN, Raum E, Müller H, Illig T, Klopp N, Dawson A, McColl KE, Brenner H, Chow WH, El-Omar EM. Genetic variation in the prostate stem cell antigen gene and upper gastrointestinal cancer in white individuals. Gastroenterology 2011; 140:435-41. [PMID: 21070776 PMCID: PMC3031760 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS An association between gastric cancer and the rs2294008 (C>T) polymorphism in the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) gene has been reported for several Asian populations. We set out to determine whether such an association exists in white individuals. METHODS We genotyped 166 relatives of gastric cancer patients, including 43 Helicobacter pylori-infected subjects with hypochlorhydria and gastric atrophy, 65 infected subjects without these abnormalities, 58 H pylori-negative relatives, and 100 population controls. Additionally, a population-based study of chronic atrophic gastritis provided 533 cases and 1054 controls. We then genotyped 2 population-based, case-control studies of upper gastrointestinal cancer: the first included 312 gastric cancer cases and 383 controls; the second included 309 gastric cancer cases, 159 esophageal cancer cases, and 211 controls. Odds ratios were computed from logistic models and adjusted for confounding variables. RESULTS Carriage of the risk allele (T) of rs2294008 in PSCA was associated with chronic atrophic gastritis (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.5; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1-1.9) and noncardia gastric cancer (OR, 1.9; 95% CI: 1.3-2.8). The association was strongest for the diffuse histologic type (OR, 3.2; 95% CI: 1.2-10.7). An inverse association was observed between carriage of the risk allele and gastric cardia cancer (OR, 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9), esophageal adenocarcinoma (OR, 0.5; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9), and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OR, 0.4; 95% CI: 0.2-0.9). CONCLUSIONS The rs2294008 polymorphism in PSCA increases the risk of noncardia gastric cancer and its precursors in white individuals but protects against proximal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Lochhead
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Bernd Frank
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georgina L. Hold
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Charles S. Rabkin
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Michael T. H. Ng
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Thomas L. Vaughan
- Program in Epidemiology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, and Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington
| | - Harvey A. Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Marilie D. Gammon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jolanta Lissowska
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, M. Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Melanie N. Weck
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elke Raum
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Müller
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Norman Klopp
- Institute of Epidemiology, Research Centre for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alan Dawson
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Kenneth E. McColl
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Hermann Brenner
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology and Aging Research, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wong-Ho Chow
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Emad M. El-Omar
- Gastrointestinal Research Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Wang M, Bai J, Tan Y, Wang S, Tian Y, Gong W, Zhou Y, Gao Y, Zhou J, Zhang Z. Genetic variant in PSCA predicts survival of diffuse-type gastric cancer in a Chinese population. Int J Cancer 2010; 129:1207-13. [PMID: 21064099 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) has identified that the prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) rs2294008 is involving in regulating gastric epithelial-cell proliferation, influencing the risk of diffuse-type gastric cancer. We hypothesized that PSCA rs2294008 is also associated with gastric cancer survival. We genotyped PSCA rs2294008 using TaqMan method in 943 patients with surgically resected gastric cancer. Analyses of genotype association with survival outcomes were assessed by the Kaplan-Meier method, Cox proportional hazards models and the log-rank test. There was no significant association between rs2294008 and survival of gastric cancer (log-rank p=0.085 for CT/TT versus CC). However, in the stratification analysis of histology, we found that rs2294008 CT/TT genotypes were associated with significantly improved survival among diffuse-type gastric cancer (log-rank p=0.025, hazard ratio [HR]=0.75, 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.59-0.96), compared to the CC genotype. Moreover, this protective effect was more predominant for diffuse-type gastric cancer patients with tumor size >5 cm and distant metastasis. If validated in further studies, PSCA rs2294008 could be useful marker of survival assessment and individualized clinical therapy for gastric cancer, particularly among the diffuse-type gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meilin Wang
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cancer Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to environmental factors, genetic factors also play an important role in GC etiology, as demonstrated by the fact that only a small proportion of individuals exposed to the known environmental risk factors develop GC. Molecular studies have provided evidence that GC arises not only from the combined effects of environmental factors and susceptible genetic variants but also from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations that play crucial roles in the process of cellular immortalization and tumorigenesis. This review is intended to focus on the recently described basic aspects that play key roles in the process of gastric carcinogenesis. Genetic variation in the genes DNMT3A, PSCA, VEGF, and XRCC1 has been reported to modify the risk of developing gastric carcinoma. Several genes have been newly associated with gastric carcinogenesis, both through oncogenic activation (MYC, SEMA5A, BCL2L12, RBP2 and BUBR1) and tumor suppressor gene inactivation mechanisms (KLF6, RELN, PTCH1A, CLDN11, and SFRP5). At the level of gastric carcinoma treatment, the HER-2 tyrosine kinase receptor has been demonstrated to be a molecular target of therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Resende
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s ⁄ n, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Abnet CC, Freedman ND, Hu N, Wang Z, Yu K, Shu XO, Yuan JM, Zheng W, Dawsey SM, Dong LM, Lee MP, Ding T, Qiao YL, Gao YT, Koh WP, Xiang YB, Tang ZZ, Fan JH, Wang C, Wheeler W, Gail MH, Yeager M, Yuenger J, Hutchinson A, Jacobs KB, Giffen CA, Burdett L, Fraumeni JF, Tucker MA, Chow WH, Goldstein AM, Chanock SJ, Taylor PR. A shared susceptibility locus in PLCE1 at 10q23 for gastric adenocarcinoma and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Genet 2010; 42:764-7. [PMID: 20729852 PMCID: PMC2947317 DOI: 10.1038/ng.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 415] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a genome-wide association study of gastric cancer (GC) and esophageal
squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in ethnic Chinese subjects in which we genotyped 551,152 single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We report a combined analysis of 2,240 GC cases, 2,115 ESCC
cases, and 3,302 controls drawn from five studies. In logistic regression models adjusted for
age, sex, and study, multiple variants at 10q23 had genome-wide significance for GC and ESCC
independently. A notable signal was rs2274223, a nonsynonymous SNP located in
PLCE1, for GC (P=8.40×10−9; per
allele odds ratio (OR) = 1.31) and ESCC (P=3.85×10−9;
OR = 1.34). The association with GC differed by anatomic subsite. For tumors located in the
cardia the association was stronger (P=4.19 × 10−15;
OR= 1.57) and for those located in the noncardia stomach it was absent
(P=0.44; OR=1.05). Our findings at 10q23 could provide insight into the high
incidence rates of both cancers in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Saeki N, Gu J, Yoshida T, Wu X. Prostate stem cell antigen: a Jekyll and Hyde molecule? Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:3533-8. [PMID: 20501618 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-3169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein. Although PSCA is thought to be involved in intracellular signaling, much remains unknown about its physiological function and regulatory mechanism in normal and cancer cells. It is up-regulated in several major cancers including prostate, bladder, and pancreatic cancers. The expression of PSCA is positively correlated with advanced clinical stage and metastasis in prostate cancers and is also associated with malignant progression of premalignant prostate lesions. Therefore, PSCA has been proposed as a biomarker of diagnosis and prognosis, as well as a target of therapy for these cancers. In addition, PSCA has also shown clinical potential in immunotherapy as a prostate-specific antigen, which, when presented by dendritic cells, may elicit strong tumor-specific immunity. In contrast, PSCA is down-regulated in esophageal and gastric cancer and may have a tumor-suppressing function in the gastric epithelium. Recent exciting findings that genetic variations of PSCA conferred increased risks of gastric cancer and bladder cancer have opened up a new avenue of research about the pathological function of PSCA. PSCA seems to be a Jekyll and Hyde molecule that plays differential roles, tumor promoting or suppressing, depending on the cellular context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Saeki
- Genetics Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|