51
|
Loss of DAB2IP in RCC cells enhances their growth and resistance to mTOR-targeted therapies. Oncogene 2016; 35:4663-74. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
52
|
Nicoś M, Krawczyk P, Jarosz B, Sawicki M, Michnar M, Trojanowski T, Milanowski J. Sensitive methods for screening of the MEK1 gene mutations in patients with central nervous system metastases of non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2016; 18:1039-43. [PMID: 26860843 PMCID: PMC5018022 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-016-1483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mitogen-activated protein kinases 1 and 2 (MEK1, MEK2) are fundamental partners in the RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK pathway that is involved in regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. Downregulation of the MEK cascades has been implicated in acquiring of the malignant phenotype in various cancers. Somatic mutations in MEK1 gene (substitutions K57N, Q56P, D67N) were described in <1 % of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and they were more commonly reported in adenocarcinoma patients with current or former smoking status. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the following study, we assessed the MEK1 gene mutations in 145 FFPE tissue samples from central nervous system (CNS) metastases of NSCLC using HRM-PCR and ASP-qPCR techniques. The studied group was heterogeneous in terms of histopathology and smoking status. The prevalence of the MEK1 gene mutation was correlated with the occurrence of mutations in KRAS, EGFR, DDR2, PIK3CA, NRAS, HER2, AKT1 and PTEN genes. RESULTS Using HRM and ASP-qPCR methods we identified one (0.7 %; 1/145) MEK1 substitution (Q56P) in CNS metastases of NSCLC. The mutation was identified in a single, 50-year-old, current smoking men with adenocarcinoma (1.25 %; 1/80 of all adenocarcinomas). CONCLUSIONS According to the current knowledge, the incidence of MEK1 gene mutation in CNS metastatic lesion of NSCLC is the first such report worldwide. The analysis of gene profile in cancer patients may extend the scope of molecularly targeted therapies used both in patients with primary and metastatic tumors of NSCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Nicoś
- Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lubin, Poland. .,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - P Krawczyk
- Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lubin, Poland
| | - B Jarosz
- Pathological Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954, Lubin, Poland
| | - M Sawicki
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954, Lubin, Poland
| | - M Michnar
- Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lubin, Poland
| | - T Trojanowski
- Pathological Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954, Lubin, Poland
| | - J Milanowski
- Department of Pneumology, Oncology and Allergology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954, Lubin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Caiazza F, Elliott L, Fennelly D, Sheahan K, Doherty GA, Ryan EJ. Targeting EGFR in metastatic colorectal cancer beyond the limitations of KRAS status: alternative biomarkers and therapeutic strategies. Biomark Med 2016; 9:363-75. [PMID: 25808440 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.15.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer have a very poor prognosis. Incorporation of targeted molecular therapies, such as the anti-EGFR receptor monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab, into treatment regimens has improved outcomes for patients with wild-type RAS tumors. Yet, response rates remain low and overall survival times are short. Increased understanding of oncogenic signaling pathways within the tumor, and how these are regulated by the inflammatory tumor microenvironment, is a priority to facilitate the development of biomarkers to better guide the use of existing therapies and to develop new ones. Here, we review recent preclinical and clinical progress in the development of biomarkers for predicting response to anti-EGFR therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Caiazza
- Centre for Colorectal Disease, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
The RAF-MEK-ERK pathway: targeting ERK to overcome obstacles to effective cancer therapy. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:269-89. [PMID: 25826360 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.14.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Currently, dozens of BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors targeting RAF-MEK-ERK pathway have been introduced into clinical trials for cancer therapy. However, after 6-8 months of initial response, acquired drug resistance among the majority of those treated patients sharply diminished their clinical efficacy. DISCUSSION Important mechanisms responsible for acquired resistance of BRAF inhibitors and MEK inhibitors have been elucidated. Continually, ERK1/2 locates in the critical position and features unique characteristics, such as activating hundreds of substrates, participating in feedback regulation, being catalyzed by MEK specifically and no acquired resistant mutation. CONCLUSION Taking in account the inspiring outcomes of ERK inhibitors in preclinical research, ERK1/2 might be the optimal target to overcome acquired drug resistance in RAF-MEK-ERK pathway.
Collapse
|
55
|
Sriraman SK, Geraldo V, Luther E, Degterev A, Torchilin V. Cytotoxicity of PEGylated liposomes co-loaded with novel pro-apoptotic drug NCL-240 and the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib against colon carcinoma in vitro. J Control Release 2015; 220:160-168. [PMID: 26497930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The overactivation of signaling pathways, such as the PI3K and MAPK, which are crucial to cell growth and survival, is a common feature in many cancer types. Though a number of advances have been made in the development of molecular agents targeting these pathways, their application as monotherapies has not significantly improved clinical outcome. A novel liposomal preparation was developed, co-loaded with NCL-240, a small-molecule inhibitor of the PI3K/mTOR pathway, along with cobimetinib, a MEK/ERK pathway inhibitor. This combination drug-loaded nanocarrier, (N+C)-LP, was able to significantly enhance the cytotoxicity of these drugs against colon carcinoma cells in vitro demonstrating a clear synergistic effect (combination index of 0.79). The (N+C)-LP was also able to induce cell cycle arrest of the cells, specifically in the G1 phase thereby preventing their progression to the S-phase, typical of the action of MEK inhibitors. Analyzing the apoptotic events, it was found that this effect on cell cycle regulation is followed by the induction of apoptosis. The quantified distribution of apoptotic events showed that the (N+C)-LP induced apoptosis significantly by over 3-4 fold (P<0.001) compared to other treatment groups. The co-loaded liposomal preparation was also targeted to the transferrin receptor of cancer cells by modifying the surface of the liposome with transferrin. FACS analysis showed that transferrin-mediated targeting enhanced the association of liposomes to HCT 116 cells by almost 5-fold. This could potentially allow for cancer cell-specific effects in vivo thereby minimizing any non-specific interactions of the liposomes with non-cancerous cells. Taken together, this study clearly shows that the combined inhibition of the PI3K and MEK pathways correlates with a significant anti-proliferative effect, due to cell-cycle regulation leading to the induction of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Kumar Sriraman
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Vananelia Geraldo
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Ed Luther
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexei Degterev
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Vladimir Torchilin
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Dual Inhibition of MEK and PI3K Pathway in KRAS and BRAF Mutated Colorectal Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:22976-88. [PMID: 26404261 PMCID: PMC4613347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160922976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease with multiple underlying causative genetic mutations. Genetic mutations in the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are frequently implicated in CRC. Targeting the downstream substrate MEK in these mutated tumors stands out as a potential target in CRC. Several selective inhibitors of MEK have entered clinical trial evaluation; however, clinical activity with single MEK inhibitors has been rarely observed and acquired resistance seems to be inevitable. Amplification of the driving oncogene KRAS(13D), which increases signaling through the ERK1/2 pathway, upregulation of the noncanonical wingless/calcium signaling pathway (Wnt), and coexisting PIK3CA mutations have all been implicated with resistance against MEK inhibitor therapy in KRAS mutated CRC. The Wnt pathway and amplification of the oncogene have also been associated with resistance to MEK inhibitors in CRCs harboring BRAF mutations. Thus, dual targeted inhibition of MEK and PI3K pathway effectors (mTOR, PI3K, AKT, IGF-1R or PI3K/mTOR inhibitors) presents a potential strategy to overcome resistance to MEK inhibitor therapy. Many clinical trials are underway to evaluate multiple combinations of these pathway inhibitors in solid tumors.
Collapse
|
57
|
Mandal R, Becker S, Strebhardt K. Stamping out RAF and MEK1/2 to inhibit the ERK1/2 pathway: an emerging threat to anticancer therapy. Oncogene 2015; 35:2547-61. [PMID: 26364606 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The RAS-RAF-MEK1/2-ERK1/2 pathway is a key signal transduction pathway in the cells. Critically, it remains constitutively active in approximately 30% of human cancers, having key roles in cancer development, maintenance and progression, while being responsible for poorer prognosis and drug resistance. Consequently, the inhibition of this pathway has been the subject of intense research for >25 years. The advent of better patient screening techniques has increasingly shown that upstream regulators like RAS and RAF remain persistently mutated in many cancer types. These gain-of-function mutations, such as KRAS-4B(G12V/G13D/Q61K), NRAS(Q61L/Q61R) or BRAF(V600E), lead to tremendous increase in their activities, resulting in constitutively active extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). They were not efficiently targeted by the first-generation inhibitors such as Lonafarnib or Sorafenib, which were essentially broad spectrum inhibitors targeting pan-RAS and pan-RAF, respectively. This triggered the development of the second-generation inhibitors selective against the mutated proteins. Second generation inhibitors such as Vemurafenib (Zelboraf) and Dabrafenib (Tafinlar) targeting BRAF(V600E), Trametinib (Mekinist) targeting MEK1/2 and the first generation pan-RAF inhibitor Sorafenib (Nexavar) have already been approved for treating renal, hepatocellular, thyroid cancers and BRAF(V600E/K) harboring metastatic melanoma. Others against RAF and MEK1/2 are presently undergoing clinical trials. Their success would depend on the better understanding of the acquired resistance mechanisms to these drugs in the cancer cells and the identification of predictive biomarkers for the proper administration of suitable inhibitor(s).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Mandal
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S Becker
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - K Strebhardt
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Manna S, Serebrennikova PO, Utepova IA, Antonchick AP, Chupakhin ON. Hypervalent Iodine(III) in Direct Oxidative Amination of Arenes with Heteroaromatic Amines. Org Lett 2015; 17:4588-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b02320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Srimanta Manna
- Chemische
Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät
Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Polina O. Serebrennikova
- Chemische
Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Straße, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Irina A. Utepova
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Straße, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey P. Antonchick
- Chemische
Biologie, Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Otto-Hahn-Straße 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
- Fakultät
Chemie und Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn-Straße 6, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Oleg N. Chupakhin
- Ural Federal University, 19 Mira Straße, 620002 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Luke JJ, Ott PA, Shapiro GI. The biology and clinical development of MEK inhibitors for cancer. Drugs 2015; 74:2111-28. [PMID: 25414119 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-014-0315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAPKK) MEK1 and MEK2 are integral members of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway and are of interest in the development of anti-cancer therapeutics. The MAPK/ERK pathway is dysregulated in more than 30 % of cancers, predominately by mutations in RAS and BRAF proteins, and MEK serves as a potential downstream target for both of these. The biology of MEK inhibition is complex, as the molecule is differentially regulated by upstream RAS or RAF. This has impacted on the past development of MEK inhibitors as treatments for cancer and may be exploited in more rational, molecularly selected drug development plans in the future. The role of MEK in cancer and the mechanism of action of MEK inhibitors is reviewed. Furthermore, MEK inhibitors that are available in standard practice, as well as those most advanced in clinical development, are discussed. Finally, next steps in the development of MEK inhibitors are considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Luke
- Melanoma and Developmental Therapeutics Clinics, University of Chicago Cancer Center, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC2115, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA,
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
60
|
Uehling DE, Harris PA. Recent progress on MAP kinase pathway inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4047-56. [PMID: 26298497 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The RAS-RAF-MEK-ERK, or ERK signaling pathway propagates signals through an intracellular signal transduction cascade. Since approximately one third of human cancers are impacted by mutations in the ERK signaling pathway, intensive efforts to develop drugs targeting members of this cascade are ongoing. While efforts to develop drugs aimed at inhibiting RAS are still at an early stage, substantial progress in discovering clinical drugs targeting RAF, MEK, and ERK have been made. This review will highlight the recent progress in this area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Uehling
- Department of Drug Discovery, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, MaRS Centre, 661 University Avenue, Suite 510, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada.
| | - Philip A Harris
- Pattern Recognition Receptor DPU, GlaxoSmithKline, 1250 S. Collegeville Road, Collegeville, PA 19426-0989, United States
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Hojjat-Farsangi M. Targeting non-receptor tyrosine kinases using small molecule inhibitors: an overview of recent advances. J Drug Target 2015. [DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2015.1068319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hojjat-Farsangi
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Immune and Gene Therapy Lab, Cancer Center Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska University Hospital Solna and Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden and
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Napolitano S, Martini G, Rinaldi B, Martinelli E, Donniacuo M, Berrino L, Vitagliano D, Morgillo F, Barra G, De Palma R, Merolla F, Ciardiello F, Troiani T. Primary and Acquired Resistance of Colorectal Cancer to Anti-EGFR Monoclonal Antibody Can Be Overcome by Combined Treatment of Regorafenib with Cetuximab. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2975-83. [PMID: 25838391 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In colorectal cancer, the activation of the intracellular RAS-RAF and PIK3CA-AKT pathways has been implicated in the resistance to anti-EGFR mAbs. We have investigated the role of regorafenib, an oral multikinase inhibitor, in combination with cetuximab, an anti-EGFR mAb, to overcome anti-EGFR resistance. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have tested, in vitro and in vivo, the effects of regorafenib in a panel of human colorectal cancer cell lines with a KRAS mutation (SW480, SW620, HCT116, LOVO, and HCT15) or with a BRAF mutation (HT29), as models of intrinsic resistance to cetuximab treatment, and in two human colorectal cancer cell lines (GEO and SW48) that are cetuximab-sensitive, as well as in their derived cells with acquired resistance to cetuximab (GEO-CR and SW48-CR). RESULTS Treatment with regorafenib determined a dose-dependent growth inhibition in all colorectal cancer cell lines. The combined treatment with cetuximab and regorafenib induced synergistic antiproliferative and apoptotic effects in cetuximab-resistant cell lines by blocking MAPK and AKT pathways. Nude mice were injected s.c. with HCT116, HCT15, GEO-CR, and SW48-CR cells. The combined treatment caused significant tumor growth inhibition. Synergistic antitumor activity of regorafenib plus cetuximab was also observed in an orthotopic colorectal cancer model of HCT116 cells. In particular, the combined treatment induced a significant tumor growth inhibition in the primary tumor site (cecum) and completely prevented metastasis formation. CONCLUSIONS The combined treatment with cetuximab and regorafenib could be a strategy to overcome resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Napolitano
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giulia Martini
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Rinaldi
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale "L.Donatelli," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Donniacuo
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale "L.Donatelli," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Liberato Berrino
- Sezione di Farmacologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale "L.Donatelli," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Donata Vitagliano
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Morgillo
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Giusy Barra
- Immunologia Clinica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Palma
- Immunologia Clinica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Merolla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche Avanzate, Universita Federico II, Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Troiani
- Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Naples, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Macarulla T, Cervantes A, Tabernero J, Roselló S, Van Cutsem E, Tejpar S, Prenen H, Martinelli E, Troiani T, Laffranchi B, Jego V, von Richter O, Ciardiello F. Phase I study of FOLFIRI plus pimasertib as second-line treatment for KRAS-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 112:1874-81. [PMID: 25989270 PMCID: PMC4580393 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of human cancers, including metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). This provides a rationale for the development of MAPK-targeted agents such as pimasertib. Methods: Patients with KRAS mutant mCRC were treated in the second-line setting with FOLFIRI (5-fluorouracil/folinic acid/irinotecan) plus pimasertib. The primary objective of the safety run-in phase was to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) and the recommended phase II dose of pimasertib combined with FOLFIRI. Results: Sixteen patients were enrolled in the trial. Ten and six patients were treated daily with 45 and 60 mg of pimasertib plus FOLFIRI, respectively. The MTD was considered to be 45 mg per day. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events were diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, asthenia and skin/rash event. Of the 15 patients in the efficacy analysis group, two patients had partial response, nine patients had stable disease, three patients had progressive disease as their best overall response and one patient could not be evaluated. Conclusions: Dose escalation of pimasertib in combination with FOLFIRI was limited by toxicity. At the MTD of 45 mg per day, pimasertib was adequately tolerated in patients with mCRC and no unexpected or new safety signals or concerns were identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Macarulla
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, P Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - A Cervantes
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibáñez 17, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - J Tabernero
- Vall d'Hebron University Hospital and Institute of Oncology (VHIO), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, P Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
| | - S Roselló
- Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, Biomedical Research Institute INCLIVA, University of Valencia, Avda Blasco Ibáñez 17, Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - E Van Cutsem
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - S Tejpar
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - H Prenen
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospitals Gasthuisberg and KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - E Martinelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - T Troiani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - B Laffranchi
- Merck Serono SA, 9 Chemin des Mines, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - V Jego
- Merck Serono SA, 9 Chemin des Mines, Geneva 1202, Switzerland
| | - O von Richter
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Strasse 250, F131/102, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - F Ciardiello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Second University of Naples, Via S Pansini 5, Naples 80131, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Peng X, Chang H, Gu Y, Chen J, Yi L, Xie Q, Zhu J, Zhang Q, Mi M. 3,6-Dihydroxyflavone Suppresses Breast Carcinogenesis by Epigenetically Regulating miR-34a and miR-21. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:509-17. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
65
|
Biological and molecular effects of small molecule kinase inhibitors on low-passage human colorectal cancer cell lines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:568693. [PMID: 25309914 PMCID: PMC4182691 DOI: 10.1155/2014/568693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low-passage cancer cell lines are versatile tools to study tumor cell biology. Here, we have employed four such cell lines, established from primary tumors of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, to evaluate effects of the small molecule kinase inhibitors (SMI) vemurafenib, trametinib, perifosine, and regorafenib in an in vitro setting. The mutant BRAF (V600E/V600K) inhibitor vemurafenib, but also the MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib efficiently inhibited DNA synthesis, signaling through ERK1/2 and expression of genes downstream of ERK1/2 in BRAF mutant cells only. In case of the AKT inhibitor perifosine, three cell lines showed a high or intermediate responsiveness to the drug while one cell line was resistant. The multikinase inhibitor regorafenib inhibited proliferation of all CRC lines with similar efficiency and independent of the presence or absence of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, and TP53 mutations. Regorafenib action was associated with broad-range inhibitory effects at the level of gene expression but not with a general inhibition of AKT or MEK/ERK signaling. In vemurafenib-sensitive cells, the antiproliferative effect of vemurafenib was enhanced by the other SMI. Together, our results provide insights into the determinants of SMI efficiencies in CRC cells and encourage the further use of low-passage CRC cell lines as preclinical models.
Collapse
|
66
|
Optimization of the Development of Old and New EGFR and MAP Kinase Inhibitors for Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-014-0233-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
67
|
Costi R, Leonardi F, Zanoni D, Violi V, Roncoroni L. Palliative care and end-stage colorectal cancer management: The surgeon meets the oncologist. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:7602-7621. [PMID: 24976699 PMCID: PMC4069290 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i24.7602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common neoplasia in the Western countries, with considerable morbidity and mortality. Every fifth patient with CRC presents with metastatic disease, which is not curable with radical intent in roughly 80% of cases. Traditionally approached surgically, by resection of the primitive tumor or stoma, the management to incurable stage IV CRC patients has significantly changed over the last three decades and is nowadays multidisciplinary, with a pivotal role played by chemotherapy (CHT). This latter have allowed for a dramatic increase in survival, whereas the role of colonic and liver surgery is nowadays matter of debate. Although any generalization is difficult, two main situations are considered, asymptomatic (or minimally symptomatic) and severely symptomatic patients needing aggressive management, including emergency cases. In asymptomatic patients, new CHT regimens allow today long survival in selected patients, also exceeding two years. The role of colonic resection in this group has been challenged in recent years, as it is not clear whether the resection of primary CRC may imply a further increase in survival, thus justifying surgery-related morbidity/mortality in such a class of short-living patients. Secondary surgery of liver metastasis is gaining acceptance since, under new generation CHT regimens, an increasing amount of patients with distant metastasis initially considered non resectable become resectable, with a significant increase in long term survival. The management of CRC emergency patients still represents a major issue in Western countries, and is associated to high morbidity/mortality. Obstruction is traditionally approached surgically by colonic resection, stoma or internal by-pass, although nowadays CRC stenting is a feasible option. Nevertheless, CRC stent has peculiar contraindications and complications, and its long-term cost-effectiveness is questionable, especially in the light of recently increased survival. Perforation is associated with the highest mortality and remains mostly matter for surgeons, by abdominal lavage/drainage, colonic resection and/or stoma. Bleeding and other CRC-related symptoms (pain, tenesmus, etc.) may be managed by several mini-invasive approaches, including radiotherapy, laser therapy and other transanal procedures.
Collapse
|
68
|
Duffy MJ, Lamerz R, Haglund C, Nicolini A, Kalousová M, Holubec L, Sturgeon C. Tumor markers in colorectal cancer, gastric cancer and gastrointestinal stromal cancers: European group on tumor markers 2014 guidelines update. Int J Cancer 2014; 134:2513-22. [PMID: 23852704 PMCID: PMC4217376 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomarkers currently play an important role in the detection and management of patients with several different types of gastrointestinal cancer, especially colorectal, gastric, gastro-oesophageal junction (GOJ) adenocarcinomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). The aim of this article is to provide updated and evidence-based guidelines for the use of biomarkers in the different gastrointestinal malignancies. Recommended biomarkers for colorectal cancer include an immunochemical-based fecal occult blood test in screening asymptomatic subjects ≥50 years of age for neoplasia, serial CEA levels in postoperative surveillance of stage II and III patients who may be candidates for surgical resection or systemic therapy in the event of distant metastasis occurring, K-RAS mutation status for identifying patients with advanced disease likely to benefit from anti-EGFR therapeutic antibodies and microsatellite instability testing as a first-line screen for subjects with Lynch syndrome. In advanced gastric or GOJ cancers, measurement of HER2 is recommended in selecting patients for treatment with trastuzumab. For patients with suspected GIST, determination of KIT protein should be used as a diagnostic aid, while KIT mutational analysis may be used for treatment planning in patients with diagnosed GISTs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- MJ Duffy
- Clinical Research Center, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin 4 and UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, Conway Institute, University College DublinDublin, Ireland
| | - R Lamerz
- Medical Department II, Klinikum Grosshadern, Med. Klinik IIMunich, Germany
| | - C Haglund
- Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Central HospitalHelsinki, Finland
| | - A Nicolini
- Department of Oncology, University of PisaPisa, Italy
| | - M Kalousová
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - L Holubec
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, University Hospital of PilsenPilsen, Czech Republic
| | - C Sturgeon
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary of EdinburghEdinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
de Mello RA, Madureira P, Carvalho LS, Araújo A, O'Brien M, Popat S. EGFR and KRAS mutations, and ALK fusions: current developments and personalized therapies for patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Pharmacogenomics 2014; 14:1765-77. [PMID: 24192124 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.13.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized therapy has significantly developed in lung cancer treatment over recent years. VEGF and EGF play a major role in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumor angiogenesis and aggressiveness. EGFR mutation as well as KRAS and ALK rearrangements are important biomarkers in the field owing to potential targeted therapies involved in clinical practice: erlotinib, geftinib, cetuximab and crizotinib. More recently, regulation of tumor immunity through CTLA4 and PD1/L1 has emerged as a promising field in NSCLC management. This review will focus on the current and future biomarkers in the advanced NSCLC field and also address potential related targeted therapies for these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramon Andrade de Mello
- Department of Medical Oncology, Portuguese Oncology Institute, Rua Dr António Bernardino de Almeida, 4200-072, Porto, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Chang H, Peng X, Bai Q, Zhou Y, Yu X, Zhang Q, Zhu J, Mi M. Ampelopsin suppresses breast carcinogenesis by inhibiting the mTOR signalling pathway. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:1847-54. [PMID: 24861637 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a master regulator of cellular catabolism and anabolism, plays an important role in tumourigenesis and progression. In this study, we report the chemopreventive effect of the dietary compound ampelopsin (AMP) on breast carcinogenesis in vivo and in vitro, which acts by inhibiting the mTOR signalling pathway. Our study indicates that AMP treatment effectively suppresses 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced breast carcinogenesis in rats and inhibits 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P)-induced cellular carcinogenesis. Additionally, AMP inhibits the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The activity of mTOR kinase was found to be significantly increased in a time-dependent manner during chronic breast carcinogenesis, and this increase can be suppressed by AMP co-treatment. AMP also effectively suppresses mTOR activity in breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells. We also demonstrated that AMP is an effective mTOR inhibitor that binds to one site on the mTOR target in two ways. Further studies confirmed that AMP inhibits the activation of Akt, suppresses the formation of mTOR complexes (mTORC)1/2 by dissociating regulatory-associated protein of mTOR and rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR and, consequently, decreases the activation of the downstream targets of mTOR, including ribosomal p70-S6 kinase, ribosomal protein S6, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4B and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1. These finding suggest that AMP is a bioactive natural chemopreventive agent against breast carcinogenesis and is an effective mTOR inhibitor that may be developed as a useful chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chang
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China and Department of Public Health, School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoli Peng
- Department of Public Health, School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Bai
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China and Department of Public Health, School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China and Department of Public Health, School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Department of Public Health, School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianyong Zhang
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China and Department of Public Health, School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jundong Zhu
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China and Department of Public Health, School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Mantian Mi
- Research Center for Nutrition and Food Safety, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Food Safety, Chongqing, China and Department of Public Health, School of Preclinical Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Troiani T, Napolitano S, Vitagliano D, Morgillo F, Capasso A, Sforza V, Nappi A, Ciardiello D, Ciardiello F, Martinelli E. Primary and acquired resistance of colorectal cancer cells to anti-EGFR antibodies converge on MEK/ERK pathway activation and can be overcome by combined MEK/EGFR inhibition. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 20:3775-86. [PMID: 24812410 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-2181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The EGFR-independent activation of the RAS/RAF/MEK/MAPK pathway is one of the resistance mechanisms to cetuximab. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We have evaluated, in vitro and in vivo, the effects of BAY 86-9766, a selective MEK1/2 inhibitor, in a panel of human colorectal cancer cell lines with primary or acquired resistance to cetuximab. RESULTS Among the colorectal cancer cell lines, five with a KRAS mutation (LOVO, HCT116, HCT15, SW620, and SW480) and one with a BRAF mutation (HT29) were resistant to the antiproliferative effects of cetuximab, whereas two cells (GEO and SW48) were highly sensitive. Treatment with BAY 86-9766 determined dose-dependent growth inhibition in all cancer cells, including two human colorectal cancer cells with acquired resistance to cetuximab (GEO-CR and SW48-CR), with the exception of HCT15 cells. Combined treatment with cetuximab and BAY 86-9766 induced a synergistic antiproliferative and apoptotic effects with blockade in the MAPK and AKT pathway in cells with either primary or acquired resistance to cetuximab. The synergistic antiproliferative effects were confirmed using other two selective MEK1/2 inhibitors, selumetinib and pimasertib, in combination with cetuximab. Moreover, inhibition of MEK expression by siRNA restored cetuximab sensitivity in resistant cells. In nude mice bearing established human HCT15, HCT116, SW48-CR, and GEO-CR xenografts, the combined treatment with cetuximab and BAY 86-9766 caused significant tumor growth inhibition and increased mice survival. CONCLUSION These results suggest that activation of MEK is involved in both primary and acquired resistance to cetuximab and the inhibition of EGFR and MEK could be a strategy for overcoming anti-EGFR resistance in patients with colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Troiani
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Napolitano
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Donata Vitagliano
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Morgillo
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Sforza
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Nappi
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Davide Ciardiello
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Fortunato Ciardiello
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| | - Erika Martinelli
- Authors' Affiliation: Oncologia Medica, Dipartimento Medico-Chirurgico di Internistica Clinica e Sperimentale "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara," Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, Via S. Pansini 5, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Wang XW, Zhang YJ. Targeting mTOR network in colorectal cancer therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:4178-88. [PMID: 24764656 PMCID: PMC3989954 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i15.4178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates growth factor signals with cellular nutrient and energy levels and coordinates cell growth, proliferation and survival. A regulatory network with multiple feedback loops has evolved to ensure the exquisite regulation of cell growth and division. Colorectal cancer is the most intensively studied cancer because of its high incidence and mortality rate. Multiple genetic alterations are involved in colorectal carcinogenesis, including oncogenic Ras activation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway hyperactivation, p53 mutation, and dysregulation of wnt pathway. Many oncogenic pathways activate the mTOR pathway. mTOR has emerged as an effective target for colorectal cancer therapy. In vitro and preclinical studies targeting the mTOR pathway for colorectal cancer chemotherapy have provided promising perspectives. However, the overall objective response rates in major solid tumors achieved with single-agent rapalog therapy have been modest, especially in advanced metastatic colorectal cancer. Combination regimens of mTOR inhibitor with agents such as cytotoxic chemotherapy, inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors are being intensively studied and appear to be promising. Further understanding of the molecular mechanism in mTOR signaling network is needed to develop optimized therapeutic regimens. In this paper, oncogenic gene alterations in colorectal cancer, as well as their interaction with the mTOR pathway, are systematically summarized. The most recent preclinical and clinical anticancer therapeutic endeavors are reviewed. New players in mTOR signaling pathway, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and metformin with therapeutic potentials are also discussed here.
Collapse
|
73
|
MEK1/2 inhibitors in the treatment of gynecologic malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 133:128-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
74
|
Fasano M, Della Corte CM, Califano R, Capuano A, Troiani T, Martinelli E, Ciardiello F, Morgillo F. Type III or allosteric kinase inhibitors for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:809-21. [PMID: 24673358 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.902934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In recent times, there has been much interest in the development of pharmacological kinase inhibitors that treat NSCLC. Furthermore, treatment options have been guided by the development of a wide panel of synthetic small molecule kinase inhibitors. Most of the molecules developed belong to the type I class of inhibitors that target the ATP-binding site in its active conformation. The high sequence similarity in the ATP-binding site among members of the kinase families often results in low selectivity and additional toxicities. Also, second mutations in the ATP-binding site, such as threonine to methionine at position 790, have been described as a mechanism of resistance to ATP-competitive kinase inhibitors. For these reasons, alternative drug development approaches targeting sites other than the ATP cleft are being pursued. The class III or allosteric inhibitors, which bind outside the ATP-binding site, have been shown to negatively modulate kinase activity. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors discuss the most well-characterised allosteric inhibitors that have reached clinical development in NSCLC. EXPERT OPINION Great progress has made in developing inhibitors with entirely new modes of action. That being said, it is important to highlight that despite their apparent simplicity, biochemical assays will remain at the core of drug discovery activities to better explore these new opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morena Fasano
- Second University of Naples, Medical Oncology, Department of Experimental and Internal Medicine "F. Magrassi e A. Lanzara" , Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli , Italia +39 081 5666745 ; +39 081 5666732 ;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Martin-Liberal J, Lagares-Tena L, Larkin J. Prospects for MEK inhibitors for treating cancer. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2014; 13:483-95. [PMID: 24597490 DOI: 10.1517/14740338.2014.892578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The MAPK pathway is a signaling network that plays a key role in many normal cellular processes and in a large number of human malignancies. One of its effectors, MEK, is essential for the carcinogenesis of different tumors. In recent years, several drugs able to inhibit MEK have been assessed in clinical trials. Trametinib has recently become the first MEK inhibitor licensed for cancer treatment (advanced melanoma). AREAS COVERED We comprehensively review the safety and clinical efficacy of the family of MEK inhibitors, either alone or in combination with other drugs. We discuss data ranging from the Phase III trial of trametinib in melanoma to the most recent drugs with early signs of antitumor activity. In addition, we explain the reasons for the unsuccessful results of the early trials with MEK inhibitors and provide a view of their role in cancer treatment in forthcoming years. EXPERT OPINION MEK inhibitors are a potentially safe and active treatment option for the treatment of many human malignancies. The information provided by a large series of studies currently ongoing will be very valuable in order to optimize their use. Adequate selection of patients is crucial for achieving successful results with these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Martin-Liberal
- The Royal Marsden Hospital , Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ , UK +44 20 7811 8576 ; +44 20 7811 8103 ;
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Roper J, Sinnamon MJ, Coffee EM, Belmont P, Keung L, Georgeon-Richard L, Wang WV, Faber AC, Yun J, Yilmaz ÖH, Bronson RT, Martin ES, Tsichlis PN, Hung KE. Combination PI3K/MEK inhibition promotes tumor apoptosis and regression in PIK3CA wild-type, KRAS mutant colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett 2014; 347:204-11. [PMID: 24576621 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PI3K inhibition in combination with other agents has not been studied in the context of PIK3CA wild-type, KRAS mutant cancer. In a screen of phospho-kinases, PI3K inhibition of KRAS mutant colorectal cancer cells activated the MAPK pathway. Combination PI3K/MEK inhibition with NVP-BKM120 and PD-0325901 induced tumor regression in a mouse model of PIK3CA wild-type, KRAS mutant colorectal cancer, which was mediated by inhibition of mTORC1, inhibition of MCL-1, and activation of BIM. These findings implicate mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic mechanisms as determinants for the efficacy of PI3K/MEK inhibition in the treatment of PIK3CA wild-type, KRAS mutant cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Roper
- Tufts Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States; Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - Mark J Sinnamon
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Systems Biology, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Erin M Coffee
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter Belmont
- Celgene, Discovery, Oncology Research, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Lily Keung
- Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Larissa Georgeon-Richard
- Tufts Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Wei Vivian Wang
- Tufts Medical Center, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Anthony C Faber
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jihye Yun
- Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Department of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ömer H Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Roderick T Bronson
- Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Eric S Martin
- Dana Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Philip N Tsichlis
- Tufts Medical Center, Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kenneth E Hung
- Pfizer Biotherapeutics Clinical Research, Cambridge, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Williams RT, Yu AL, Diccianni MB, Theodorakis EA, Batova A. Renal cancer-selective Englerin A induces multiple mechanisms of cell death and autophagy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:57. [PMID: 23958461 PMCID: PMC3765946 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC), the most common malignancy of the kidney, is refractory to standard therapy and has an incidence that continues to rise. Screening of plant extracts in search of new agents to treat RCC resulted in the discovery of englerin A (EA), a natural product exhibiting potent selective cytotoxicity against renal cancer cells. Despite the establishment of synthetic routes to the synthesis of EA, very little is known about its mechanism of action. The results of the current study demonstrate for the first time that EA induces apoptosis in A498 renal cancer cells in addition to necrosis. The induction of apoptosis by EA required at least 24 h and was caspase independent. In addition, EA induced increased levels of autophagic vesicles in A498 cells which could be inhibited by nonessential amino acids (NEAA), known inhibitors of autophagy. Interestingly, inhibition of autophagy by NEAA did not diminish cell death suggesting that autophagy is not a cell death mechanism and likely represents a cell survival mechanism which ultimately fails. Apart from cell death, our results demonstrated that cells treated with EA accumulated in the G2 phase of the cell cycle indicating a block in G2/M transition. Moreover, our results determined that EA inhibited the activation of both AKT and ERK, kinases which are activated in cancer and implicated in unrestricted cell proliferation and induction of autophagy. The phosphorylation status of the cellular energy sensor, AMPK, appeared unaffected by EA. The high renal cancer selectivity of EA combined with its ability to induce multiple mechanisms of cell death while inhibiting pathways driving cell proliferation, suggest that EA is a highly unique agent with great potential as a therapeutic lead for the treatment of RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Inhibitors of the ERK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade for Targeting RAS Mutant Cancers. INHIBITORS OF THE RAS SUPERFAMILY G-PROTEINS, PART B 2013; 34 Pt. B:67-106. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420146-0.00004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|