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Lettieri Barbato D, Tatulli G, Aquilano K, Ciriolo MR. FoxO1 controls lysosomal acid lipase in adipocytes: implication of lipophagy during nutrient restriction and metformin treatment. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e861. [PMID: 24136225 PMCID: PMC3920962 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Finding new molecular pathways and strategies modulating lipolysis in adipocytes is an attractive goal of the current research. Indeed, it is becoming clear that several human age-related pathologies are caused by adipose tissue expansion and altered lipid metabolism. In the present work, we show that transcription factor forkhead homeobox type protein O1 (FoxO1) is upregulated by nutrient restriction (NR) in adipocytes and exerts the transcriptional control of lipid catabolism via the induction of lysosomal acid lipase (Lipa). An increased autophagy and colocalization of lipid droplets (LDs) with lysosomes was observed implying lipophagy in Lipa-mediated LDs degradation. Interestingly, we found that metformin (Metf), a biguanide drug commonly used to treat type-2 diabetes, exerts effects comparable to that of NR. Actually, it was able to elicit FoxO1-dependent Lipa induction as well as LDs degradation through lipophagy. Moreover, we demonstrate that, during NR or Metf treatment, free fatty acids released by Lipa are directed toward AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated mitochondrial oxidation, thus maintaining energetic homeostasis in adipocytes. In conclusion, our data show that lysosomal-mediated lipid catabolism is activated by NR in adipocytes and give further support to the use of Metf as a NR mimetic to combat age-related diseases associated with altered lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lettieri Barbato
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome 00133, Italy
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52
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Proline oxidase-adipose triglyceride lipase pathway restrains adipose cell death and tissue inflammation. Cell Death Differ 2013; 21:113-23. [PMID: 24096872 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nutrient-sensing lipolytic enzyme adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) has a key role in adipose tissue function, and alterations in its activity have been implicated in many age-related metabolic disorders. In adipose tissue reduced blood vessel density is related to hypoxia state, cell death and inflammation. Here we demonstrate that adipocytes of poorly vascularized enlarged visceral adipose tissue (i.e. adipose tissue of old mice) suffer from limited nutrient delivery. In particular, nutrient starvation elicits increased activity of mitochondrial proline oxidase/dehydrogenase (POX/PRODH) that is causal in triggering a ROS-dependent induction of ATGL. We demonstrate that ATGL promotes the expression of genes related to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α), thus setting a metabolic switch towards fat utilization that supplies energy to starved adipocytes and prevents cell death, as well as adipose tissue inflammation. Taken together, these results identify ATGL as a stress resistance mediator in adipocytes, restraining visceral adipose tissue dysfunction typical of age-related metabolic disorders.
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Spangenberg L, Shigunov P, Abud APR, Cofré AR, Stimamiglio MA, Kuligovski C, Zych J, Schittini AV, Costa ADT, Rebelatto CK, Brofman PRS, Goldenberg S, Correa A, Naya H, Dallagiovanna B. Polysome profiling shows extensive posttranscriptional regulation during human adipocyte stem cell differentiation into adipocytes. Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:902-12. [PMID: 23845413 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocyte stem cells (hASCs) can proliferate and self-renew and, due to their multipotent nature, they can differentiate into several tissue-specific lineages, making them ideal candidates for use in cell therapy. Most attempts to determine the mRNA profile of self-renewing or differentiating stem cells have made use of total RNA for gene expression analysis. Several lines of evidence suggest that self-renewal and differentiation are also dependent on the control of protein synthesis by posttranscriptional mechanisms. We used adipogenic differentiation as a model, to investigate the extent to which posttranscriptional regulation controlled gene expression in hASCs. We focused on the initial steps of differentiation and isolated both the total mRNA fraction and the subpopulation of mRNAs associated with translating ribosomes. We observed that adipogenesis is committed in the first days of induction and three days appears as the minimum time of induction necessary for efficient differentiation. RNA-seq analysis showed that a significant percentage of regulated mRNAs were posttranscriptionally controlled. Part of this regulation involves massive changes in transcript untranslated regions (UTR) length, with differential extension/reduction of the 3'UTR after induction. A slight correlation can be observed between the expression levels of differentially expressed genes and the 3'UTR length. When we considered association to polysomes, this correlation values increased. Changes in the half lives were related to the extension of the 3'UTR, with longer UTRs mainly stabilizing the transcripts. Thus, changes in the length of these extensions may be associated with changes in the ability to associate with polysomes or in half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Spangenberg
- Unidad de Bioinformática, Institut Pasteur Montevideo, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
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Acquaviva R, Di Giacomo C, Vanella L, Santangelo R, Sorrenti V, Barbagallo I, Genovese C, Mastrojeni S, Ragusa S, Iauk L. Antioxidant activity of extracts of Momordica foetida Schumach. et Thonn. Molecules 2013; 18:3241-9. [PMID: 23486103 PMCID: PMC6269981 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18033241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordica foetida Schumach. et Thonn. (Cucurbitaceae) is a perennial climbing herb with tendrils, found in swampy areas in Central Uganda. Antidiabetic and antilipogenic activities were reported for some Momordica species, however the mechanism of action is still unknown. Oxidative stress may represent an important pathogenic mechanism in obesity-associated metabolic syndrome. The present study evaluated free radical scavenging capacity of different concentrations of aqueous, methanolic and dichloromethane leaf extracts of Momordica foetida Schumach. et Thonn. and the ability of these extracts to inhibit in vitro plasma lipid peroxidation; in addition, healthy human adipose mesenchymal stem cell cultures were used in order to test the hypothesis that these extracts may affect adipocyte differentiation. Results obtained in this study suggested that aqueous extract might be useful in preventing metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Acquaviva
- Department of Drug Science—Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Claudia Di Giacomo
- Department of Drug Science—Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Luca Vanella
- Department of Drug Science—Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Rosa Santangelo
- Author to home correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +39-095-738-4115; Fax: +39-095-738-4220
| | - Valeria Sorrenti
- Department of Drug Science—Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Ignazio Barbagallo
- Department of Drug Science—Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Carlo Genovese
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Silvana Mastrojeni
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ragusa
- Department of Health Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro 88100, Italy
| | - Liliana Iauk
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Section of Microbiology, University of Catania, Catania 95125, Italy
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Aquilano K, Baldelli S, Pagliei B, Cannata SM, Rotilio G, Ciriolo MR. p53 orchestrates the PGC-1α-mediated antioxidant response upon mild redox and metabolic imbalance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:386-99. [PMID: 22861165 PMCID: PMC3526895 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1 α (PPARGC1A or PGC-1α) is a powerful controller of cell metabolism and assures the balance between the production and the scavenging of pro-oxidant molecules by coordinating mitochondrial biogenesis and the expression of antioxidants. However, even though a huge amount of data referring to the role of PGC-1α is available, the molecular mechanisms of its regulation at the transcriptional level are not completely understood. In the present report, we aim at characterizing whether the decrease of antioxidant glutathione (GSH) modulates PGC-1α expression and its downstream metabolic pathways. RESULTS We found that upon GSH shortage, induced either by its chemical depletion or by metabolic stress (i.e., fasting), p53 binds to the PPARGC1A promoter of both human and mouse genes, and this event is positively related to increased PGC-1α expression. This effect was abrogated by inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) synthase or guanylate cyclase, implicating NO/cGMP signaling in such a process. We show that p53-mediated PGC-1α upregulation is directed to potentiate the antioxidant defense through nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like2 (NFE2L2)-mediated expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (SOD2) and γ-glutamylcysteine ligase without modulating mitochondrial biogenesis. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSIONS We outlined a new NO-dependent signaling axis responsible for survival antioxidant response upon mild metabolic stress (fasting) and/or oxidative imbalance (GSH depletion). Such signaling axis could become the cornerstone for new pharmacological or dietary approaches for improving antioxidant response during ageing and human pathologies associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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56
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Liu GS, Chan EC, Higuchi M, Dusting GJ, Jiang F. Redox mechanisms in regulation of adipocyte differentiation: beyond a general stress response. Cells 2012; 1:976-93. [PMID: 24710538 PMCID: PMC3901142 DOI: 10.3390/cells1040976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize advances in our understanding of redox-sensitive mechanisms that regulate adipogenesis. Current evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species may act to promote both the initiation of adipocyte lineage commitment of precursor or stem cells, and the terminal differentiation of preadipocytes to mature adipose cells. These can involve redox regulation of pathways mediated by receptor tyrosine kinases, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ). However, the precise roles of ROS in adipogenesis in vivo remain controversial. More studies are needed to delineate the roles of reactive oxygen species and redox signaling mechanisms, which could be either positive or negative, in the pathogenesis of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guei-Sheung Liu
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.
| | - Elsa C Chan
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.
| | - Masayoshi Higuchi
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.
| | - Gregory J Dusting
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3002, Australia.
| | - Fan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan 250-012, Shandong, China.
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Vincent A, Louveau I, Gondret F, Lebret B, Damon M. Mitochondrial function, fatty acid metabolism, and immune system are relevant features of pig adipose tissue development. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:1116-24. [PMID: 23012395 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00098.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms underlying the genetic control of fat development in humans and livestock species still require characterization. To gain insights on gene expression patterns associated with genetic propensity for adiposity, we compared subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT) transcriptomics profiles from two contrasted pig breeds for body fatness. Samples were obtained from Large White (LW; lean phenotype) and Basque pigs (B; low growth and high fat content) at 35 kg (n = 5 per breed) or 145 kg body weight (n = 10 per breed). Using a custom adipose tissue microarray, we found 271 genes to be differentially expressed between the two breeds at both stages, out of which 123 were highly expressed in LW pigs and 148 genes were highly expressed in B pigs. Functional enrichment analysis based on gene ontology (GO) terms highlighted gene groups corresponding to the mitochondrial energy metabolism in LW pigs, whereas immune response was found significantly enriched in B pigs. Genes associated with lipid metabolism, such as ELOVL6, a gene involved in fatty acid elongation, had a lower expression in B compared with LW pigs. Furthermore, despite enlarged adipocyte diameters and higher plasma leptin concentration, B pigs displayed reduced lipogenic enzyme activities compared with LW pigs at 145 kg. Altogether, our results suggest that the development of adiposity was associated with a progressive worsening of the metabolic status, leading to a low-grade inflammatory state, and may thus be of significant interest for both livestock production and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Vincent
- INRA, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1348 Pegase, Saint-Gilles, France
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58
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Leiherer A, Mündlein A, Drexel H. Phytochemicals and their impact on adipose tissue inflammation and diabetes. Vascul Pharmacol 2012; 58:3-20. [PMID: 22982056 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an inflammatory disease and the mechanisms that underlie this disease, although still incompletely understood, take place in the adipose tissue of obese subjects. Concurrently, the prevalence of obesity caused by Western diet's excessive energy intake and the lack of exercise escalates, and is believed to be causative for the chronic inflammatory state in adipose tissue. Overnutrition itself as an overload of energy may induce the adipocytes to secrete chemokines activating and attracting immune cells to adipose tissue. But also inflammation-mediating food ingredients like saturated fatty acids are believed to directly initiate the inflammatory cascade. In addition, hypoxia in adipose tissue as a direct consequence of obesity, and its effect on gene expression in adipocytes and surrounding cells in fat tissue of obese subjects appears to play a central role in this inflammatory response too. In contrast, revisiting diet all over the world, there are also some natural food products and beverages which are associated with curative effects on human health. Several natural compounds known as spices such as curcumin, capsaicin, and gingerol, or secondary plant metabolites catechin, resveratrol, genistein, and quercetin have been reported to provide an improved health status to their consumers, especially with regard to diabetes, and therefore have been investigated for their anti-inflammatory effect. In this review, we will give an overview about these phytochemicals and their role to interfere with inflammatory cascades in adipose tissue and their potential for fighting against inflammatory diseases like diabetes as investigated in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leiherer
- Vorarlberg Institute for Vascular Investigation and Treatment, Feldkirch, Austria
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59
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Guo W, Li Y, Liang W, Wong S, Apovian C, Kirkland JL, Corkey BE. Beta-mecaptoethanol suppresses inflammation and induces adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-F442A murine preadipocytes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40958. [PMID: 22911724 PMCID: PMC3402440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Preadipocytes are present in adipose tissues throughout adult life that can proliferate and differentiate into mature adipocytes in response to environmental cues. Abnormal increase in adipocyte number or size leads to fat tissue expansion. However, it is now recognized that adipocyte hypertrophy is a greater risk factor for metabolic syndrome whereas fat tissue that continues to produce newer and smaller fat cells through preadipocyte differentiation is “metabolically healthy”. Because adipocyte hypertrophy is often associated with increased oxidant stress and low grade inflammation, both are linked to disturbed cellular redox, we tested how preadipocyte differentiation may be regulated by beta-mercaptoethanol (BME), a pharmacological redox regulator and radical scavenger, using murine 3T3-F442A preadipocytes as the cell model. Effects of BME on adipogenesis were measured by microphotography, real-time PCR, and Western analysis. Our data demonstrated that preadipocyte differentiation could be regulated by extracellular BME. At an optimal concentration, BME enhanced expression of adipogenic gene markers and lipid accumulation. This effect was associated with BME-mediated down-regulation of inflammatory cytokine expression during early differentiation. BME also attenuated TNFalpha-induced activation of NFkappaB in differentiating preadipocytes and partially restored TNFalpha-mediated suppression on adipogenesis. Using a non-adipogenic HEK293 cell line transfected with luciferase reporter genes, we demonstrated that BME reduced basal and TNFalpha-induced NFkappaB activity and increased basal and ciglitazone-induced PPARgamma activity; both may contribute to the pro-adipogenic effect of BME in differentiating F442A preadipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Guo
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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60
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Avignon A, Hokayem M, Bisbal C, Lambert K. Dietary antioxidants: Do they have a role to play in the ongoing fight against abnormal glucose metabolism? Nutrition 2012; 28:715-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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61
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Regulation of C/EBPβ and resulting functions in cells of the monocytic lineage. Cell Signal 2012; 24:1287-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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62
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Elshorbagy AK, Kozich V, Smith AD, Refsum H. Cysteine and obesity: consistency of the evidence across epidemiologic, animal and cellular studies. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2012; 15:49-57. [PMID: 22108094 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e32834d199f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The concentrations of several plasma amino acids increase in obesity. Notably, plasma total concentrations of the sulphur amino acid cysteine (tCys) are linearly associated with fat mass in large population studies. Animal and cellular experiments support the concept that cysteine may be obesogenic. Here we review experimental and epidemiologic findings linking cysteine and related compounds with fat regulation and obesity. RECENT FINDINGS tCys, and to a lesser extent cystathionine, are the only plasma sulphur amino acids consistently associated with human obesity, whereas glutathione is inversely associated with BMI. Supplementing cyste(i)ne in rodents decreases energy expenditure and promotes adiposity, whereas defects of cysteine-synthesizing enzymes decrease body weight. In adipocytes, cysteine inhibits lipolysis and promotes lipogenesis via H2O2 production. Unlike most plasma amino acids, tCys levels do not decrease with gastric bypass-induced weight loss, further supporting the concept that elevated cysteine may be a cause, not a consequence of obesity. Although cysteine products (glutathione, taurine and H2S) are altered in obesity, they do not appear to explain cysteine's effects on body weight. SUMMARY Cellular, animal and epidemiologic data are consistent with the view that cysteine is obesogenic. Targeted research linking in-vitro and in-vivo findings is needed to elucidate mechanisms involved.
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63
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Wang Z, Dou X, Yao T, Song Z. Homocysteine inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1379-88. [PMID: 22114064 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is a characteristic metabolic abnormality in several pathological conditions, including hypertension, diabetes and alcoholic liver disease. Emerging evidence indicates that adipose tissue contributes to HHcy and homocysteine (Hcy) conversely affects adipose tissue function. However, the specific effect of Hcyon adipogenesis is poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of Hcy on adipogenic process using 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, a well-established in vitro model for the study of adipogenesis. Confluent mouse embryo 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (D0) were exposed to differentiation cocktail for three days (D3). Then, cells were transferred to insulin-containing medium and re-fed every two days. Maturation of adipocytes was confirmed by Oil Red O staining of lipid droplets on day 7. Exogenous Hcy was added to the culture medium on either D0 or D3. At day 7, adipogenesis indices were measured. Our data indicated that both Hcy addition protocols suppressed adipogenic process, evidenced by decreased lipid accumulation and downregulated gene expressions of adipocyte protein 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma), implying that Hcy exerted inhibitory effects on both mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) stage and differentiation stage. Further study showed that Hcy suppresses MCE via decreasing retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation and E2F-1 protein expression. To delineate the critical involvement of PPAR-gamma in Hcy-induced suppression on adipogenesis, we employed rosiglitazone, a specific PPAR-gamma agonist, to replace insulin for the inductive stimulus of adipogenesis. Our results showed that Hcy suppressed rosiglitazone-induced adipogenesis in a similar fashion as this by insulin, suggesting that inhibition of PPAR-gamma transactivation was critically involved in the Hcy-induced inhibitory effect on adipogenesis. Taken together, our data indicate that Hcy suppressed adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the inhibition of PPAR-gamma transactivity may, at least partially, contribute to the suppressive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150086, P R China
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64
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65
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher E Lowe
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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