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Shanmugam MK, Dai X, Kumar AP, Tan BKH, Sethi G, Bishayee A. Oleanolic acid and its synthetic derivatives for the prevention and therapy of cancer: preclinical and clinical evidence. Cancer Lett 2014; 346:206-16. [PMID: 24486850 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oleanolic acid (OA, 3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid) is a ubiquitous pentacyclic multifunctional triterpenoid, widely found in several dietary and medicinal plants. Natural and synthetic OA derivatives can modulate multiple signaling pathways including nuclear factor-κB, AKT, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, mammalian target of rapamycin, caspases, intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular endothelial growth factor, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase in a variety of tumor cells. Importantly, synthetic derivative of OA, 2-cyano-3,12-dioxoolean-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO), and its C-28 methyl ester (CDDO-Me) and C28 imidazole (CDDO-Im) have demonstrated potent antiangiogenic and antitumor activities in rodent cancer models. These agents are presently under evaluation in phase I studies in cancer patients. This review summarizes the diverse molecular targets of OA and its derivatives and also provides clear evidence on their promising potential in preclinical and clinical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthu K Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiaoyun Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Prem Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Western Australia, Australia; Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Benny K H Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, Singapore.
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, American University of Health Sciences, Signal Hill, CA, USA.
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Deng S, May BH, Zhang AL, Lu C, Xue CCL. Phytotherapy in the management of psoriasis: a review of the efficacy and safety of oral interventions and the pharmacological actions of the main plants. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 306:211-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Application of genetic algorithm for discovery of core effective formulae in TCM clinical data. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2013; 2013:971272. [PMID: 24288577 PMCID: PMC3830796 DOI: 10.1155/2013/971272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research on core and effective formulae (CEF) does
not only summarize traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) treatment experience, it also
helps to reveal the underlying knowledge in the formulation of a TCM prescription.
In this paper, CEF discovery from tumor clinical data is discussed.
The concepts of confidence, support, and effectiveness of the CEF
are defined. Genetic algorithm (GA) is applied to find the CEF from a lung cancer
dataset with 595 records from 161 patients. The results had 9 CEF with positive
fitness values with 15 distinct herbs. The CEF have all had relative high average
confidence and support. A herb-herb network was constructed and it shows that all
the herbs in CEF are core herbs. The dataset was divided into CEF group and non-CEF group.
The effective proportions of former group are significantly greater than those of latter group.
A Synergy index (SI) was defined to evaluate the interaction between two herbs.
There were 4 pairs of herbs with high SI values to indicate the synergy between the herbs.
All the results agreed with the TCM theory, which demonstrates the feasibility of our approach.
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Chinese Medicines as an Adjuvant Therapy for Unresectable Hepatocellular Carcinoma during Transarterial Chemoembolization: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:487919. [PMID: 23956773 PMCID: PMC3730382 DOI: 10.1155/2013/487919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective. To conduct a comprehensive PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Chinese medicines (CMs) as an adjuvant therapy for unresectable HCC during transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Methods. Main databases were searched up to October 2012 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effects of CMs plus TACE on unresectable HCC compared with TACE alone. References of relevant reviews and eligible studies were also assessed. Risk ratios with 95% confidence intervals and mean difference were calculated. Heterogeneity and publication bias were examined. Results. Sixty-seven trials (N = 5,211) were included in the meta-analysis. Sensitivity analysis and random-effects model were performed for assessing significant heterogeneity. CMs plus TACE showed beneficial effects on tumor response, survival at 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months, quality of life, and TACE toxicity reduction compared with TACE alone. Conclusion. The results show that the use of CMs may increase the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of TACE in treating patients with unresectable HCC. These findings suggest that CMs could be considered as an adjuvant therapy for unresectable HCC patients during TACE. Larger-scale RCTs using standard methods and long-term follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings.
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Rovito D, Giordano C, Vizza D, Plastina P, Barone I, Casaburi I, Lanzino M, De Amicis F, Sisci D, Mauro L, Aquila S, Catalano S, Bonofiglio D, Andò S. Omega-3 PUFA ethanolamides DHEA and EPEA induce autophagy through PPARγ activation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1314-22. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Functional role of post-translational modifications of Sp1 in tumorigenesis. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:94. [PMID: 23148884 PMCID: PMC3503885 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific protein 1 (Sp1), the first transcription factor to be isolated, regulates the expression of numerous genes involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. Recent studies found that an increase in Sp1 transcriptional activity is associated with the tumorigenesis. Moreover, post-translational modifications of Sp1, including glycosylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, sumoylation, ubiquitination, and methylation, regulate Sp1 transcriptional activity and modulate target gene expression by affecting its DNA binding activity, transactivation activity, or protein level. In addition, recent studies have investigated several compounds with anti-cancer activity that could inhibit Sp1 transcriptional activity. In this review, we describe the effect of various post-translational modifications on Sp1 transcriptional activity and discuss compounds that inhibit the activity of Sp1.
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Catalano S, Panza S, Malivindi R, Giordano C, Barone I, Bossi G, Lanzino M, Sirianni R, Mauro L, Sisci D, Bonofiglio D, Andò S. Inhibition of Leydig tumor growth by farnesoid X receptor activation: the in vitro and in vivo basis for a novel therapeutic strategy. Int J Cancer 2012; 132:2237-47. [PMID: 23124354 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Leydig cell tumors (LCTs) are the most common tumors of the gonadal stroma and represent about 3% of all testicular neoplasms. In most cases, LCTs are benign; however, if the tumor is malignant, no effective treatments are currently available. We have recently reported that farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is expressed in R2C Leydig tumor cells, and it reduces the estrogen-dependent cell proliferation by negatively regulating aromatase expression. Here, we demonstrated that treatment with GW4064, a specific FXR agonist, markedly reduced Leydig tumor growth in vivo by inhibiting proliferation and inducing apoptosis. Indeed, the tumors from GW4064-treated mice exhibited a decrease in the expression of the proliferation marker Ki-67 and aromatase along with an increase in the apoptotic nuclei. FXR activation induced an enhanced poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, a marked DNA fragmentation and a strong increase in TUNEL-positive R2C cells also in vitro. Moreover, in both in vivo and in vitro models, FXR ligands upregulated mRNA and protein levels of p53 and of its downstream effector p21(WAF1/Cip1) . Functional experiments showed that FXR ligands upregulated p53 promoter activity and this occurred through an increased binding of FXR/nuclear factor-kB (NF-kB) complex to the NF-kB site located within p53 promoter region as revealed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. Taken together, results from our study show, for the first time, that treatment with FXR ligands induces Leydig tumor regression in vivo, suggesting that activation of FXR may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for LCTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Catalano
- Department of Pharmaco-Biology, University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.
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Berger CE, Qian Y, Liu G, Chen H, Chen X. p53, a target of estrogen receptor (ER) α, modulates DNA damage-induced growth suppression in ER-positive breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:30117-27. [PMID: 22787161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.367326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to genotoxic stress, the p53 tumor suppressor induces target genes for cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and DNA repair. Although p53 is the most commonly mutated gene in all human cancers, it is only mutated in about 20% of breast cancers. 70% of all breast cancer cases are estrogen receptor (ER)-positive and express ERα. ER-positive breast cancer generally indicates good patient prognosis and treatment responsiveness with antiestrogens, such as tamoxifen. However, ER-positive breast cancer patients can experience loss or a reduction in ERα, which is associated with aggressive tumor growth, increased invasiveness, poor prognosis, and loss of p53 function. Consistent with this, we found that p53 is a target gene of ERα. Specifically, we found that knockdown of ERα decreases expression of p53 and its downstream targets, MDM2 and p21. In addition, we found that ERα activates p53 transcription via binding to estrogen response element half-sites within the p53 promoter. Moreover, we found that loss of ERα desensitizes, whereas ectopic expression of ERα sensitizes, breast cancer cells to DNA damage-induced growth suppression in a p53-dependent manner. Altogether, this study provides an insight into a feedback loop between ERα and p53 and a biological role of p53 in the DNA damage response in ER-positive breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal E Berger
- Comparative Oncology Laboratory, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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