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Rhee KJ, Lee JI, Eom YW. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Effects of Tumor Support or Suppression. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:30015-33. [PMID: 26694366 PMCID: PMC4691158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can exhibit a marked tropism towards site of tumors. Many studies have reported that tumor progression and metastasis increase by MSCs. In contrast, other studies have shown that MSCs suppress growth of tumors. MSCs contribute to tumor growth promotion by several mechanisms: (1) transition to tumor-associated fibroblasts; (2) suppression of immune response; (3) promotion of angiogenesis; (4) stimulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT); (5) contribution to the tumor microenvironment; (6) inhibition of tumor cell apoptosis; and (7) promotion of tumor metastasis. In contrast to the tumor-promoting properties, MSCs inhibit tumor growth by increasing inflammatory infiltration, inhibiting angiogenesis, suppressing Wnt signaling and AKT signaling, and inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. In this review, we will discuss potential mechanisms by which MSC mediates tumor support or suppression and then the possible tumor-specific therapeutic strategies using MSCs as delivery vehicles, based on their homing potential to tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Jong Rhee
- Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, 1 Yonseidae-gil, Wonju 26493, Korea.
| | - Jong In Lee
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Korea.
| | - Young Woo Eom
- Cell Therapy and Tissue Engineering Center, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 26426, Korea.
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Krasikova LS, Karshieva SS, Cheglakov IB, Belyavsky AV. Mesenchymal stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase inhibit growth of murine melanoma B16F10 in vivo. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315060126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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53
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Twitty CG, Diago OR, Hogan DJ, Burrascano C, Ibanez CE, Jolly DJ, Ostertag D. Retroviral Replicating Vectors Deliver Cytosine Deaminase Leading to Targeted 5-Fluorouracil-Mediated Cytotoxicity in Multiple Human Cancer Types. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2015; 27:17-31. [PMID: 26467507 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2015.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Toca 511 is a modified retroviral replicating vector based on Moloney γ-retrovirus with an amphotropic envelope. As an investigational cancer treatment, Toca 511 preferentially infects cancer cells without direct cell lysis and encodes an enhanced yeast cytosine deaminase that converts the antifungal drug 5-fluorocytosine to the anticancer drug, 5-fluorouracil. A panel of established human cancer cell lines, derived from glioblastoma, colon, and breast cancer tissue, was used to evaluate parameters critical for effective anticancer activity. Gene transfer, cytosine deaminase production, conversion of 5-fluorocytosine to 5-fluorouracil, and subsequent cell killing occurred in all lines tested. We observed >50% infection within 25 days in all lines and 5-fluorocytosine LD50 values between 0.02 and 6 μg/ml. Although we did not identify a small number of key criteria, these studies do provide a straightforward approach to rapidly gauge the probability of a Toca 511 and 5-fluorocytosine treatment effect in various cancer indications: a single MTS assay of maximally infected cancer cell lines to determine 5-fluorocytosine LD50. The data suggest that, although there can be variation in susceptibility to Toca 511 and 5-fluorocytosine because of multiple mechanistic factors, this therapy may be applicable to a broad range of cancer types and individuals.
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Sugrue T, Lowndes NF, Ceredig R. Hypoxia enhances the radioresistance of mouse mesenchymal stromal cells. Stem Cells 2015; 32:2188-200. [PMID: 24578291 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are radioresistant bone marrow progenitors that support hematopoiesis and its reconstitution following total body irradiation. MSCs reside in hypoxic niches within the bone marrow and tumor microenvironments. The DNA damage response (DDR) represents a network of signaling pathways that enable cells to activate biological responses to DNA damaging agents. Hypoxia-mediated alterations in the DDR contribute to the increased radioresistance of hypoxic cancer cells, limiting therapeutic efficacy. The DDR is important in mediating mouse MSC radioresistance. However, the effects of hypoxia on MSC radioresistance are currently unknown. In this report, hypoxia was found to (a) increase MSC proliferation rate and colony size; (b) increase long-term survival post-irradiation (IR), and (c) improve MSC recovery from IR-induced cell cycle arrest. DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair in MSCs was upregulated in hypoxia, accelerating the resolution of highly genotoxic IR-induced DNA DSBs. In addition, HIF-1α was found to contribute to this enhanced DSB repair by regulating (a) the expression of DNA ligase IV and DNA-PKcs and (b) Rad51 foci formation in response to DNA DSBs in hypoxic MSCs. We have demonstrated, for the first time, that hypoxia enhances mouse MSC radioresistance in vitro. These findings have important implications for our understanding of MSC functions in supporting allogeneic bone marrow transplantation and in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara Sugrue
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, , National University of Ireland Galway, Ireland; Genome Stability Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology, Department of Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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Truong SN, Van Pham P. Stem cell technology and engineering for cancer treatment. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-015-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Yuan Z, Kolluri KK, Sage EK, Gowers KHC, Janes SM. Mesenchymal stromal cell delivery of full-length tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand is superior to soluble type for cancer therapy. Cytotherapy 2015; 17:885-96. [PMID: 25888191 PMCID: PMC4503823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2015.03.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background aims Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) delivery of pro-apoptotic tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is an attractive strategy for anticancer therapy. MSCs expressing full-length human TRAIL (flT) or its soluble form (sT) have previously been shown to be effective for cancer killing. However, a comparison between the two forms has never been performed, leaving it unclear which approach is most effective. This study addresses the issue for the possible clinical application of TRAIL-expressing MSCs in the future. Methods MSCs were transduced with lentiviruses expressing flT or an isoleucine zipper-fused sT. TRAIL expression was examined and cancer cell apoptosis was measured after treatment with transduced MSCs or with MSC-derived soluble TRAIL. Results The transduction does not adversely affect cell phenotype. The sT-transduced MSCs (MSC-sT) secrete abundant levels of soluble TRAIL but do not present the protein on the cell surface. Interestingly, the flT-transduced MSCs (MSC-flT) not only express cell-surface TRAIL but also release flT into medium. These cells were examined for inducing apoptosis in 20 cancer cell lines. MSC-sT cells showed very limited effects. By contrast, MSC-flT cells demonstrated high cancer cell-killing efficiency. More importantly, MSC-flT cells can overcome some cancer cell resistance to recombinant TRAIL. In addition, both cell surface flT and secreted flT are functional for inducing apoptosis. The secreted flT was found to have higher cancer cell-killing capacity than either recombinant TRAIL or MSC-secreted sT. Conclusions These observations demonstrate that MSC delivery of flT is superior to MSC delivery of sT for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhengQiang Yuan
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krishna K Kolluri
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth K Sage
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kate H C Gowers
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sam M Janes
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Matuskova M, Kozovska Z, Toro L, Durinikova E, Tyciakova S, Cierna Z, Bohovic R, Kucerova L. Combined enzyme/prodrug treatment by genetically engineered AT-MSC exerts synergy and inhibits growth of MDA-MB-231 induced lung metastases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2015; 34:33. [PMID: 25884597 PMCID: PMC4431639 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0149-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background Metastatic spread of tumor cells remains a serious problem in cancer treatment. Gene-directed enzyme/prodrug therapy mediated by tumor-homing genetically engineered mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) represents a promising therapeutic modality for elimination of disseminated cells. Efficacy of gene-directed enzyme/prodrug therapy can be improved by combination of individual systems. We aimed to define the combination effect of two systems of gene therapy mediated by MSC, and evaluate the ability of systemically administered genetically engineered mesenchymal stromal cells to inhibit the growth of experimental metastases derived from human breast adenocarcinoma cells MDA-MB-231/EGFP. Methods Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (AT-MSC) were retrovirally transduced with fusion yeast cytosine deaminase::uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (CD::UPRT) or with Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSVtk). Engineered MSC were cocultured with tumor cells in the presence of prodrugs 5-fluorocytosin (5-FC) and ganciclovir (GCV). Combination effect of these enzyme/prodrug approaches was calculated. SCID/bg mice bearing experimental lung metastases were treated with CD::UPRT-MSC, HSVtk-MSC or both in combination in the presence of respective prodrug(s). Treatment efficiency was evaluated by EGFP-positive cell detection by flow cytometry combined with real-time PCR quantification of human cells in mouse organs. Results were confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical examination. Results We demonstrated various extent of synergy depending on tested cell line and experimental setup. The strongest synergism was observed on breast cancer-derived cell line MDA-MB-231/EGFP. Systemic administration of CD::UPRT-MSC and HSVtk-MSC in combination with 5-FC and GCV inhibited growth of MDA-MB-231 induced lung metastases. Conclusions Combined gene-directed enzyme/prodrug therapy mediated by MSC exerted synergic cytotoxic effect and resulted in high therapeutic efficacy in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13046-015-0149-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Matuskova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, Bratislava, 833 91, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Kozovska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, Bratislava, 833 91, Slovakia.
| | - Lenka Toro
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, Bratislava, 833 91, Slovakia.
| | - Erika Durinikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, Bratislava, 833 91, Slovakia.
| | - Silvia Tyciakova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, Bratislava, 833 91, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Cierna
- Institute of Pathological Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, Bratislava, 813 72, Slovakia.
| | - Roman Bohovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, Bratislava, 833 91, Slovakia.
| | - Lucia Kucerova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Vlarska 7, Bratislava, 833 91, Slovakia.
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Tyciakova S, Matuskova M, Bohovic R, Polakova K, Toro L, Skolekova S, Kucerova L. Genetically engineered mesenchymal stromal cells producing TNFα have tumour suppressing effect on human melanoma xenograft. J Gene Med 2015; 17:54-67. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Tyciakova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Matuskova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Roman Bohovic
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Katarina Polakova
- Laboratory of Tumour Immunology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Lenka Toro
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Svetlana Skolekova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kucerova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava Slovakia
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Li Z, Fan D, Xiong D. Mesenchymal stem cells as delivery vectors for anti-tumor therapy. Stem Cell Investig 2015; 2:6. [PMID: 27358874 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2015.03.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are able to migrate specifically to tumors and their metastatic sites when administered intravenously. This characteristic tumor tropism has opened up an emerging field to utilize MSCs as vectors to deliver anti-cancer agents for targeted therapies. Genetically engineered MSCs can specifically migrate to various tumors and locally secrete therapeutic proteins, such as interferon β (IFN-β) and IFN-γ, interleukin 12 and 24, tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) or suicide gene/enzyme prodrug. In addition, MSCs have also been engineered to deliver oncolytic viruses and drug-loaded nanoparticles. Here, we present the characteristics of MSCs, the current progress on MSC mediated anti-cancer agents delivery systems and the interaction between MSCs and tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Li
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China ; 2 National-local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics & Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Dongmei Fan
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China ; 2 National-local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics & Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
| | - Dongsheng Xiong
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology & Hospital of Blood Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300020, China ; 2 National-local Joint Engineering Research Center of Biodiagnostics & Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710004, China
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60
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Smith CL, Chaichana KL, Lee YM, Lin B, Stanko KM, O'Donnell T, Gupta S, Shah SR, Wang J, Wijesekera O, Delannoy M, Levchenko A, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Pre-exposure of human adipose mesenchymal stem cells to soluble factors enhances their homing to brain cancer. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:239-51. [PMID: 25646527 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research advances have established mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a promising vehicle for therapeutic delivery. Their intrinsic tropism for brain injury and brain tumors, their lack of immunogenicity, and their ability to breach the blood-brain barrier make these cells an attractive potential treatment of brain disorders, including brain cancer. Despite these advantages, the efficiency of MSC homing to the brain has been limited in commonly used protocols, hindering the feasibility of such therapies. In the present study, we report a reproducible, comprehensive, cell culture-based approach to enhance human adipose-derived MSC (hAMSC) engraftment to brain tumors. We used micro- and nanotechnological tools to systematically model several steps in the putative homing process. By pre-exposing hAMSCs to glioma-conditioned media and the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and laminin, we achieved significant enhancements of the individual homing steps in vitro. This homing was confirmed in an in vivo rodent model of brain cancer. This comprehensive, cell-conditioning approach provides a novel method to enhance stem cell homing to gliomas and, potentially, other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris L Smith
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kaisorn L Chaichana
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Young M Lee
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Benjamin Lin
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin M Stanko
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas O'Donnell
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Saksham Gupta
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sagar R Shah
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joanne Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Olindi Wijesekera
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Delannoy
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa
- Departments of Neurosurgery and Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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61
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Nouri FS, Wang X, Hatefi A. Genetically engineered theranostic mesenchymal stem cells for the evaluation of the anticancer efficacy of enzyme/prodrug systems. J Control Release 2015; 200:179-87. [PMID: 25575867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, various enzyme/prodrug systems such as thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (TK/GCV), yeast cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine (yCD/5-FC) and nitroreductase/CB1954 (NTR/CB1954) have been used for stem cell mediated suicide gene therapy of cancer. Yet, no study has been conducted to compare and demonstrate the advantages and disadvantages of using one system over another. Knowing that each enzyme/prodrug system has its own strengths and weaknesses, we utilized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a medium to perform for the first time a comparative study that illustrated the impact of subtle differences among these systems on the therapeutic outcome. For therapeutic purposes, we first genetically modified MSCs to stably express a panel of four suicide genes including TK (TK007 and TK(SR39) mutants), yeast cytosine deaminase:uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (yCD:UPRT) and nitroreductase (NTR). Then, we evaluated the anticancer efficacies of the genetically engineered MSCs in vitro and in vivo by using SKOV3 cell line which is sensitive to all four enzyme/prodrug systems. In addition, all MSCs were engineered to stably express luciferase gene making them suitable for quantitative imaging and dose-response relationship studies in animals. Considering the limitations imposed by the prodrugs' bystander effects, our findings show that yCD:UPRT/5-FC is the most effective enzyme/prodrug system among the ones tested. Our findings also demonstrate that theranostic MSCs are a reliable medium for the side-by-side evaluation and screening of the enzyme/prodrug systems at the preclinical level. The results of this study could help scientists who utilize cell-based, non-viral or viral vectors for suicide gene therapy of cancer make more informed decisions when choosing enzyme/prodrug systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faranak Salman Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Xing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Arash Hatefi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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Gao Y, Wang Y, Fu A, Shi W, Yeo D, Luo KQ, Ow H, Xu C. Tracking mesenchymal stem cell tumor-homing using fluorescent silica nanoparticles. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:1245-1253. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Core–shell fluorescent silica nanoparticles for in vitro and in vivo tracking of tumor tropism of human mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Division of Bioengineering
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637457
- Singapore
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Hybrid Silica Technologies
- Cambridge
- USA 02139
| | - Afu Fu
- Division of Bioengineering
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637457
- Singapore
| | - Wei Shi
- Division of Bioengineering
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637457
- Singapore
| | - David Yeo
- Division of Bioengineering
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637457
- Singapore
| | - Kathy Qian Luo
- Division of Bioengineering
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637457
- Singapore
| | - Hooisweng Ow
- Hybrid Silica Technologies
- Cambridge
- USA 02139
- Aramco Research Center
- Boston
| | - Chenjie Xu
- Division of Bioengineering
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637457
- Singapore
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63
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Bahrambeigi V, Ahmadi N, Moisyadi S, Urschitz J, Salehi R, Haghjooy Javanmard S. PhiC31/PiggyBac modified stromal stem cells: effect of interferon γ and/or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) on murine melanoma. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:255. [PMID: 25428727 PMCID: PMC4258801 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background TRAIL and IFNγ are promising anti-cancer cytokines and it has been shown that IFNγ may sensitize cancer cells to TRAIL. Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) are attractive vehicles for delivering anti-cancer agents. In this study, we evaluated the therapeutic potential of PhiC31 (φC31) recombinase and/or piggyBac transposase (pBt) modified ADSCs expressing either TRAIL, IFNγ, or co-expressing TRAIL/IFNγ in mouse models of melanoma. Methods The expression and bioactivity of mouse IFNγ and TRAIL in φC31 and pBt modified cells were confirmed. We examined the effects of modified ADSCs on signal intensity of red fluorescence protein expressed by melanoma cells in subcutaneous tumors or established lung metastases and on survival (6 mice per group). We also conducted a flow cytometric analysis of systemic CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) and histological analysis of melanoma tumors. Data were analyzed by Student t test, ANOVA, and log-rank tests. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results We demonstrated non-viral DNA-integrating vectors can be used for stable transgene expression. IFNγ inhibited melanoma cell growth in vitro probably via IFNγ-induced JAK/STAT1 signaling pathway activation. Murine TRAIL induced apoptosis in the human cell lines CAOV-4 and Ej-138, while MCF7 and B16F10 cells appeared to be insensitive to TRAIL. Treatment of melanoma cells with IFNγ did not influence their response to TRAIL. In contrast, results from in vivo studies showed that IFNγ-expressing ADSCs, engrafted into tumor stroma, inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis, prevented systemic increase of Tregs, increased PD-L1 expression and CD8+ infiltration (but not interleukin-2+ cells), and prolonged the survival of mice (68 days, 95% confidence interval [CI] =52 to 86 days compared to 36 days, 95% CI =29 to 39 days for control, P < .001). Conclusions For the first time, we employed DNA integrating vectors for safe and stable modification of MSCs. Our data indicate potential of non-virally modified IFNγ-expressing ADSCs for treatment of melanoma through direct effects of IFNγ. This study may have a significant role in the management of cancer in the future. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-255) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Mesenchymal stem cells as cellular vehicles for prodrug gene therapy against tumors. Biochimie 2014; 105:4-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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65
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Abrate A, Buono R, Canu T, Esposito A, Del Maschio A, Lucianò R, Bettiga A, Colciago G, Guazzoni G, Benigni F, Hedlund P, Altaner C, Montorsi F, Cavarretta IT. Mesenchymal stem cells expressing therapeutic genes induce autochthonous prostate tumour regression. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:2478-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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66
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Long-term efficiency of mesenchymal stromal cell-mediated CD-MSC/5FC therapy in human melanoma xenograft model. Gene Ther 2014; 21:874-87. [PMID: 25056607 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) can be exploited as cellular delivery vehicles for the enzymes converting non-toxic prodrugs to toxic substances. Because of their inherent chemoresistance, they exert potent bystander and antitumor effect. Here we show that the human adipose tissue-derived MSC expressing fusion yeast cytosine deaminase::uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (CD-MSC) in combination with 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) mediated a long-term tumor-free survival in the 83.3% of tumor-bearing animals. CD-MSC/5FC treatment induced cytotoxicity against model human melanoma cells EGFP-A375. Only 4% of the therapeutic CD-MSC cells eliminated >98.5% of the tumor cells in vitro. Long-term tumor-free survival was confirmed in 15 out of the 18 animals. However, repeatedly used CD-MSC/5FC therapeutic regimen generated more aggressive and metastatic variant of the melanoma cells EGFP-A375/Rel3. These cells derived from the refractory xenotransplants exhibited increased resistance to the CD-MSC/5FC treatment, altered cell adhesion, migration, tumorigenic and metastatic properties. However, long-term curative effect was achieved by the augmentation of the CD-MSC/5FC regimen along with the inhibition of c-Met/hepatocyte growth factor signaling axis in this aggressive melanoma derivative. In summary, the CD-MSC/5FC regimen can be regarded as a very effective antitumor approach to achieve long-term tumor-free survival as demonstrated on a mouse model of aggressive human melanoma xenografts.
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Bielli A, Scioli MG, Gentile P, Agostinelli S, Tarquini C, Cervelli V, Orlandi A. Adult adipose-derived stem cells and breast cancer: a controversial relationship. SPRINGERPLUS 2014; 3:345. [PMID: 25089245 PMCID: PMC4117859 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women and autologous fat grafting is an important clinical application in treatment of post-surgical deformities. The simplicity of fat grafting procedures and the absence of subsequent visible scar prompted an increasing interest for this technique. The plasticity of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) obtained from stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adult adipose tissue provided exciting perspectives for regenerative medicine and surgery. The recent discovery that SVF/ASC enrichment further ameliorates clinical efficacy of grafting ASCs suggest as ASC-mediated new adipogenesis and vasculogenesis. ASC adipogenic differentiation involves Akt activity and EGFRs, FGFRs, ERbB2 receptor-mediated pathways that also play a pivotal role in the regulation of breast cancer growth. Moreover, the finding that platelet-derived growth factors and hormones improved long-term maintenance of fat grafting raises new concerns for their use during breast reconstruction after cancer surgery. However, it remains unclear whether grafted or resident ASCs may increase the risk of de novo cancer development or recurrence. Preliminary follow-up studies seem to support the efficacy and safety of SVF/ASCs enrichment and the additional benefit from the combined use of autologous platelet-derived growth factors and hormones during breast reconstruction procedures. In the present review we highlighted the complex interplay between resident or grafted ASCs, mature adipocytes, dormant or active breast cancer cells and tumor microenvironment. Actually, data concerning the permissive role of ASCs on breast cancer progression are contrasting, although no clear evidence speaking against their use exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Bielli
- Anatomic Pathology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Scioli
- Anatomic Pathology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Gentile
- Plastic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Agostinelli
- Anatomic Pathology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Tarquini
- Anatomic Pathology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Cervelli
- Plastic Surgery, Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Orlandi
- Anatomic Pathology, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Mallela J, Ravi S, Jean Louis F, Mulaney B, Cheung M, Sree Garapati U, Chinnasamy V, Wang C, Nagaraj S, Mohapatra SS, Mohapatra S. Natriuretic peptide receptor A signaling regulates stem cell recruitment and angiogenesis: a model to study linkage between inflammation and tumorigenesis. Stem Cells 2014; 31:1321-9. [PMID: 23533187 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA), the signaling receptor for the cardiac hormone, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), is expressed abundantly in inflamed/injured tissues and tumors. NPRA deficiency substantially decreases tissue inflammation and inhibits tumor growth. However, the precise mechanism of NPRA function and whether it links inflammation and tumorigenesis remains unknown. Since both injury repair and tumor growth require stem cell recruitment and angiogenesis, we examined the role of NPRA signaling in tumor angiogenesis as a model of tissue injury repair in this study. In in vitro cultures, aortas from NPRA-KO mice show significantly lower angiogenic response compared to wild-type counterparts. The NPRA antagonist that decreases NPRA expression, inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced angiogenesis. The reduction in angiogenesis correlates with decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) implicating a cell recruitment defect. To test whether NPRA regulates migration of cells to tumors, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were administered i.v., and the results showed that MSCs fail to migrate to the tumor microenvironment in NPRA-KO mice. However, coimplanting tumor cells with MSCs increases angiogenesis and tumorigenesis in NPRA-KO mice, in part by promoting expression of CXCR4 and its ligand, stromal cell-derived factor 1α. Taken together, these results demonstrate that NPRA signaling regulates stem cell recruitment and angiogenesis leading to tumor growth. Thus, NPRA signaling provides a key linkage between inflammation and tumorigenesis, and NPRA may be a target for drug development against cancers and tissue injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Mallela
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Abstract
Cell-based therapeutics have advanced significantly over the past decade and are poised to become a major pillar of modern medicine. Three cell types in particular have been studied in detail for their ability to home to tumors and to deliver a variety of different payloads. Neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and monocytes have each been shown to have great potential as future delivery systems for cancer therapy. A variety of other cell types have also been studied. These results demonstrate that the field of cell-based therapeutics will only continue to grow.
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Kucerova L, Feketeova L, Kozovska Z, Poturnajova M, Matuskova M, Nencka R, Babal P. In vivo 5FU-exposed human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells contain a chemoresistant CD133+ tumor-initiating cell subset. Thyroid 2014; 24:520-32. [PMID: 24073856 PMCID: PMC3949502 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2013.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The hierarchical model of solid tumor proposes the existence of rare tumor cell subpopulations with stem-cell properties. The glycoprotein prominin-1 (CD133) represents one of the cancer stem-cell markers in several tumor types. The CD133+ cell subpopulation was shown to be enriched for tumor-initiating and highly chemoresistant cells in human cancer(s). METHODS We investigated whether CD133+ cells derived from human medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) possess tumor-initiating properties in vivo and exhibit differential responses to chemotherapeutic agents. We demonstrated that separated CD133+ cells from the human MTC cell line TT are enriched for tumor-initiating cells as demonstrated by tumor formation in vivo. Nevertheless, TT CD133+ cells do not exhibit increased chemoresistance in comparison to parental cells. However, when MTC xenotransplants were treated with the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in vivo, CD133 expression increased in MTC cells. RESULTS This cell line, designated FTTiv isolated from the drug-exposed xenotransplants, exhibits a significantly different response to 5FU associated with the substantial change in the expression profile of genes involved in 5FU metabolism and drug resistance. Moreover, the CD133+ tumor-initiating subpopulation derived from these drug-exposed FTTiv cells is significantly more resistant to 5FU and retains the chemoresistant properties upon FTTiv culture propagation. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the chemoresistant phenotype and the CD133+ MTC subpopulation emerged in response to chemotherapy in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- AC133 Antigen
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Carcinoma, Medullary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Medullary/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Medullary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/pathology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Fluorouracil/pharmacology
- Glycoproteins/genetics
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/metabolism
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Kucerova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Feketeova
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kozovska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Poturnajova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Matuskova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Babal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
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71
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Cancer gene therapy using mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Hematol 2014; 99:377-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-014-1537-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Bronckaers A, Hilkens P, Martens W, Gervois P, Ratajczak J, Struys T, Lambrichts I. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells as a pharmacological and therapeutic approach to accelerate angiogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 143:181-96. [PMID: 24594234 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent stromal cells (MSCs) have initially captured attention in the scientific world because of their differentiation potential into osteoblasts, chondroblasts and adipocytes and possible transdifferentiation into neurons, glial cells and endothelial cells. This broad plasticity was originally hypothesized as the key mechanism of their demonstrated efficacy in numerous animal models of disease as well as in clinical settings. However, there is accumulating evidence suggesting that the beneficial effects of MSCs are predominantly caused by the multitude of bioactive molecules secreted by these remarkable cells. Numerous angiogenic factors, growth factors and cytokines have been discovered in the MSC secretome, all have been demonstrated to alter endothelial cell behavior in vitro and induce angiogenesis in vivo. As a consequence, MSCs have been widely explored as a promising treatment strategy in disorders caused by insufficient angiogenesis such as chronic wounds, stroke and myocardial infarction. In this review, we will summarize into detail the angiogenic factors found in the MSC secretome and their therapeutic mode of action in pathologies caused by limited blood vessel formation. Also the application of MSC as a vehicle to deliver drugs and/or genes in (anti-)angiogenesis will be discussed. Furthermore, the literature describing MSC transdifferentiation into endothelial cells will be evaluated critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Bronckaers
- Group of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
| | - Petra Hilkens
- Group of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Wendy Martens
- Group of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Pascal Gervois
- Group of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jessica Ratajczak
- Group of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tom Struys
- Group of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Group of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
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73
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Bayo J, Marrodán M, Aquino JB, Silva M, García MG, Mazzolini G. The therapeutic potential of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells on hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver Int 2014; 34:330-42. [PMID: 24112437 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are more often obtained from adult and extraembryonic tissues, with the latter sources being likely better from a therapeutic perspective. MSCs show tropism towards inflamed or tumourigenic sites. Mechanisms involved in MSC recruitment into tumours are comprehensively analysed, including chemoattractant signalling axes, endothelial adhesion and transmigration. In addition, signals derived from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumour microenvironment and their influence in MSC tropism and tumour recruitment are dissected, as well as the present controversy regarding their influence on tumour growth and/or metastasis. Finally, evidences available on the use of MSCs and other selected progenitor/stem cells as vehicles of antitumourigenic genes are discussed. A better knowledge of the mechanisms involved in progenitor/stem cell recruitment to HCC tumours is proposed in order to enhance their tumour targeting which may result in improvements in cell-based gene therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bayo
- Gene Therapy Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Austral, Derqui-Pilar, Argentina
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74
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Abstract
Mesenchymal stem or stromal cells (MSCs) are precursor cells that play important roles in tumorigenesis. MSCs are recruited to tumors from local and distant sources to form part of the tumor microenvironment. MSCs influence tumor progression by interacting with cancer cells, endothelial cells, immune cells, and cancer stem cells, in a context-dependent network. This review aims to synthesize this emerging yet controversial field to identify key questions regarding the mechanisms of MSC mobilization and survival in blood; homing to tumors, metastases, and premetastatic sites; spatiotemporal organization and differentiation; and interaction with immune cells and cancer stem cells. Understanding the fundamental biology underlying mesenchymal stem cell and tumor interactions has the potential to inform our knowledge of cancer initiation and progression as well as lead to novel therapeutics for cancer. Furthermore, knowledge of endogenous mechanisms can be used to “program” exogenous MSCs for targeted chemotherapeutic delivery to tumors and metastases. Emerging studies will provide crucial insight into the mechanisms of tumor interactions with the whole organism including MSCs.
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75
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Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cell pigment epithelium-derived factor cytotherapy modifies genetic and epigenetic profiles of prostate cancer cells. Cytotherapy 2014; 16:346-56. [PMID: 24424267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASCs) are promising tools for delivery of cytotherapy against cancer. However, ASCs can exert profound effects on biological behavior of tumor cells. Our study aimed to examine the influence of ASCs on gene expression and epigenetic methylation profiles of prostate cancer cells as well as the impact of expressing a therapeutic gene on modifying the interaction between ASCs and prostate cancer cells. METHODS ASCs were modified by lentiviral transduction to express either green fluorescent protein as a control or pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) as a therapeutic molecule. PC3 prostate cancer cells were cultured in the presence of ASC culture-conditioned media (CCM), and effects on PC3 or DU145. Ras cells were examined by means of real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, EpiTect methyl prostate cancer-focused real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction arrays, and luciferase reporter assays. RESULTS ASCs transduced with lentiviral vectors were able to mediate expression of several tumor-inhibitory genes, some of which correlated with epigenetic methylation changes on cocultured PC3 prostate cancer cells. When PC3 cells were cultured with ASC-PEDF CCM, we observed a shift in the balance of gene expression toward tumor inhibition, which suggests that PEDF reduces the potential tumor-promoting activity of unmodified ASCs. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that ASC-PEDF CCM can promote reprogramming of tumor cells in a paracrine manner. An improved understanding of genetic and epigenetic events in prostate cancer growth in response to PEDF paracrine therapy would enable a more effective use of ASC-PEDF, with the goal of achieving safer yet more potent anti-tumor effects.
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76
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Lotfinegad P, Shamsasenjan K, Movassaghpour A, Majidi J, Baradaran B. Immunomodulatory nature and site specific affinity of mesenchymal stem cells: a hope in cell therapy. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 4:5-13. [PMID: 24409403 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive ability of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), their differentiation properties to various specialized tissue types, ease of in vitro and in vivo expansion and specific migration capacity, make them to be tested in different clinical trials for the treatment of various diseases. The immunomodulatory effects of MSCs are less identified which probably has high clinically significance. The clinical trials based on primary research will cause better understanding the ability of MSCs in immunomodulatory applications and site specific migration in the optimization of therapy. So, this review focus on MSCs functional role in modulating immune responses, their ability in homing to tumor, their potency as delivery vehicle and their medical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Lotfinegad
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Shamsasenjan
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aliakbar Movassaghpour
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Hu J, Yang Z, Wang J, Tang Y, Liu H, Zhang B, Chen H. Infusion of Trx-1-overexpressing hucMSC prolongs the survival of acutely irradiated NOD/SCID mice by decreasing excessive inflammatory injury. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78227. [PMID: 24223778 PMCID: PMC3817237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A protective reagent for ARI should have the ability to repair injured tissue caused by radiation and prevent continuous damage from secondary risk factors. Trx-1 was explored as a candidate therapy for ARI, as it scavenges reactive oxygen species, regulates cell growth and differentiation, participates in immune reactions, and inhibits apoptosis by acting inside and/or outside cells. Trx-1 can also decrease excessive inflammation in ARI by regulating the creation of inflamed media, by inhibiting the activation of complement, and by reducing the chemotaxis, adhesion, and migration of inflammatory cells. As effectively and stably expressing exogenous genes in the long term and regulating immune inflammation and tissue repair, MSC are a good choice for Trx-1 gene therapy. In this study, Trx-1-overexpressing hucMSC-Trx-1 were obtained by adenoviral vector-mediated infection. We first measured the redox capacity of hucMSC-Trx-1 with an antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) assay, a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content determination assay in vivo, a H2O2-induced oxidation hemolysis assay, and a lipid peroxidation assay in vitro. Then, we measured survival time, the protection of the hematopoietic system, and the regulation of inflammation in important organs in three treatment groups of NOD/SCID mice (treated with hucMSC-Trx-1, with hucMSC, and with saline) that were exposed to 4.5 Gy (60)Co-γ-ray radiation. The hucMSC-Trx-1 group achieved superior antioxidation results, protecting bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (Lin(-)CD117(+): hucMSC-Trx-1 vs. hucMSC, P<0.05; hucMSC-Trx-1 vs. NS, P<0.01), promoting the formation of red blood cells and hemoglobin (hucMSC-Trx-1 vs. hucMSC or NS, P<0.05), reducing inflammation and damage in important organs (Bone marrow and lung: hucMSC-Trx-1 vs. NS, P<0.01; hucMSC-Trx-1 vs. hucMSC, P<0.05. Liver and intestine: hucMSC-Trx-1 vs. NS, P<0.05; hucMSC-Trx-1 vs. hucMSC, P<0.05), and prolonging survival (hucMSC-Trx-1 vs. hucMSC or NS, P<0.01). Therefore, hucMSC-Trx-1 combines the merits of gene and cell therapy as a multifunctional radioprotector for ARI.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiangWei Hu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - ZaiLiang Yang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department 4, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Research Institute of Surgery and Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - YongYong Tang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Department of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Center, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Brennen WN, Denmeade SR, Isaacs JT. Mesenchymal stem cells as a vector for the inflammatory prostate microenvironment. Endocr Relat Cancer 2013; 20:R269-90. [PMID: 23975882 PMCID: PMC3994592 DOI: 10.1530/erc-13-0151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have an inherent tropism for sites of inflammation, which are frequently present in sites of cancer, including prostatic lesions. MSCs have been defined as CD73/CD90/CD105 triple-positive cells in the absence of hematopoietic lineage markers with the ability to differentiate into multiple mesodermal lineages, including osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Our group has previously demonstrated that MSCs represent between 0.01 and 1.1% of the total cells present in human prostatectomy tissue. In addition to their multi-lineage differentiation potential, MSCs are immunoprivileged in nature and have a range of immunomodulatory effects on both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. MSCs have been detected in an increasing array of tissues, and evidence suggests that they are likely present in perivascular niches throughout the body. These observations suggest that MSCs represent critical mediators of the overall immune response during physiological homeostasis and likely contribute to pathophysiological conditions as well. Chronic inflammation has been suggested as an initiating event and progression factor in prostate carcinogenesis, a process in which the immunosuppressive properties of MSCs may play a role. MSCs have also been shown to influence malignant progression through a variety of other mechanisms, including effects on tumor proliferation, angiogenesis, survival, and metastasis. Additionally, human bone marrow-derived MSCs have been shown to traffic to human prostate cancer xenografts in immunocompromised murine hosts. The trafficking properties and immunoprivileged status of MSCs suggest that they can be exploited as an allogeneic cell-based vector to deliver cytotoxic or diagnostic agents for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nathaniel Brennen
- Chemical Therapeutics Program, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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79
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Taylor CM, Wang Q, Rosa BA, Huang SCC, Powell K, Schedl T, Pearce EJ, Abubucker S, Mitreva M. Discovery of anthelmintic drug targets and drugs using chokepoints in nematode metabolic pathways. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003505. [PMID: 23935495 PMCID: PMC3731235 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic roundworm infections plague more than 2 billion people (1/3 of humanity) and cause drastic losses in crops and livestock. New anthelmintic drugs are urgently needed as new drug resistance and environmental concerns arise. A “chokepoint reaction” is defined as a reaction that either consumes a unique substrate or produces a unique product. A chokepoint analysis provides a systematic method of identifying novel potential drug targets. Chokepoint enzymes were identified in the genomes of 10 nematode species, and the intersection and union of all chokepoint enzymes were found. By studying and experimentally testing available compounds known to target proteins orthologous to nematode chokepoint proteins in public databases, this study uncovers features of chokepoints that make them successful drug targets. Chemogenomic screening was performed on drug-like compounds from public drug databases to find existing compounds that target homologs of nematode chokepoints. The compounds were prioritized based on chemical properties frequently found in successful drugs and were experimentally tested using Caenorhabditis elegans. Several drugs that are already known anthelmintic drugs and novel candidate targets were identified. Seven of the compounds were tested in Caenorhabditis elegans and three yielded a detrimental phenotype. One of these three drug-like compounds, Perhexiline, also yielded a deleterious effect in Haemonchus contortus and Onchocerca lienalis, two nematodes with divergent forms of parasitism. Perhexiline, known to affect the fatty acid oxidation pathway in mammals, caused a reduction in oxygen consumption rates in C. elegans and genome-wide gene expression profiles provided an additional confirmation of its mode of action. Computational modeling of Perhexiline and its target provided structural insights regarding its binding mode and specificity. Our lists of prioritized drug targets and drug-like compounds have potential to expedite the discovery of new anthelmintic drugs with broad-spectrum efficacy. The World Health Organization estimates that 2.9 million people are infected with parasitic roundworms, causing high-morbidity and mortality rates, developmental delays in children, and low productivity of affected individuals. The agricultural industry experiences drastic losses in crop and livestock due to parasitic worm infections. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new targets and drugs to fight parasitic nematode infection. This study identified metabolic chokepoint compounds that were either produced or consumed by a single reaction and elucidated the chokepoint enzyme that drives the reaction. If the enzyme that catalyzes that reaction is blocked, a toxic build-up of a compound or lack of compound necessary for subsequent reaction will occur, potentially causing adverse effects to the parasite organism. Compounds that target some of the chokepoint enzymes were tested in C. elegans and several compounds showed efficacy. One drug-like compound, Perhexiline, showed efficacy in two different parasitic worms and yielded expected physiological effects, indicating that this drug-like compound may have efficacy on a pan-phylum level through the predicted mode of action. The methodology to find and prioritize metabolic chokepoint targets and prioritize compounds could be applied to other parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Taylor
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Qi Wang
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Rosa
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stanley Ching-Cheng Huang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kerrie Powell
- SCYNEXIS, Inc, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tim Schedl
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Edward J. Pearce
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Sahar Abubucker
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Makedonka Mitreva
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Development of antitumor preparations with low toxicity and high selectivity of action is one of the top priorities of cancer gene therapy. Mesenchymal stem cells possess natural tropism towards tumors, a property that makes possible their use as a vehicle for targeted delivery of therapeutic genes into tumors of various etiologies. At present, genes encoding enzymes (cytosine deaminase, thymidine kinase, carboxyl esterase), cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-12, IFN-beta) and apoptosis inducing factors (TRAIL) are used as therapeutic genes. Mesenchymal stem cells, as demonstrated using experimental models of tumors of various etiologies as well as animals with metastases in brain and lungs, are able to successfully deliver therapeutic genes into tumors and produce significant antitumor effect. However, to effectively use this therapeutic strategy in clinic, one still has to solve a number of technical problems.
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81
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Sun M, Wang S, Li Y, Yu L, Gu F, Wang C, Yao Y. Adipose-derived stem cells improved mouse ovary function after chemotherapy-induced ovary failure. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:80. [PMID: 23838374 PMCID: PMC3854877 DOI: 10.1186/scrt231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Young patients receiving chemotherapy occasionally face infertility and premature ovarian failure (POF). Numerous investigations reported that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) transplantation could ameliorate the structure and function of injured tissues. The aim of this study was to explore the therapeutic efficacy of ADSC transplantation for chemotherapy-induced ovarian damage. Methods Female mice were injected intraperitoneally with 50 mg/kg cyclophosphamide (CTX). After 15 consecutive days of injection, ADSCs were transplanted either directly into bilateral ovaries or via intravenous injection, and the ovaries were excised after either 1 week or 1 month of treatment. The follicles were counted and categorized, and ovarian histologic sections were stained for TUNEL. Ovarian function was evaluated by monitoring ovulation. ADSC tracking, microarray analyses, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to assess the inner mechanism of injury and repair. Results The ovarian function of mice exposed to CTX injection improved after ADSC transplantation. The population of follicles at different stages and ovulation significantly increased after the treatment. Immunofluorescence revealed reduced TUNEL staining. The tracking of ADSCs revealed that these cells did not directly differentiate into the follicle component. Microarray analyses indicated that changes in different groups of genes might affect follicle formation or ovulation. Conclusions ADSC transplantation improved ovarian function. Our results suggest a potential mechanism for ADSC therapy.
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Abstract
Despite recent advances in treatment, lung cancer accounts for one third of all cancer-related deaths, underlining the need of development of new therapies. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the ability to specifically home into tumours and their metastases. This property of MSCs could be exploited for the delivery of various anti-tumour agents directly into tumours. However, MSCs are not simple delivery vehicles but cells with active physiological process. This review outlines various agents which can be delivered by MSCs with substantial emphasis on TRAIL (tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand).
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna K Kolluri
- Lungs for Living Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
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83
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Pendleton C, Li Q, Chesler DA, Yuan K, Guerrero-Cazares H, Quinones-Hinojosa A. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissue vs bone marrow: in vitro comparison of their tropism towards gliomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58198. [PMID: 23554877 PMCID: PMC3595264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioblastoma is the most common primary malignant brain tumor, and is refractory to surgical resection, radiation, and chemotherapy. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) may be harvested from bone marrow (BMSC) and adipose (AMSC) tissue. These cells are a promising avenue of investigation for the delivery of adjuvant therapies. Despite extensive research into putative mechanisms for the tumor tropism of MSCs, there remains no direct comparison of the efficacy and specificity of AMSC and BMSC tropism towards glioma. METHODS Under an IRB-approved protocol, intraoperative human Adipose MSCs (hAMSCs) were established and characterized for cell surface markers of mesenchymal stem cell origin in conjunction with the potential for tri-lineage differentiation (adipogenic, chondrogenic, and osteogenic). Validated experimental hAMSCs were compared to commercially derived hBMSCs (Lonza) and hAMSCs (Invitrogen) for growth responsiveness and glioma tropism in response to glioma conditioned media obtained from primary glioma neurosphere cultures. RESULTS Commercial and primary culture AMSCs and commercial BMSCs demonstrated no statistically significant difference in their migration towards glioma conditioned media in vitro. There was statistically significant difference in the proliferation rate of both commercial AMSCs and BMSCs as compared to primary culture AMSCs, suggesting primary cultures have a slower growth rate than commercially available cell lines. CONCLUSIONS Adipose- and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells have similar in vitro glioma tropism. Given the well-documented ability to harvest larger numbers of AMSCs under local anesthesia, adipose tissue may provide a more efficient source of MSCs for research and clinical applications, while minimizing patient morbidity during cell harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Pendleton
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Qian Li
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David A. Chesler
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kristy Yuan
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hugo Guerrero-Cazares
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alfredo Quinones-Hinojosa
- The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Departments of Neurosurgery and Oncology, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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84
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Matuskova M, Baranovicova L, Kozovska Z, Durinikova E, Pastorakova A, Hunakova L, Waczulikova I, Nencka R, Kucerova L. Intrinsic properties of tumour cells have a key impact on the bystander effect mediated by genetically engineered mesenchymal stromal cells. J Gene Med 2012; 14:776-87. [DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Miroslava Matuskova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Lenka Baranovicova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kozovska
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Erika Durinikova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Andrea Pastorakova
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine; Comenius University; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Lubica Hunakova
- Laboratory of Tumour Immunology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Iveta Waczulikova
- Department of Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics; Comenius University; Bratislava; Slovakia
| | - Radim Nencka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry AS CR vvi; Prague; Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Kucerova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology; Cancer Research Institute of Slovak Academy of Sciences; Bratislava; Slovakia
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MSC and Tumors: Homing, Differentiation, and Secretion Influence Therapeutic Potential. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:209-66. [PMID: 22990585 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
: Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSC) are adult multipotent progenitors with fibroblast-like morphology able to differentiate into adipocytic, osteogenic, chondrogenic, and myogenic lineages. Due to these properties, MSC have been studied and introduced as therapeutics in regenerative medicine. Preliminary studies have also shown a possible involvement of MSC as precursors of cellular elements within tumor microenvironments, in particular tumor-associated fibroblasts (TAF). Among a number of different possible origins, TAF may originate from a pool of circulating progenitors from bone marrow or adipose tissue-derived MSC. There is growing evidence to corroborate that cells immunophenotypically defined as MSC are able to reside as TAF influencing the tumor microenvironment in a potentially bi-phasic and obscure manner: either promoting or inhibiting growth depending on tumor context and MSC sources. Here we focus on relationships between the tumor microenvironment, cancer cells, and MSC, analyzing their diverse ability to influence neoplastic development. Associated activities include MSC homing driven by the secretion of various mediators, differentiation towards TAF phenotypes, and reciprocal interactions with the tumor cells. These are reviewed here with the aim of understanding the biological functions of MSC that can be exploited for innovative cancer therapy.
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86
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Bassi G, Pacelli L, Carusone R, Zanoncello J, Krampera M. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs). Transfus Apher Sci 2012; 47:193-8. [PMID: 22818214 DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) are now emerging as a good alternative to bone marrow derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) for cellular therapy. Similarly to BM-MSC, ASCs can be easily isolated as adherent fibroblastoid cell population after processing lipoaspirate samples. Lipoaspiration provides a great number of cells, without extensive manipulation. ASCs express classical mesenchymal markers and only at early passages express CD34. ASCs can differentiate in cells of mesodermal lineages, such as adipocytes, osteocytes and condrocytes. ASCs share with BM-MSC the same ability to inhibit the proliferation of allogeneic, activated immune cells, thus affecting in vivo in animal models the onset and course of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerous colitis (UC) and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD). On the other hand, the main molecular pathway involved in this effect is still unclear. On the basis of this functional property, ASCs are used in different clinical trials to treat RA, CD, UC and GvHD. However, the most promising field of clinical application is represented by bone defect repair. Despite the ability to regenerate injured tissues and to block the progression of inflammatory disorders, some authors reported that ASCs can also induce, in in vivo animal models, the growth and vascularization of solid and hematological tumors. Conversely, ASCs have been shown to hamper tumor cell proliferation, reduce cell viability and induce necrosis. Thus, more accurate studies, collaborative protocols, high standardization of methods, and safety controls are required to exclude transformation of transplanted ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Bassi
- Laboratorio di Ricerca sulle Cellule Staminali, Sezione di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina, Università degli Studi di Verona, Italy
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87
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Yi BR, Hwang KA, Kang NH, Kim SU, Jeung EB, Kim HC, Choi KC. Synergistic effects of genetically engineered stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase and interferon-β via their tumor tropism to selectively target human hepatocarcinoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:644-51. [PMID: 22790964 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have received a great deal of attention for their clinical and therapeutic potential for treating human diseases and disorders. Recent studies have shown that it is possible to genetically engineered stem cells (GESTECs) to produce suicide enzymes that convert non-toxic prodrugs to toxic metabolites, selectively migrate toward tumor sites and reduce tumor growth. In this study, we evaluated whether these GESTECs are capable of migrating to hepatocarcinoma cells and examined the potential therapeutic efficacy of gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy against liver cancer cells in cellular and animal models. A modified transwell migration assay was performed to determine the migratory capacity of GESTECs to Hep3B hepatocarcinoma cells. GESTECs, that is, HB1.F3.CD or HB1.F3.CD.interferon-β (IFN-β) cells, engineered to express a suicide gene, cytosine deaminase (CD), selectively migrated toward liver cancer cells. Treatment of Hep3B, human liver cancer cells, with the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) in the presence of HB1.F3.CD or HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β cells resulted in the inhibition of Hep3B cell growth. In a xenografted mouse model injected with hepatocarcinoma, we investigated the therapeutic effect of these stem cells. For 9 weeks, the xenografted mice were treated with HB1.F3.CD or HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β in the presence of 5-FC. A growth of tumor mass was inhibited about 40-50% in the mice treated with GESTECs and a prodrug. In addition, we further confirmed the cytotoxic effect on tumor cells by histological analysis and migratory effect of therapeutic stem cells. Taken together, GESTECs expressing a fusion gene encoding CD and IFN-β may exert a synergistic antitumor effect on this type of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-R Yi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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88
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Kosaka H, Ichikawa T, Kurozumi K, Kambara H, Inoue S, Maruo T, Nakamura K, Hamada H, Date I. Therapeutic effect of suicide gene-transferred mesenchymal stem cells in a rat model of glioma. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:572-8. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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89
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Kang NH, Hwang KA, Kim SU, Kim YB, Hyun SH, Jeung EB, Choi KC. Potential antitumor therapeutic strategies of human amniotic membrane and amniotic fluid-derived stem cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:517-22. [PMID: 22653384 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
As stem cells are capable of self-renewal and can generate differentiated progenies for organ development, they are considered as potential source for regenerative medicine and tissue replacement after injury or disease. Along with this capacity, stem cells have the therapeutic potential for treating human diseases including cancers. According to the origins, stem cells are broadly classified into two types: embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and adult stem cells. In terms of differentiation potential, ESCs are pluripotent and adult stem cells are multipotent. Amnion, which is a membranous sac that contains the fetus and amniotic fluid and functions in protecting the developing embryo during gestation, is another stem cell source. Amnion-derived stem cells are classified as human amniotic membrane-derived epithelial stem cells, human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal stem cells and human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells. They are in an intermediate stage between pluripotent ESCs and lineage-restricted adult stem cells, non-tumorigenic, and contribute to low immunogenicity and anti-inflammation. Furthermore, they are easily available and do not cause any controversial issues in their recovery and applications. Not only are amnion-derived stem cells applicable in regenerative medicine, they have anticancer capacity. In non-engineered stem cells transplantation strategies, amnion-derived stem cells effectively target the tumor and suppressed the tumor growth by expressing cytotoxic cytokines. Additionally, they also have a potential as novel delivery vehicles transferring therapeutic genes to the cancer formation sites in gene-directed enzyme/prodrug combination therapy. Owing to their own advantageous properties, amnion-derived stem cells are emerging as a new candidate in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N-H Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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90
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Ciavarella S, Grisendi G, Dominici M, Tucci M, Brunetti O, Dammacco F, Silvestris F. In vitro anti-myeloma activity of TRAIL-expressing adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Br J Haematol 2012; 157:586-98. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09082.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Ciavarella
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology (DIMO); University of Bari ‘A. Moro’; Bari
| | - Giulia Grisendi
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Respiratory Diseases; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
| | - Massimo Dominici
- Department of Oncology, Haematology and Respiratory Diseases; University-Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
| | - Marco Tucci
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology (DIMO); University of Bari ‘A. Moro’; Bari
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology (DIMO); University of Bari ‘A. Moro’; Bari
| | - Franco Dammacco
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology (DIMO); University of Bari ‘A. Moro’; Bari
| | - Franco Silvestris
- Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology (DIMO); University of Bari ‘A. Moro’; Bari
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91
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Kucerova L, Poturnajova M, Tyciakova S, Matuskova M. Increased proliferation and chemosensitivity of human mesenchymal stromal cells expressing fusion yeast cytosine deaminase. Stem Cell Res 2012; 8:247-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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92
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Wei HJ, Wu ATH, Hsu CH, Lin YP, Cheng WF, Su CH, Chiu WT, Whang-Peng J, Douglas FL, Deng WP. The development of a novel cancer immunotherapeutic platform using tumor-targeting mesenchymal stem cells and a protein vaccine. Mol Ther 2011; 19:2249-57. [PMID: 21792181 PMCID: PMC3242654 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An ideal anticancer strategy should target only the malignant cells but spare the normal ones. In this regard, we established a platform, consisting of an antigen-delivering vehicle and a protein vaccine, for developing an immunotherapeutic approach with the potential for eliminating various cancer types. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated capable of targeting tumors and integrating into the stroma. Moreover, we have developed a protein vaccine PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3 which specifically recognized E7 antigen and elicited immunity against cervical cancer. Taking advantage of tumor-homing property of MSCs and PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3, we used E6/E7-immortalized human MSCs (KP-hMSCs) as an E7 antigen-delivering vehicle to test if this protein vaccine could effectively eliminate non-E7-expressing tumor cells. Animals which received combined treatment of KP-hMSCs and PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3 demonstrated a significant inhibition of tumor growth and lung-metastasis when compared to PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3 only and KP-hMSCs only groups. The efficiency of tumor suppression correlated positively to the specific immune response induced by PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3. In addition, this combined treatment inhibited tumor growth via inducing apoptosis. Our findings indicated that KP-hMSCs could be used as a tumor-targeting device and mediate antitumor effect of PE(ΔIII)-E7-KDEL3. We believe this strategy could serve as a platform for developing a universal vaccine for different cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon-Jian Wei
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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93
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Kucerova L, Matuskova M, Hlubinova K, Bohovic R, Feketeova L, Janega P, Babal P, Poturnajova M. Bystander cytotoxicity in human medullary thyroid carcinoma cells mediated by fusion yeast cytosine deaminase and 5-fluorocytosine. Cancer Lett 2011; 311:101-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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94
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Sun XY, Nong J, Qin K, Warnock GL, Dai LJ. Mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cancer therapy: A dual-targeted strategy of personalized medicine. World J Stem Cells 2011; 3:96-103. [PMID: 22180830 PMCID: PMC3240679 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v3.i11.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/29/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity throughout the world. To a significant extent, current conventional cancer therapies are symptomatic and passive in nature. The major obstacle to the development of effective cancer therapy is believed to be the absence of sufficient specificity. Since the discovery of the tumor-oriented homing capacity of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), the application of specific anticancer gene-engineered MSCs has held great potential for cancer therapies. The dual-targeted strategy is based on MSCs' capacity of tumor-directed migration and incorporation and in situ expression of tumor-specific anticancer genes. With the aim of translating bench work into meaningful clinical applications, we describe the tumor tropism of MSCs and their use as therapeutic vehicles, the dual-targeted anticancer potential of engineered MSCs and a putative personalized strategy with anticancer gene-engineered MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Yong Sun
- Xu-Yong Sun, Jiang Nong, Ke Qin, Institute of Transplant Medicine, 303 Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Nanning 530021, The Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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95
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Kievit FM, Zhang M. Cancer nanotheranostics: improving imaging and therapy by targeted delivery across biological barriers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2011; 23:H217-47. [PMID: 21842473 PMCID: PMC3397249 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 347] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer nanotheranostics aims to combine imaging and therapy of cancer through use of nanotechnology. The ability to engineer nanomaterials to interact with cancer cells at the molecular level can significantly improve the effectiveness and specificity of therapy to cancers that are currently difficult to treat. In particular, metastatic cancers, drug-resistant cancers, and cancer stem cells impose the greatest therapeutic challenge for targeted therapy. Targeted therapy can be achieved with appropriately designed drug delivery vehicles such as nanoparticles, adult stem cells, or T cells in immunotherapy. In this article, we first review the different types of nanotheranostic particles and their use in imaging, followed by the biological barriers they must bypass to reach the target cancer cells, including the blood, liver, kidneys, spleen, and particularly the blood-brain barrier. We then review how nanotheranostics can be used to improve targeted delivery and treatment of cancer cells. Finally, we discuss development of nanoparticles to overcome current limitations in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest M Kievit
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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96
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Altanerova V, Cihova M, Babic M, Rychly B, Ondicova K, Mravec B, Altaner C. Human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells expressing yeast cytosinedeaminase::uracil phosphoribosyltransferase inhibit intracerebral rat glioblastoma. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2455-63. [PMID: 21732344 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Prodrug cancer gene therapy by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) targeted to tumors represents an attractive tool to activate prodrugs directly within the tumor mass, thus avoiding systemic toxicity. In this study, we tested the feasibility and efficacy of human adipose tissue-derived MSCs, engineered to express the suicide gene cytosine deaminase::uracil phosphoribosyltransferase to treat intracranial rat C6 glioblastoma. Experiments were designed to simulate conditions of future clinical application for high-grade glioblastoma therapy by direct injections of therapeutic stem cells into tumor. We demonstrated that genetically modified therapeutic stem cells still have the tumor tropism when injected to a distant intracranial site and effectively inhibited glioblastoma growth after 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) therapy. Coadministration of C6 cells and therapeutic stem cells with delayed 5-FC therapy improved the survival in a therapeutic stem cell dose-dependent manner and induced complete tumor regression in a significant number of animals. Continuous intracerebroventricular delivery of 5-FC using osmotic pump reduced the dose of prodrug required for the same therapeutic effect, and along with repeated administration of therapeutic stem cells increased the survival time. Intracerebral injection of therapeutic stem cells and treatment with 5-FC did not show any detectable adverse effects. Results support the arguments to begin clinical studies for treatment of high-grade brain tumors.
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97
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Abstract
The attractiveness of prodrug cancer gene therapy by stem cells targeted to tumors lies in activating the prodrug directly within the tumor mass, thus avoiding systemic toxicity. Suicide gene therapy using genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells has the advantage of being safe, because prodrug administration not only eliminates tumor cells but consequently kills the more resistant therapeutic stem cells as well. This review provides an explanation of the stem cell-targeted prodrug cancer gene therapy principle, with focus on the choice of prodrug, properties of bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem and neural stem cells as well as the mechanisms of their tumor homing ability. Therapeutic achievements of the cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine prodrug system and Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir are discussed. In addition, delivery of immunostimulatory cytokines, apoptosis inducing genes, nanoparticles and antiangiogenic proteins by stem cells to tumors and metastases is discussed as a promising approach for antitumor therapy. Combinations of traditional, targeted and stem cell-directed gene therapy could significantly advance the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cihova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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98
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Zhong B, Watts KL, Gori JL, Wohlfahrt ME, Enssle J, Adair JE, Kiem HP. Safeguarding nonhuman primate iPS cells with suicide genes. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1667-75. [PMID: 21587213 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of technology to generate induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells constitutes one of the most exciting scientific breakthroughs because of the enormous potential for regenerative medicine. However, the safety of iPS cell-related products is a major concern for clinical translation. Insertional mutagenesis, possible oncogenic transformation of iPS cells or their derivatives, or the contamination of differentiated iPS cells with undifferentiated cells, resulting in the formation of teratomas, have remained considerable obstacles. Here, we demonstrate the utility of suicide genes to safeguard iPS cells and their derivatives. We found suicide genes can control the cell fate of iPS cells in vitro and in vivo without interfering with their pluripotency and self-renewal capacity. This study will be useful to evaluate the safety of iPS cell technology in a clinically highly relevant, large animal model and further benefit the clinical use of human iPS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonan Zhong
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA
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Myers TJ, Granero-Molto F, Longobardi L, Li T, Yan Y, Spagnoli A. Mesenchymal stem cells at the intersection of cell and gene therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2011; 10:1663-79. [PMID: 21058931 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2010.531257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Mesenchymal stem cells have the ability to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Along with differentiation, MSCs can modulate inflammation, home to damaged tissues and secrete bioactive molecules. These properties can be enhanced through genetic-modification that would combine the best of both cell and gene therapy fields to treat monogenic and multigenic diseases. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW Findings demonstrating the immunomodulation, homing and paracrine activities of MSCs followed by a summary of the current research utilizing MSCs as a vector for gene therapy, focusing on skeletal disorders, but also cardiovascular disease, ischemic damage and cancer. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN MSCs are a possible therapy for many diseases, especially those related to the musculoskeletal system, as a standalone treatment, or in combination with factors that enhance the abilities of these cells to migrate, survive or promote healing through anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, differentiation, angiogenesis or delivery of cytolytic or anabolic agents. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Genetically-modified MSCs are a promising area of research that would be improved by focusing on the biology of MSCs that could lead to identification of the natural and engrafting MSC-niche and a consensus on how to isolate and expand MSCs for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Myers
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Pediatrics, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7239, USA
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Quirin C, Rohmer S, Fernández-Ulibarri I, Behr M, Hesse A, Engelhardt S, Erbs P, Enk AH, Nettelbeck DM. Selectivity and efficiency of late transgene expression by transcriptionally targeted oncolytic adenoviruses are dependent on the transgene insertion strategy. Hum Gene Ther 2011; 22:389-404. [PMID: 20939692 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2010.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Key challenges facing cancer therapy are the development of tumor-specific drugs and potent multimodal regimens. Oncolytic adenoviruses possess the potential to realize both aims by restricting virus replication to tumors and inserting therapeutic genes into the virus genome, respectively. A major effort in this regard is to express transgenes in a tumor-specific manner without affecting virus replication. Using both luciferase as a sensitive reporter and genetic prodrug activation, we show that promoter control of E1A facilitates highly selective expression of transgenes inserted into the late transcription unit. This, however, required multistep optimization of late transgene expression. Transgene insertion via internal ribosome entry site (IRES), splice acceptor (SA), or viral 2A sequences resulted in replication-dependent expression. Unexpectedly, analyses in appropriate substrates and with matching control viruses revealed that IRES and SA, but not 2A, facilitated indirect transgene targeting via tyrosinase promoter control of E1A. Transgene expression via SA was more selective (up to 1,500-fold) but less effective than via IRES. Notably, we also revealed transgene-dependent interference with splicing. Hence, the prodrug convertase FCU1 (a cytosine deaminase-uracil phosphoribosyltransferase fusion protein) was expressed only after optimizing the sequence surrounding the SA site and mutating a cryptic splice site within the transgene. The resulting tyrosinase promoter-regulated and FCU1-encoding adenovirus combined effective oncolysis with targeted prodrug activation therapy of melanoma. Thus, prodrug activation showed potent bystander killing and increased cytotoxicity of the virus up to 10-fold. We conclude that armed oncolytic viruses can be improved substantially by comparing and optimizing strategies for targeted transgene expression, thereby implementing selective and multimodal cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Quirin
- Helmholtz-University Group Oncolytic Adenoviruses @ DKFZ, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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