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Schleibinger M, Steinbach CL, Töpper C, Kratzer A, Liebchen U, Kees F, Salzberger B, Kees MG. Protein binding characteristics and pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in intensive care unit patients. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:525-33. [PMID: 25808018 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of total and unbound ceftriaxone in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and its protein binding characteristics. METHODS Twenty patients (m/f 15/5, age 25-86 years, body weight 60-121 kg, APACHE II 7-40, estimated glomerular filtration rate 19-157 ml min(-1) , albumin 11.7-30.1 g l(-1) , total bilirubin <0.1-36.1 mg dl(-1) ) treated with intravenous ceftriaxone were recruited from two ICUs. Timed plasma samples were obtained using an opportunistic study protocol. Ceftriaxone concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography; unbound concentrations were determined after ultrafiltration using a new method which maintains physiological pH and temperature. The pharmacokinetics was described by a one-compartment model, the protein-binding characteristics by Michaelis-Menten kinetics. RESULTS For total drug, the volume of distribution was 20.2 l (median; interquartile range 15.6-24.5 l), the half-life 14.5 h (10.0-25.5 h) and the clearance 0.96 l h(-1) (0.55-1.28 l h(-1) ). The clearance of unbound drug was 1.91 l h(-1) (1.46-6.20 l h(-1) ) and linearly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (slope 0.85, y-intercept 0.24 l h(-1) , r(2) = 0.70). The unbound fraction was higher in ICU patients (33.0%; 20.2-44.5%) than reported in healthy volunteers, particularly when renal impairment or severe hyperbilirubinaemia was present. In all patients, unbound concentrations during treatment with ceftriaxone 2 g once daily remained above the EUCAST susceptibility breakpoint (≤1 mg l(-1) ) throughout the whole dosing interval. CONCLUSIONS Protein binding of ceftriaxone is reduced and variable in ICU patients due to hypoalbuminaemia, but also to altered binding characteristics. Despite these changes, the pharmacokinetics of unbound ceftriaxone is governed by renal function. For patients with normal or reduced renal function, standard doses are sufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schleibinger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Cathérine L Steinbach
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Töpper
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Kratzer
- Hospital Pharmacy, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Liebchen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Frieder Kees
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Salzberger
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauß Allee 11, 93053, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martin G Kees
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Kelchstr. 31, 12169, Berlin, Germany
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Hochman J, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T. Drug–Drug Interactions Related to Altered Absorption and Plasma Protein Binding: Theoretical and Regulatory Considerations, and an Industry Perspective. J Pharm Sci 2015; 104:916-29. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Domonkos C, Zsila F, Fitos I, Visy J, Kassai R, Bálint B, Kotschy A. Synthesis and serum protein binding of novel ring-substituted harmine derivatives. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06426k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential anticancer derivatives of the β-carboline alkaloid harmine exhibit substituent dependent serum protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celesztina Domonkos
- Research Group of Chemical Biology
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
| | - Ferenc Zsila
- Research Group of Chemical Biology
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
| | - Ilona Fitos
- Research Group of Chemical Biology
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
| | - Júlia Visy
- Research Group of Chemical Biology
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences
- Budapest
| | - Rudolf Kassai
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - Balázs Bálint
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry
- Budapest
- Hungary
| | - András Kotschy
- Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry
- Budapest
- Hungary
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Laue H, Gfeller H, Jenner KJ, Nichols JW, Kern S, Natsch A. Predicting the bioconcentration of fragrance ingredients by rainbow trout using measured rates of in vitro intrinsic clearance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9486-9495. [PMID: 25058173 DOI: 10.1021/es500904h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bioaccumulation in aquatic species is a critical end point in the regulatory assessment of chemicals. Few measured fish bioconcentration factors (BCFs) are available for fragrance ingredients. Thus, predictive models are often used to estimate their BCFs. Because biotransformation can reduce chemical accumulation in fish, models using QSAR-estimated biotransformation rates have been developed. Alternatively, biotransformation can be measured by in vitro methods. In this study, biotransformation rates for nine fragrance ingredients were measured using trout liver S9 fractions and used as inputs to a recently refined in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) model. BCFs predicted by the model were then compared to (i) in vivo BCFs, (ii) BCFs predicted using QSAR-derived biotransformation rates, (iii) BCFs predicted without biotransformation, and (iv) BCFs predicted by a well-known regression model. For fragrance ingredients with relatively low (<4.7) log K(OW) values, all models predicted BCFs below a bioaccumulation threshold of 1000. For chemicals with higher (4.7-5.8) log K(OW) values, the model incorporating measured in vitro biotransformation rates and assuming no correction for potential binding effects on hepatic clearance provided the most accurate predictions of measured BCFs. This study demonstrates the value of integrating measured biotransformation rates for prediction of chemical bioaccumulation in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Laue
- Givaudan Schweiz AG, Fragrances S & T, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Basarab GS, Hill PJ, Garner CE, Hull K, Green O, Sherer BA, Dangel PB, Manchester JI, Bist S, Hauck S, Zhou F, Uria-Nickelsen M, Illingworth R, Alm R, Rooney M, Eakin AE. Optimization of pyrrolamide topoisomerase II inhibitors toward identification of an antibacterial clinical candidate (AZD5099). J Med Chem 2014; 57:6060-82. [PMID: 24959892 DOI: 10.1021/jm500462x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AZD5099 (compound 63) is an antibacterial agent that entered phase 1 clinical trials targeting infections caused by Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative bacteria. It was derived from previously reported pyrrolamide antibacterials and a fragment-based approach targeting the ATP binding site of bacterial type II topoisomerases. The program described herein varied a 3-piperidine substituent and incorporated 4-thiazole substituents that form a seven-membered ring intramolecular hydrogen bond with a 5-position carboxylic acid. Improved antibacterial activity and lower in vivo clearances were achieved. The lower clearances were attributed, in part, to reduced recognition by the multidrug resistant transporter Mrp2. Compound 63 showed notable efficacy in a mouse neutropenic Staphylococcus aureus infection model. Resistance frequency versus the drug was low, and reports of clinical resistance due to alteration of the target are few. Hence, 63 could offer a novel treatment for serious issues of resistance to currently used antibacterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Basarab
- Infection Innovative Medicines, AstraZeneca R&D Boston , 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
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Colclough N, Ruston L, Wood JM, MacFaul PA. Species differences in drug plasma protein binding. MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00148f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of the human plasma protein binding data for a variety of drug discovery compounds indicates that compounds tend to be slightly more bound to human plasma proteins, than compared to plasma proteins from rats, dogs or mice.
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