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Abstract
This review covers the applications of mass spectrometry (MS) and its hyphenated techniques to characterize polyurethane (PU) synthetic polymers and their respective hard and soft segments. PUs are commonly composed of hard segments including methylene bisphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and toluene diisocyanate (TDI), and soft segments including polyester and polyether polyols. This literature review highlights MS techniques such as electrospray ionization (ESI), matrix assisted laser/desorption ionization (MALDI), ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and computational methods that have been used for the characterization of this polymer system. Here we review specific case studies where MS techniques have elucidated unique features pertaining to the makeup and structural integrity of complex PU materials and PU precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany M Crescentini
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jody C May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - John A McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Center for Innovative Technology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.,Institute for Integrated Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - David M Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
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52
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Snyder SR, Wei W, Xiong H, Wesdemiotis C. Sequencing of Side-Chain Liquid Crystalline Copolymers by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071118. [PMID: 31266225 PMCID: PMC6680698 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyether based side-chain liquid crystalline (SCLC) copolymers with distinct microstructures were prepared using living anionic polymerization techniques. The composition, end groups, purity, and sequence of the resulting copolymers were elucidated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). MALDI-MS analysis confirmed the presence of (CH3)3CO– and –H end groups at the initiating (α) and terminating (ω) chain end, respectively, and allowed determination of the molecular weight distribution and comonomer content of the copolymers. The comonomer positions along the polymer chain were identified by MS/MS, from the fragments formed via C–O and C–C bond cleavages in the polyether backbone. Random and block architectures could readily be distinguished by the contiguous fragment series formed in these reactions. Notably, backbone C–C bond scission was promoted by a radical formed via initial C–O bond cleavage in the mesogenic side chain. This result documents the ability of a properly substituted side chain to induce sequence indicative bond cleavages in the polyether backbone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah R Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Huiming Xiong
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA.
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53
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Amalian JA, Cavallo G, Al Ouahabi A, Lutz JF, Charles L. Revealing Data Encrypted in Sequence-Controlled Poly(Alkoxyamine Phosphodiester)s by Combining Ion Mobility with Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:7266-7272. [PMID: 31074610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The defined sequence of two comonomers in sequence-controlled macromolecules can be used to store binary information which is further decoded by MS/MS sequencing. In order to achieve the full sequence coverage requested for reliable decoding, the structure of these polymers can be optimized to minimize their dissociation extent, as shown for poly(alkoxyamine phosphodiester)s (PAPs) where weak alkoxyamine bonds were introduced in each repeating unit to make all phosphate groups MS/MS silent. However, for secret communications, a too high MS/MS readability could be a drawback. In this context, the design of PAPs was further optimized in this work to also include a decrypting key based on slight variation of a fragment collision cross section. This was achieved by employing two different nitroxides to build the alkoxyamine moiety, each containing a coding alkyl segment of the same mass but different architectures. As a result, the digital sequence determined from primary fragments observed in MS/MS had to be decrypted according to appropriate rules that depend on the drift times measured by ion mobility spectrometry for repeating units released as secondary product ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Arthur Amalian
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry , Marseille 13397 CEDEX 20 , France
| | - Gianni Cavallo
- Université de Strasbourg , Institut Charles Sadron , UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 rue du Loess , Strasbourg 67034 CEDEX 2 , France
| | - Abdelaziz Al Ouahabi
- Université de Strasbourg , Institut Charles Sadron , UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 rue du Loess , Strasbourg 67034 CEDEX 2 , France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Université de Strasbourg , Institut Charles Sadron , UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 rue du Loess , Strasbourg 67034 CEDEX 2 , France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Université , CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry , Marseille 13397 CEDEX 20 , France
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54
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Town JS, Jones GR, Hancox E, Shegiwal A, Haddleton DM. Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Polymeric Structure Analysis: A Comparison of Two Common MALDI–ToF/ToF Techniques. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900088. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Town
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick CV4 7AL UK
| | - Glen R. Jones
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick CV4 7AL UK
| | - Ellis Hancox
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Warwick CV4 7AL UK
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55
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Huang Z, Shi Q, Guo J, Meng F, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Qian Z, Li X, Zhou N, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Binary tree-inspired digital dendrimer. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1918. [PMID: 31015480 PMCID: PMC6478934 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09957-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Digital polymers with precisely ordered units acting as the coded 0- or 1-bit, are introduced as a promising option for molecular data storage. However, the pursuit of better performance in terms of high storage capacity and useful functions never stops. Herein, we propose a concept of an information-coded 2D digital dendrimer. The divergent growth via thiol-maleimide Michael coupling allows precise arrangements of the 0- and 1-bits in the uniform dendrimers. A protocol for calculating the storage capacity of non-linear binary digital dendrimer is established based on data matrix barcode, generated by the tandem mass spectrometry decoding and encryption. Furthermore, the generated data matrix barcode can be read by a common hand-held device to cater the applications such as item identification, traceability and anticouterfeiting purpose. This work demonstrates the high data storage capacity of a uniform dendrimer and uncovers good opportunities for the digital polymers. Digital polymers with precisely ordered units for next-generation data storage media are continually investigated for higher storage capacity. Here the authors show the synthesis of information-coded 2D digital dendrimers and the generated data matrix barcode can be read by a common hand-held device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Qiunan Shi
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiang Guo
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Fanying Meng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Yutong Lu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhuangfei Qian
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA
| | - Nianchen Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China.
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, 215123, Suzhou, China.,Global Institute of Software Technology, No. 5. Qingshan Road, Suzhou National Hi-Tech District, 215163, Suzhou, China
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56
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Haler JRN, Massonnet P, Far J, de la Rosa VR, Lecomte P, Hoogenboom R, Jérôme C, De Pauw E. Gas-Phase Dynamics of Collision Induced Unfolding, Collision Induced Dissociation, and Electron Transfer Dissociation-Activated Polymer Ions. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2019; 30:563-572. [PMID: 30523570 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-2115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Revised: 11/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polymer characterizations are often performed using mass spectrometry (MS). Aside from MS and different tandem MS (MS/MS) techniques, ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) has been recently added to the inventory of characterization technique. However, only few studies have focused on the reproducibility and robustness of polymer IM-MS analyses. Here, we perform collisional and electron-mediated activation of polymer ions before measuring IM drift times, collision cross-sections (CCS), or reduced ion mobilities (K0). The resulting IM behavior of different activated product ions is then compared to non-activated native intact polymer ions. First, we analyzed collision induced unfolding (CIU) of precursor ions to test the robustness of polymer ion shapes. Then, we focused on fragmentation product ions to test for shape retentions from the precursor ions: cation ejection species (CES) and product ions with m/z and charge state values identical to native intact polymer ions. The CES species are formed using both collision induced dissociation (CID) and electron transfer dissociation (ETD, formally ETnoD) experiments. Only small drift time, CCS, or K0 deviations between the activated/formed ions are observed compared to the native intact polymer ions. The polymer ion shapes seem to depend solely on their mass and charge state. The experiments were performed on three synthetic homopolymers: poly(ethoxy phosphate) (PEtP), poly(2-n-propyl-2-oxazoline) (Pn-PrOx), and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). These results confirm the robustness of polymer ion CCSs for IM calibration, especially singly charged polymer ions. The results are also discussed in the context of polymer analyses, CCS predictions, and probing ion-drift gas interaction potentials. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean R N Haler
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Massonnet
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Johann Far
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Victor R de la Rosa
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lecomte
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, CESAM Research Unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 13, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- Supramolecular Chemistry Group, Centre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC), Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules, CESAM Research Unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 13, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Edwin De Pauw
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, MolSys Research unit, Quartier Agora, University of Liège, Allée du Six Aout 11, B-4000, Liège, Belgium
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57
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Mao J, Zhang W, Cheng SZ, Wesdemiotis C. Analysis of monodisperse, sequence-defined, and POSS-functionalized polyester copolymers by MALDI tandem mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:164-174. [PMID: 30773922 DOI: 10.1177/1469066719828875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monodisperse, sequence-defined polymers can be potentially used for digital data storage. This study reports the sequence analysis and differentiation of monodisperse polyester copolymers carrying side chains functionalized in a specific order by polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanoparticles. Steglich esterification and succinic anhydride ring-opening chemistries were utilized iteratively to synthesize the intended sequences, which were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS2). Isomeric oligomers were readily distinguished based on their different fragmentation patterns. The sequences embedded in the oligomers were decrypted by their specific backbone dissociation pathways. The robustness of using MALDI-MS2 as a sequencing method for monodisperse synthetic macromolecules was assessed and validated by the characterization of longer oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Mao
- 1 Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- 2 Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Stephen Zd Cheng
- 2 Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- 1 Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
- 2 Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
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58
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Prian K, Aloui I, Legros V, Buchmann W. Study of the gas-phase decomposition of multiply lithiated polycaprolactone, polytetrahydrofurane and their copolymer by two different activation methods: Collision-induced dissociation and electron transfer dissociation. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1048:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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59
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Goldman A, Wollina U. Intralesional Neodymium YAG laser to Treat Complications of Polymethylmethacrylate. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2018; 6:1636-1641. [PMID: 30337979 PMCID: PMC6182523 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2018.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dermal fillers are widely used for facial and body contouring. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is a permanent biphasic filler for soft tissue augmentation. In case of unwanted side effects, drug therapy and surgical excision have been commonly used with mixed results. AIM We report on a series of patients with adverse events to PMMA and an innovative minor invasive procedure to reduce disfigurement by nodules and lumps. METHODS We employed a subdermal, intralesional 1,064 nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd: YAG) laser in combination with suction using a blunt liposuction cannula of 2.0-2.5 mm of diameter. RESULTS For 12 years, a total of 81 consecutive subjects (79 females and 2 males) were treated. The average age of the patients was 43.7 years (range 26 to 76 years). Granulomas and lumps could be removed in a minor invasive procedure with tumescent anaesthesia. In a minority of cases, the procedure had to be repeated. The results were impressive and not adverse events related to intralesional laser therapy were observed, 86.4% of patients were satisfied. CONCLUSION The procedure should be used before or in combination with classical surgery to remove PMMA in case of adverse tissue reactions to PMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Goldman
- Clinica Goldman and Hospital Moinhos de Vento, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Uwe Wollina
- Städtisches Klinikum Dresden, Academic Teaching Hospital Dresden, Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Dresden, Germany
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60
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Morgan TE, Ellacott SH, Wootton CA, Barrow MP, Bristow AWT, Perrier S, O’Connor PB. Coupling Electron Capture Dissociation and the Modified Kendrick Mass Defect for Sequencing of a Poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) Polymer. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11710-11715. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomos E. Morgan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Sean H. Ellacott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Mark P. Barrow
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Sebastien Perrier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Peter B. O’Connor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, Midlands CV4 7AL, U.K
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61
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Peptu C, Danchenko M, Škultéty Ľ, Mosnáček J. Structural Architectural Features of Cyclodextrin Oligoesters Revealed by Fragmentation Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092259. [PMID: 30189595 PMCID: PMC6225376 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) were used in the present study for the ring-opening oligomerization (ROO) of l-lactide (LA) in order to synthesize biodegradable products with possible applications in pharmaceutical and medical fields. The practical importance of ROO reactions may reside in the possibility of synthesizing novel CD derivatives with high purity due to the dual role played by CDs, the role of the initiator through the hydroxylic groups, and the role of the catalyst by monomer inclusion in the CD cavity. The analyzed compounds were CDs modified with oligolactides obtained through ROO reactions of l-lactide in dimethylformamide. The resulting CD isomeric mixtures were investigated using classical characterization techniques such as gel permeation chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance. Moreover, advanced mass spectrometry (MS) techniques were employed for the determination of the average number of monomer units attached to the cyclodextrin and the architecture of the derivatives (if the monomer units were attached as a single chain or as multiple chains). Thus, fragmentation studies effectuated on two different instruments (ESI Q-TOF and MALDI TOF) allowed us to correlate the size of the oligolactide chains attached to the CD with the observed fragmentation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Peptu
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia.
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Grigore Ghica Voda 41A, 700487 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Maksym Danchenko
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ľudovít Škultéty
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84505 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Jaroslav Mosnáček
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84541 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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62
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Molecular Level Structure of Biodegradable Poly(Delta-Valerolactone) Obtained in the Presence of Boric Acid. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23082034. [PMID: 30110952 PMCID: PMC6222617 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23082034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, low molecular weight poly(δ-valerolactone) (PVL) was synthesized through bulk-ring openings polymerization of δ-valerolactone with boric acid (B(OH)₃) as a catalyst and benzyl alcohol (BnOH) as an initiator. The resulting homopolymer was characterized with the aid of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS) techniques to gain further understanding of its molecular structure. The electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) spectra of poly(δ-valerolactone) showed the presence of two types of homopolyester chains-one terminated by benzyl ester and hydroxyl end groups and one with carboxyl and hydroxyl end groups. Additionally, a small amount of cyclic PVL oligomers was identified. To confirm the structure of PVL oligomers obtained, fragmentation of sodium adducts of individual polyester molecules terminated by various end groups was explored in ESI-MSn by using collision induced dissociation (CID) techniques. The ESI-MSn analyses were conducted both in positive- and negative ion mode. The comparison of the fragmentation spectra obtained with proposed respective theoretical fragmentation pathways allowed the structure of the obtained oligomers to be established at the molecular level. Additionally, using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), it was proven that regardless of the degree of oligomerization, the resulting PVL samples were a mixture of two types of linear PVL oligomers differing in end groups and containing just a small amount of cyclic oligomers that tended to be not visible at higher molar masses.
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63
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Poyer S, Fouquet T, Sato H, Lutz JF, Charles L. Convenient Graphical Visualization of Messages Encoded in Sequence-Defined Synthetic Polymers Using Kendrick Mass Defect Analysis of their MS/MS Data. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201800173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Salomé Poyer
- Aix Marseille University; CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
| | - Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry; 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology; Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry; 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- CNRS, UPR (Unité Propre de Recherche), Institut Charles Sadron; Université de Strasbourg; 23 rue du Loess 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille University; CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) Institut de Chimie Radicalaire; 13397 Marseille Cedex 20 France
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64
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Ahmadi S, Winter D. Identification of Poly(ethylene glycol) and Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Detergents Using Peptide Search Engines. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6594-6600. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Ahmadi
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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65
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Sallam S, Dolog I, Paik BA, Jia X, Kiick KL, Wesdemiotis C. Sequence and Conformational Analysis of Peptide–Polymer Bioconjugates by Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:1498-1507. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sallam
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan Dolog
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Bradford A. Paik
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Xinqiao Jia
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Kristi L. Kiick
- Department of Material Science & Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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Chendo C, Phan TNT, Rollet M, Gigmes D, Charles L. Adduction of ammonium to polylactides to modify their dissociation behavior in collision-induced dissociation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:423-430. [PMID: 29235689 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The goal of this work was to modify the dissociation pathways of polylactide (PLA) holding benzyl and hydroxyl terminations, in order to circumvent coincidence of product ions generated during collisional activation of sodiated chains, which prevented their reliable characterization. METHODS Benzyl-, hydroxyl-terminated PLAs were ionized as ammonium adducts in positive ion mode electrospray and subjected to collision-induced dissociation (CID). Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments were conducted in a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) instrument for safe assignment of product ions based on their elemental composition derived from accurate mass measurements. RESULTS Adduction of ammonium to PLAs was found to induce chain fragmentation via charge-assisted processes, in great contrast to the charge-remote mechanisms experienced by sodiated molecules. The main reaction produced ions containing the ω termination only, hence allowing straightforward end-group determination. Other minor pathways were studied in detail to establish dissociation rules for ammoniated PLAs. Some reactions were found to be end-group specific, highlighting the higher reactivity of ammonium than alkali ion adducts. CONCLUSIONS Changing the usually employed sodium-cationizing agent to ammonium was shown to induce dramatic changes in the CID behavior of PLAs. This was a simple and efficient approach to address issues encountered for end-group analysis of the particular PLA studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Chendo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Fédération des Sciences Chimiques de Marseille, FR 1739, Marseille, France
| | - Trang N T Phan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Marseille, France
| | - Marion Rollet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, UMR 7273, Marseille, France
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67
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Fouquet T, Satoh T, Sato H. First Gut Instincts Are Always Right: The Resolution Required for a Mass Defect Analysis of Polymer Ions Can Be as Low as Oligomeric. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2404-2408. [PMID: 29336551 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Its recent adaptation to low-resolution mass spectra of polymers using fractional base units raises the question of the minimal resolution needed for a Kendrick mass defect (KMD) analysis. Intuiting an oligomeric resolution since the mass of a repeat unit is the sole value to be known, it is challenged by the relative failure of the KMD plots computed from an isotopically resolved matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrum to display clear alignments in the high mass range. Another procedure based on the remainders of Kendrick mass (RKMs) overcomes this pitfall with oligomers perfectly aligned in a new RKM plot. Despite a concomitant degradation of the resolving power and accuracy, with the example of MALDI-TOF/TOF mass spectra of a variety of homo- and copolymer ions, the RKM procedure still allows a rapid enumeration, assignment, and any further manipulation of all the product ion series in visual RKM plots. Successfully extended to the critical case of a MALDI mass spectrum recorded with a linear TOF analyzer allowing a bare oligomeric resolution, the RKM plot turns the distributions differing by their end-groups or adducted ion into clear horizontal lines. It eventually gives intuition its due by answering the original question: the minimal resolution required for a mass defect analysis can be as low as oligomeric with the appropriate formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takaya Satoh
- JEOL Ltd. , 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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68
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Hartweg M, Edwards-Gayle CJC, Radvar E, Collis D, Reza M, Kaupp M, Steinkoenig J, Ruokolainen J, Rambo R, Barner-Kowollik C, Hamley IW, Azevedo HS, Becer CR. Ugi multicomponent reaction to prepare peptide–peptoid hybrid structures with diverse chemical functionalities. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01953j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sequence defined peptide–peptoid hybrids create new opportunities for self-assembled nano-structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hartweg
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University
- London
- UK
| | | | - Elham Radvar
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University
- London
- UK
| | - Dominic Collis
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University
- London
- UK
| | - Mehedi Reza
- Department of Applied Physics
- Aalto University
- Finland
| | - Michael Kaupp
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Jan Steinkoenig
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | | | | | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Ian W. Hamley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Reading
- Reading
- UK
| | - Helena S. Azevedo
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University
- London
- UK
| | - C. Remzi Becer
- School of Engineering and Materials Science
- Queen Mary University
- London
- UK
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69
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Town JS, Jones GR, Haddleton DM. MALDI-LID-ToF/ToF analysis of statistical and diblock polyacrylate copolymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00928g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the use of MALDI-LID-ToF/ToF utilising the laser induced dissociation (LID) fragmentation technique, which has been almost exclusively applied to protein/peptide analysis to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Town
- Department of chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - Glen R. Jones
- Department of chemistry
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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70
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Sallam S, Luo Y, Becker ML, Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional mass spectrometry characterization of isomeric biodegradable polyesters. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2017; 23:402-410. [PMID: 29183194 DOI: 10.1177/1469066717711401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradable polyester copolymer poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) is increasingly utilized in bone tissue engineering studies due to its suitability as inert cross-linkable scaffold material. The well-defined poly(propylene fumarate) oligomers needed for this purpose are synthesized by post-polymerization isomerization of poly(propylene maleate), which is prepared by ring opening polymerization of maleic anhydride and propylene oxide. In this study, multidimensional mass spectrometry methodologies, interfacing matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization and electrospray ionization with mass analysis, tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation and/or ion mobility mass spectrometry, have been employed to characterize the composition, end groups, chain connectivity and isomeric purity of the isomeric copolyesters poly(propylene maleate)and poly(propylene fumarate). It is demonstrated that the polymerization catalyst is incorporated into the polymer chain (as the initiating chain end) and that the poly(propylene maleate) to poly(propylene fumarate) isomerization using an amine base proceeds with quantitative yield. Hydrolytic degradation is shown not to alter the double bond geometry of the poly(propylene fumarate) or poly(propylene maleate) chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Sallam
- 1 Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- 2 Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Matthew L Becker
- 2 Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- 1 Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
- 2 Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, USA
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71
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Amalian JA, Al Ouahabi A, Cavallo G, König NF, Poyer S, Lutz JF, Charles L. Controlling the structure of sequence-defined poly(phosphodiester)s for optimal MS/MS reading of digital information. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:788-798. [PMID: 28482377 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Digital polymers are monodisperse chains with a controlled sequence of co-monomers, defined as letters of an alphabet, and are used to store information at the molecular level. Reading such messages is hence a sequencing task that can be efficiently achieved by tandem mass spectrometry. To improve their readability, structure of sequence-controlled synthetic polymers can be optimized, based on considerations regarding their fragmentation behavior. This strategy is described here for poly(phosphodiester)s, which were synthesized as monodisperse chains with more than 100 units but exhibited extremely complex dissociation spectra. In these polymers, two repeating units that differ by a simple H/CH3 variation were defined as the 0 and 1 bit of the ASCII code and spaced by a phosphate moiety. They were readily ionized in negative ion mode electrospray but dissociated via cleavage at all phosphate bonds upon collisional activation. Although allowing a complete sequence coverage of digital poly(phosphodiester)s, this fragmentation behavior was not efficient for macromolecules with more than 50 co-monomers, and data interpretation was very tedious. The structure of these polymers was then modified by introducing alkoxyamine linkages at appropriate location throughout the chain. A first design consisted of placing these low dissociation energy bonds between each monomeric bit: while cleavage of this sole bond greatly simplified MS/MS spectra, efficient sequencing was limited to chains with up to about 50 units. In contrast, introduction of alkoxyamine bonds between each byte (i.e. a set of eight co-monomers) was a more successful strategy. Long messages (so far, up to 8 bytes) could be read in MS3 experiments, where single-byte containing fragments released during the first activation stage were further dissociated for sequencing. The whole sequence of such byte-truncated poly(phosphodiester)s could be easily re-constructed based on a mass tagging system which permits to determine the original location of each byte in the chain. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-A Amalian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - A Al Ouahabi
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - G Cavallo
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - N F König
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - S Poyer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - J-F Lutz
- CNRS, Institut Charles Sadron UPR22, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - L Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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72
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Burel A, Carapito C, Lutz JF, Charles L. MS-DECODER: Milliseconds Sequencing of Coded Polymers. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Burel
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), IPHC, CNRS
UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Carapito
- Laboratoire
de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique (LSMBO), IPHC, CNRS
UMR7178, Université de Strasbourg, 25 Rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Institut
Charles Sadron UPR22, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, 23 rue
du Loess, 67034 Cedex 2 Strasbourg, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix
Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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73
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Paper spray and Kendrick mass defect analysis of block and random ethylene oxide/propylene oxide copolymers. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 989:38-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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74
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He Q, Mao J, Wesdemiotis C, Quirk RP, Foster MD. Synthesis and Isomeric Characterization of Well-Defined 8-Shaped Polystyrene Using Anionic Polymerization, Silicon Chloride Linking Chemistry, and Metathesis Ring Closure. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiming He
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Jialin Mao
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Roderic P. Quirk
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Mark D. Foster
- Department
of Polymer Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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75
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Fouquet T, Charles L, Sato H. Negative Ion Mode Electrospray Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Hydroxy-Terminated Polydimethylsiloxanes Formed upon in situ Methanolysis. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [PMID: 28630810 PMCID: PMC5469726 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethoxy-, methoxy- and hydroxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS) are formed as the result of the methanolysis of diethoxy-ended PDMS during its infusion in electrospray ionization. The negative ion mode permits only hydroxy-ended products to be detected, and isomeric interference is avoided in single stage and tandem mass spectrometry. The routes for the fragmentation of (ethyl, hydroxy)-, (methyl, hydroxy)- and (hydro, hydroxy)-ended PDMS upon collision activated dissociation (CAD) were explored in the negative ion mode using either formate or acetate anion adduction. Symmetrical (hydro, hydroxy)-ended PDMS decomposed to product ions carrying one of the hydroxy terminations through the abstraction of an acidic hydrogen and depolymerization (expulsion of cyclic neutral species) regardless of the adducted anion. Asymmetric (ethyl, hydroxy)-ended (resp. (methyl, hydroxy)-ended) PDMS yielded both ethoxy-ended (resp. methoxy-ended) fragment ions through the abstraction of the only acidic hydrogens and linear product ions carrying both terminations still interacted with the anion. The production of information-rich ethoxy-ended (resp. methoxy-ended) fragment ions was limited by formate but favored when acetate (higher proton affinity) was used in a CAD fingerprint complementary to the positive ion mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry
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76
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Charles L, Cavallo G, Monnier V, Oswald L, Szweda R, Lutz JF. MS/MS-Assisted Design of Sequence-Controlled Synthetic Polymers for Improved Reading of Encoded Information. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:1149-1159. [PMID: 27914016 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1543-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve their MS/MS sequencing, structure of sequence-controlled synthetic polymers can be optimized based on considerations regarding their fragmentation behavior in collision-induced dissociation conditions, as demonstrated here for two digitally encoded polymer families. In poly(triazole amide)s, the main dissociation route proceeded via cleavage of the amide bond in each monomer, hence allowing the chains to be safely sequenced. However, a competitive cleavage of an ether bond in a tri(ethylene glycol) spacer placed between each coding moiety complicated MS/MS spectra while not bringing new structural information. Changing the tri(ethylene glycol) spacer to an alkyl group of the same size allowed this unwanted fragmentation pathway to be avoided, hence greatly simplifying the MS/MS reading step for such undecyl-based poly(triazole amide)s. In poly(alkoxyamine phosphodiester)s, a single dissociation pathway was achieved with repeating units containing an alkoxyamine linkage, which, by very low dissociation energy, made any other chemical bonds MS/MS-silent. Structure of these polymers was further tailored to enhance the stability of those precursor ions with a negatively charged phosphate group per monomer in order to improve their MS/MS readability. Increasing the size of both the alkyl coding moiety and the nitroxide spacer allowed sufficient distance between phosphate groups for all of them to be deprotonated simultaneously. Because the charge state of product ions increased with their polymerization degree, MS/MS spectra typically exhibited groups of fragments at one or the other side of the precursor ion depending on the original α or ω end-group they contain, allowing sequence reconstruction in a straightforward manner. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, ICR Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France.
| | - Gianni Cavallo
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix Marseille University, CNRS, Fédération des Sciences Chimiques de Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Oswald
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Roza Szweda
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, Strasbourg, France.
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77
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Fouquet T, Sato H. Improving the Resolution of Kendrick Mass Defect Analysis for Polymer Ions with Fractional Base Units. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6:A0055. [PMID: 28580221 PMCID: PMC5447562 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The concept of a fractional base unit for the Kendrick mass defect (KMD) analysis of polymer ions is introduced for the first time. A fraction of the ethylene oxide (EO) repeat unit (namely EO/8) has been used for the KMD analysis of a poly(ethylene oxide) and found to amplify the variations of KMD between monoisotopic and 13C isotopes, producing an isotopically resolved KMD plot at full scale when the KMD plot computed with EO is fuzzy. The expansion of the KMD dimension using a fractional base unit has then been successfully used to unequivocally discriminate all the distributions from a blend of poly(ethylene oxide)s in a high resolution KMD plot calculated with EO/3 as base unit. Extending the concept of fractional base units to other repeat units, the visualization of the co-oligomers from a poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer has been dramatically improved using a fraction of the propylene oxide repeat unit (namely PO/3) in an oligomer and isotope resolved plot. High resolution KMD plots were eventually calculated from tandem mass spectra of poly(dimethylsiloxane) ions using a fraction of the dimethylsiloxane (DMS) unit (namely DMS/6) with clearer point alignments and a discrimination of all the product ion series, out of reach of the KMD analysis using DMS. Versatile and producing high resolution KMD plots, the introduction of fractional base units is believed to be a major step towards the implementation of the KMD analysis as a routine data mining tool for mass spectrometry in polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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78
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Hoffmann WD, Kertesz V, Srijanto BR, Van Berkel GJ. Atomic Force Microscopy Thermally-Assisted Microsampling with Atmospheric Pressure Temperature Ramped Thermal Desorption/Ionization-Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3036-3042. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Hoffmann
- Mass
Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Vilmos Kertesz
- Mass
Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Bernadeta R. Srijanto
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Gary J. Van Berkel
- Mass
Spectrometry and Laser Spectroscopy Group, Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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79
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Fouquet T, Sato H. Extension of the Kendrick Mass Defect Analysis of Homopolymers to Low Resolution and High Mass Range Mass Spectra Using Fractional Base Units. Anal Chem 2017; 89:2682-2686. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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80
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Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry of Synthetic Polymers and Advanced Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:1452-1464. [PMID: 27712048 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry interfaces a suitable ionization technique and mass analysis (MS) with fragmentation by tandem mass spectrometry (MS2 ) and an orthogonal online separation method. Separation choices include liquid chromatography (LC) and ion-mobility spectrometry (IMS), in which separation takes place pre-ionization in the solution state or post-ionization in the gas phase, respectively. The MS step provides elemental composition information, while MS2 exploits differences in the bond stabilities of a polymer, yielding connectivity and sequence information. LC conditions can be tuned to separate by polarity, end-group functionality, or hydrodynamic volume, whereas IMS adds selectivity by macromolecular shape and architecture. This Minireview discusses how selected combinations of the MS, MS2 , LC, and IMS dimensions can be applied, together with the appropriate ionization method, to determine the constituents, structures, end groups, sequences, and architectures of a wide variety of homo- and copolymeric materials, including multicomponent blends, supramolecular assemblies, novel hybrid materials, and large cross-linked or nonionizable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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81
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Wesdemiotis C. Mehrdimensionale Massenspektrometrie von synthetischen Polymeren und modernen Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201607003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Akron; Akron OH 44325 USA
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82
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Fouquet T, Torimura M, Sato H. Multi-stage Mass Spectrometry of Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) and Its Vinyl Succinimide Copolymer Formed upon Exposure to Sodium Hypochlorite. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 5:A0050. [PMID: 27800293 DOI: 10.5702/massspectrometry.a0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The degradation routes of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) exposed to sodium hypochlorite (bleach) have been previously investigated using chemical analyses such as infrared spectroscopy. So far, no reports have proposed mass spectrometry (MS) as an alternative tool despite its capability to provide molecular and structural information using its single stage electrospray (ESI) or matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and multi stage (MS n ) configurations, respectively. The present study thus reports on the characterization of PVP after its exposure to bleach by high resolution MALDI spiralTOF-MS and Kendrick mass defect analysis providing clues as to the formation of a vinyl pyrrolidone/vinyl succinimide copolymeric degradation product. A thorough investigation of the fragmentation pathways of PVP adducted with sodium and proton allows one main route to be described-namely the release of the pyrrolidone pendant group in a charge remote and charge driven mechanism, respectively. Extrapolating this fragmentation pathway, the oxidation of vinyl pyrrolidone into vinyl succinimide hypothesized from the single stage MS is validated by the detection of an alternative succinimide neutral loss in lieu of the pyrrolidone release in the ESI-MS n spectra of the aged PVP sample. It constitutes an example of application of multi-stage mass spectrometry for the characterization of the degradation of polymeric samples at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Masaki Torimura
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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83
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Polymer architectures via mass spectrometry and hyphenated techniques: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 932:1-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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84
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Chendo C, Le D, Phan TNT, Gigmes D, Charles L. Multidimensional mass spectrometry to characterize degradation products generated during MALDI of polystyrenes prepared by controlled radical polymerization techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Chendo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut De Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille 13397 France
| | - Dao Le
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut De Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille 13397 France
| | - Trang N. T. Phan
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut De Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille 13397 France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut De Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille 13397 France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Institut De Chimie Radicalaire; Marseille 13397 France
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85
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86
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Fouquet T, Sato H. Convenient visualization of high-resolution tandem mass spectra of synthetic polymer ions using Kendrick mass defect analysis - the case of polysiloxanes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1361-1364. [PMID: 27173118 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Environmental Measurement Technology Group, Environmental Management Research Institute (EMRI), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Environmental Measurement Technology Group, Environmental Management Research Institute (EMRI), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8569, Japan
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87
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Shi C, Gerişlioğlu S, Wesdemiotis C. Ultrahigh Performance Liquid Chromatography Interfaced with Mass Spectrometry and Orthogonal Ion Mobility Separation for the Microstructure Characterization of Amphiphilic Block Copolymers. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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88
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Amalian JA, Trinh TT, Lutz JF, Charles L. MS/MS Digital Readout: Analysis of Binary Information Encoded in the Monomer Sequences of Poly(triazole amide)s. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3715-22. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Arthur Amalian
- Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Thanh Tam Trinh
- Precision
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Precision
Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 Rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix-Marseille Université−CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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89
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Charles L, Laure C, Lutz JF, Roy RK. Tandem mass spectrometry sequencing in the negative ion mode to read binary information encoded in sequence-defined poly(alkoxyamine amide)s. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:22-28. [PMID: 26661967 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Digitally encoded oligomers composed of two distinct amide coding units spaced by a nitroxide moiety were recently decrypted using a tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) sequencing approach developed for protonated oligomers. Here, the MS/MS behavior of deprotonated oligomers was explored in the negative ion mode to provide both structural and mechanistic complementary information. METHODS Binary-encoded oligo(alkoxyamine)amides, containing coding 0/1 amide units spaced by a TEMPO nitroxide moiety, were ionized in negative ion mode electrospray thanks to their α end-group containing a carboxylic acid function. Deprotonated molecules were subjected to collision-induced dissociation in MS/MS and MS(3) experiments, combined with accurate mass measurements, for a thorough investigation of their dissociation behavior. RESULTS Deprotonated oligomers readily dissociated upon collisional activation via competitive homolytic cleavages of all fragile alkoxyamine linkages between any coding 0 or 1 monomers and a nitroxide moiety. As expected, only product ions holding the deprotonated α end-group were detected while complementary moieties containing the ω termination were released as radicals. The so-formed distonic radical anions were observed to further depolymerize according to a radical-induced process, as evidenced by MS(3) experiments. CONCLUSIONS Messages encoded in oligo(alkoxyamine)amides were readily decrypted by MS/MS sequencing performed in the negative ion mode. When compared with results obtained in positive ion mode ESI-MS/MS, these data provided further evidence regarding the influence of adducted proton on the charge-remote homolytic cleavage of alkoxyamine linkages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Aix-Marseille Université - CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Chloé Laure
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Raj Kumar Roy
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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90
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Katzenmeyer BC, Hague SF, Wesdemiotis C. Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry Coupled with Separation by Polarity or Shape for the Characterization of Sugar-Based Nonionic Surfactants. Anal Chem 2015; 88:851-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan C. Katzenmeyer
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Shayna F. Hague
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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91
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Albergaria Pereira BDF, Tardy A, Monnier V, Guillaneuf Y, Gigmes D, Charles L. Elucidation of a side reaction occurring during nitroxide-mediated polymerization of cyclic ketene acetals by tandem mass spectrometric end-group analysis of aliphatic polyesters. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:2302-2308. [PMID: 26522324 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In order to prevent side reactions while developing new polymerization processes, their mechanism has to be understood and one first key insight is the structure of the end-groups in polymeric by-products. The synthetic method scrutinized here is the nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP) of a cyclic ketene acetal, a promising alternative process to the production of polyesters. METHODS Polymer end-group characterization was performed by mass spectrometry (MS), combining elemental composition information derived from accurate mass data in the MS mode with fragmentation features recorded in the MS/MS mode. Electrospray was used as the ionization method to ensure the integrity of original chain terminations and a quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) instrument was employed for high-resolution mass measurements in both MS and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) modes. RESULTS Occurrence of side reactions in the studied polymerization method, first evidenced by an unusual increase in dispersity with conversion, was confirmed in MS with the detection of two polymeric impurities in addition to the expected species. Fragmentation rules were first established for this new polyester family in order to derive useful structural information from MS/MS data. In addition to a usual NMP by-product, the initiating group of the second polymeric impurities revealed the degradation of the nitroxide moiety. CONCLUSIONS Unambiguous MS/MS identification of end-groups in by-products sampled from the polymerization medium allowed an unusual side reaction to be identified during the NMP preparation of polyesters. On-going optimization of the polymerization method aims at preventing this undesired process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antoine Tardy
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Valérie Monnier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, FR 1739, Fédération des Sciences Chimiques de Marseille, Spectropôle, Marseille, France
| | - Yohann Guillaneuf
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Gigmes
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, UMR 7273, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire, Marseille, France
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92
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Liu X, Cool LR, Lin K, Kasko AM, Wesdemiotis C. Tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility mass spectrometry for the analysis of molecular sequence and architecture of hyperbranched glycopolymers. Analyst 2015; 140:1182-91. [PMID: 25519163 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Multidimensional mass spectrometry techniques, combining matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization (ESI) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)), multistage mass spectrometry (MS(n)) or ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), have been employed to gain precise structural insight on the compositions, sequences and architectures of small oligomers of a hyperbranched glycopolymer, prepared by atom transfer radical copolymerization of an acrylate monomer (A) and an acrylate inimer (B), both carrying mannose ester pendants. The MS data confirmed the incorporation of multiple inimer repeat units, which ultimately lead to the hyperbranched material. The various possible structures of n-mers with the same composition were subsequently elucidated based on MS(2) and MS(n) studies. The characteristic elimination of bromomethane molecule provided definitive information about the comonomer connectivity in the copolymeric AB2 trimer and A2B2 tetramer, identifying as present only one of the three possible trimeric isomers (viz. sequence BBA) and only two of the six possible tetrameric isomers (viz. sequences BBA2 and BABA). Complementary IM-MS studies confirmed that only one of the tetrameric structures is formed. Comparison of the experimentally determined collision cross-section of the detected isomer with those predicted by molecular simulations for the two possible sequences ascertained BBA2 as the predominant tetrameric architecture. The multidimensional MS approaches presented provide connectivity information at the atomic level without requiring high product purity (due to the dispersive nature of MS) and, hence, should be particularly useful for the microstructure characterization of novel glycopolymers and other types of complex copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3601, USA.
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93
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Guo K, Guo Z, Ludlow JM, Xie T, Liao S, Newkome GR, Wesdemiotis C. Characterization of Metallosupramolecular Polymers by Top-Down Multidimensional Mass Spectrometry Methods. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 36:1539-52. [PMID: 26248126 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Top-down multidimensional mass spectrometry, interfacing electrospray ionization (ESI) with ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS), and energy resolved (gradient) tandem mass spectrometry (gMS(2) ) are employed to characterize the stoichiometries, architectures, and intrinsic stabilities of coordinatively bound supramolecular polymers containing terpyridine functionalized ligands. As a soft ionization method, ESI prevents or minimizes unwanted assembly destruction. The IM dimension affords separation of the supramolecular ions by charge and collision cross-section (a function of size and shape). The mobility separated ions are subsequently identified by their mass-to-charge-ratios and isotope patterns in the orthogonal MS dimension. Finally, the gMS(2) dimension reveals bond breaking proclivities and disintegration pathways of the assemblies. The described methodology does not require high sample purity due to the dispersive nature of the IM and MS steps. Its utility is demonstrated with the comprehensive analysis of bisterpyridine-based metallomacrocycle mixtures and a tristerpyridine based complex with 3-D nanosphere-like architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Guo
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Zaihong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - James M Ludlow
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Tingzheng Xie
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Shengyun Liao
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - George R Newkome
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Chrys Wesdemiotis
- Departments of Chemistry and Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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94
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Charles L, Laure C, Lutz JF, Roy RK. MS/MS Sequencing of Digitally Encoded Poly(alkoxyamine amide)s. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Aix-Marseille
Université − CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Chloé Laure
- Precision
Macromolecular Chemistry, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Precision
Macromolecular Chemistry, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Raj Kumar Roy
- Precision
Macromolecular Chemistry, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, Institut Charles Sadron, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
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95
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Stow SM, Onifer TM, Forsythe JG, Nefzger H, Kwiecien NW, May JC, McLean JA, Hercules DM. Structural Characterization of Methylenedianiline Regioisomers by Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, and Computational Strategies. 2. Electrospray Spectra of 3-Ring and 4-Ring Isomers. Anal Chem 2015; 87:6288-96. [PMID: 25971782 PMCID: PMC5642105 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Building on results from our previous study of 2-ring methylenedianiline (MDA), a combined mass spectrometry approach utilizing ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) coupled with computational methods enables the structural characterization of purified 3-ring and 4-ring MDA regioisomers in this current study. The preferred site of protonation for the 3-ring and 4-ring MDA was determined to be on the amino groups. Additionally, the location of the protonated amine along the MDA multimer was found to influence the gas phase stability of these molecules. Fragmentation mechanisms similar to the 2-ring MDA species were observed for both the 3-ring and 4-ring MDA. The structural characterization of 3-ring and 4-ring MDA isomers using modern MS techniques may aid polyurethane synthesis by the characterization of industrial grade MDA, multimeric MDA species, and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M. Stow
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37235, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Onifer
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37235, United States
| | - Jay G. Forsythe
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37235, United States
| | - Hartmut Nefzger
- Bayer MaterialScience AG, 51368 Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia,
Germany
| | - Nicholas W. Kwiecien
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37235, United States
| | - Jody C. May
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37235, United States
| | - John A. McLean
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37235, United States
| | - David M. Hercules
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
37235, United States
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96
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Fouquet T, Barrère-Mangote C, Farenc M, Afonso C, Giusti P. Atmospheric solid analysis probe mass spectrometry vs electrospray tandem mass spectrometry of polydimethylsiloxanes in positive and negative ionization modes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:982-986. [PMID: 26407313 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Fouquet
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Caroline Barrère-Mangote
- TOTAL Refining & Chemicals, Total Research & Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, F-76700, Harfleur, France
| | - Mathilde Farenc
- TOTAL Refining & Chemicals, Total Research & Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, F-76700, Harfleur, France
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen; INSA de Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, F-76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Carlos Afonso
- Normandie Univ, COBRA, UMR6014 and FR3038, Université de Rouen; INSA de Rouen; CNRS, IRCOF, F-76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Pierre Giusti
- TOTAL Refining & Chemicals, Total Research & Technology Gonfreville, BP 27, F-76700, Harfleur, France
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97
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Roy RK, Meszynska A, Laure C, Charles L, Verchin C, Lutz JF. Design and synthesis of digitally encoded polymers that can be decoded and erased. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7237. [PMID: 26006165 PMCID: PMC4455100 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopolymers such as DNA store information in their chains using controlled sequences of monomers. Here we describe a non-natural information-containing macromolecule that can store and retrieve digital information. Monodisperse sequence-encoded poly(alkoxyamine amide)s were synthesized using an iterative strategy employing two chemoselective steps: the reaction of a primary amine with an acid anhydride and the radical coupling of a carbon-centred radical with a nitroxide. A binary code was implemented in the polymer chains using three monomers: one nitroxide spacer and two interchangeable anhydrides defined as 0-bit and 1-bit. This methodology allows encryption of any desired sequence in the chains. Moreover, the formed sequences are easy to decode using tandem mass spectrometry. Indeed, these polymers follow predictable fragmentation pathways that can be easily deciphered. Moreover, poly(alkoxyamine amide)s are thermolabile. Thus, the digital information encrypted in the chains can be erased by heating the polymers in the solid state or in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Kumar Roy
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Anna Meszynska
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Chloé Laure
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Laurence Charles
- Aix-Marseille Université – CNRS, UMR 7273, Institute of Radical Chemistry, 13397 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Claire Verchin
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Jean-François Lutz
- Precision Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut Charles Sadron, UPR22-CNRS, BP84047, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
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98
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Abstract
MALDI-TOF/TOF collision-induced dissociation (CID) experiments were conducted on model aromatic polyester oligomers. CID fragmentation studies identified initial fracture of the ester bond and subsequent CO loss as a major pathway, consistent with the general fragmentation mechanism used to explain the origin of poly(p-phenylenediamine terephthalamide) (PPD-T) fragment ions. Specifically, both charge-remote and charge-site fragmentation were observed. Different parent-ion species were observed, the major ones being carboxyl-hydroxyl, di-carboxyl, di-hydroxyl, and phenyl-carboxyl terminated. One species observed was hydroxyl-diethylamine terminated caused by reaction of carboxyl groups with triethylamine added to the synthesis reaction mixture. Fragment ions reflected the end groups of the parent oligomers. Some MALDI fragment-ion spectra were obtained for species showing exchange between Li and H at the carboxyl end group. Bond energy calculations provide further insight into suggested fragmentation mechanisms.
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99
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Hutchings LR, Brooks PP, Parker D, Mosely JA, Sevinc S. Monomer Sequence Control via Living Anionic Copolymerization: Synthesis of Alternating, Statistical, and Telechelic Copolymers and Sequence Analysis by MALDI ToF Mass Spectrometry. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5016038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lian R. Hutchings
- Durham Centre for Soft Matter,
Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul P. Brooks
- Durham Centre for Soft Matter,
Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - David Parker
- Durham Centre for Soft Matter,
Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Jackie A. Mosely
- Durham Centre for Soft Matter,
Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Serkan Sevinc
- Durham Centre for Soft Matter,
Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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100
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Nie S, Pham HT, Blanksby SJ, Reid GE. Photoinduced intermolecular cross-linking of gas phase triacylglycerol lipid ions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2015; 21:287-296. [PMID: 26307708 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of plant derived triglycerol (TG) lipids are commonly used as feedstock components for the production of industrial polymers. However, there remains a need for the development of analytical strategies to investigate the intrinsic intermolecular cross-linking reactivity of individual TG molecules within these mixtures as a function of their structures and physicochemical properties, and for the characterization of the resultant products. Here, to address this need, we describe a novel multistage tandem mass spectrometry based method for intermolecular cross-linking and subsequent structural characterization of TG lipid ions in the gas phase. Cross-linking reactions were initiated using 266 nm ultraviolet photodissociation tandem mass spectrometry (UVPD-MS/MS) of saturated or unsaturated TG dimers introduced via electrospray ionization into a linear ion trap mass spectrometer as noncovalent complexes with protonated 3,4-, 2,4- or 3,5- diiodoaniline (diIA). UVPD resulted in the initial formation of an anilinyl biradical via the sequential loss of two iodine radicals, which underwent further reaction to yield multiple cross-linked TG products along with competing noncross-linking processes. These chemistries are proposed to occur via sequential combinations of hydrogen abstraction (H-abstraction), radical addition and radical recombination. Multistage collision induced dissociation tandem mass spectrometry (CID-MS(n)) was used to obtain evidence for the structures and mechanisms of formation for these products, as a function of both the TG lipid and diIA ion structures. The efficiency of the UVPD reaction was shown to be dependent on the number of unsaturation sites present within the TG lipids. However, when unsaturation sites were present, formation of the cross-linked and noncross-linked product ions via H-abstraction and radical addition mechanisms was found to be competitive. Finally, the identity of the anilinyl biradical (e.g., 3,4- versus 2,4-substituted) was found to significantly affect the distribution of these two types of product ions. Importantly, owing to the observed propensity for cross-linking to occur via H-abstraction-initiated processes, this novel gas-phase cross-linking reaction provides a convenient method to link two molecules covalently without the requirement of any specific functional group, and therefore could be applied to examine the gas-phase intermolecular interactions and cross-linking of a wide range of biomolecular classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Nie
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Huong T Pham
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Stephen J Blanksby
- Central Analytical Research Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Gavin E Reid
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. School of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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