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Süssmuth R, Müller J, von Döhren H, Molnár I. Fungal cyclooligomerdepsipeptides: From classical biochemistry to combinatorial biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2011; 28:99-124. [DOI: 10.1039/c001463j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Tedjiotsop Feudjio F, Dornetshuber R, Lemmens M, Hoffmann O, Lemmens-Gruber R, Berger W. Beauvericin and enniatin: emerging toxins and/or remedies? WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) and enniatins (ENN) are emerging Fusarium mycotoxins that are known to contaminate food and feed. BEA- and ENN-mediated cytotoxicity towards various mammalian and cancer cell lines is only partly understood yet and engages several cellular targets and molecular mechanisms. Thus, the channel forming ability of BEA and ENN selectively directs a flux of cations – particularly calcium – into the cell. The resulting increased intracellular calcium levels might be at least in part responsible for their cytotoxicity. Additionally, BEA and ENN activate programmed cell death via the internal mitochondrial pathway (release of cytochrome c, activation of pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax and activation of caspases). Several cellular signalling pathways and regulators are influenced by these fusariotoxins including MAPK, NF-κB and p53. The in vitro cytotoxicity implicates that these compounds could be potentially used as cancer therapeutics. However, considering their high prevalence in grains destined for consumption, also potential systemic toxicity towards humans and animals has to be considered. Interestingly, the few studies that have addressed this issue in animals so far predominantly reported minor effects at least as far as acute toxicity is concerned. However, consequences especially of chronic exposure but also at pharmacologically active doses in humans/animals have not been explored in detail. Nevertheless, both compounds exhibit interesting pharmacological characteristics (as they are cytotoxic especially to cancer cells, inhibit drug efflux pumps, are non-mutagenic, inhibit bone resorption) which suggest them as potential drug candidates to fight disseminated cancer. Thus, detailed studies on the consequences of chronic and bolus BEA and ENN exposure are eagerly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Tedjiotsop Feudjio
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - R. Dornetshuber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - M. Lemmens
- Department of Agrobiotechnology, IFA-Tulln, Institute of Biotechnology in Plant Production, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - O. Hoffmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - R. Lemmens-Gruber
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - W. Berger
- Institute of Cancer Research, Department of Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Ivanova L, Uhlig S, Eriksen G, Johannessen L. Enniatin B1 is a substrate of intestinal P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 and breast cancer resistance protein. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2010. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2010.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Enniatins are cyclic hexadepsipeptides produced by various fungi, known to have ionophoric, antibiotic and insecticidal activity. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the intestinal absorption characteristics of enniatin B1 (ENN-B1). Using the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line, we found that the permeability of ENN-B1 in the basolateral to apical direction was 6.7× higher as compared to the permeability in the opposite direction, indicating involvement of apically located transporters. Transport of ENN-B1 in the apical to basolateral direction was increased significantly upon treatment of Caco-2 cells with the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) inhibitor verapamil and the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) inhibitor MK571, but only weakly and not significantly after treatment with the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) inhibitor fumitremorgin C. Additionally, MDCK II cells over-expressing Pgp, MRP2 or BCRP, showed reduced sensitivity towards ENN-B1. These data demonstrate for the first time that ENN-B1 is a substrate of MRP2 and suggests that Pgp, MRP2 and possibly BCRP are involved in transport of ENN-B1 across the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Ivanova
- National Veterinary Institute, Section for Chemistry, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - S. Uhlig
- National Veterinary Institute, Section for Chemistry, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - G. Eriksen
- National Veterinary Institute, Section for Chemistry, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - L. Johannessen
- National Veterinary Institute, Section for Chemistry, Ullevålsveien 68, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
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Dornetshuber R, Heffeter P, Lemmens-Gruber R, Elbling L, Marko D, Micksche M, Berger W. Oxidative stress and DNA interactions are not involved in Enniatin- and Beauvericin-mediated apoptosis induction. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 53:1112-22. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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