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Osman MT, Rahman T, Muid S, Haron H, Ismail T, Ramli A, Abdulrahman A, Nawawi H. Effects of adding tocotrienol-tocopherol mixed fraction and vitamin C on inflammatory status in hypercholesterolaemic patients in the low coronary risk category. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2016. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-016-0013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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52
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Sulforaphane Protects against Cardiovascular Disease via Nrf2 Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:407580. [PMID: 26583056 PMCID: PMC4637098 DOI: 10.1155/2015/407580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) causes an unparalleled proportion of the global burden of disease and will remain the main cause of mortality for the near future. Oxidative stress plays a major role in the pathophysiology of cardiac disorders. Several studies have highlighted the cardinal role played by the overproduction of reactive oxygen or nitrogen species in the pathogenesis of ischemic myocardial damage and consequent cardiac dysfunction. Isothiocyanates (ITC) are sulfur-containing compounds that are broadly distributed among cruciferous vegetables. Sulforaphane (SFN) is an ITC shown to possess anticancer activities by both in vivo and epidemiological studies. Recent data have indicated that the beneficial effects of SFN in CVD are due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. SFN activates NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that serves as a defense mechanism against oxidative stress and electrophilic toxicants by inducing more than a hundred cytoprotective proteins, including antioxidants and phase II detoxifying enzymes. This review will summarize the evidence from clinical studies and animal experiments relating to the potential mechanisms by which SFN modulates Nrf2 activation and protects against CVD.
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53
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Shehatou GSG, Suddek GM. Sulforaphane attenuates the development of atherosclerosis and improves endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2015; 241:426-36. [PMID: 26490346 DOI: 10.1177/1535370215609695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to explore possible protective effects of sulforaphane (SFN) against atherosclerosis development and endothelial dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. Rabbits were assigned to three groups of five: group I fed normal chow diet for four weeks, group II fed 1% high cholesterol diet (HCD) and group III fed HCD + SFN (0.25 mg/kg/day). Blood samples were collected for measurement of serum triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Aortic malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and total nitrite/nitrate (NOx) were measured. Vascular reactivity and intima/media (I/M) ratio were analyzed. Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in aortic endothelial cells was identified immunohistochemically. HCD induced significant increases in serum TGs, TC, LDL-C, LDH, and CRP, and aortic MDA and SOD. Moreover, HCD caused significant reductions in serum HDL-C, aortic GSH and NOx. SFN administration significantly decreased HCD-induced elevations in serum TC, LDL-C, CRP, and LDH. while significantly increased HDL-C and GSH levels and normalized aortic SOD and NOx. Additionally, SFN significantly improved rabbit aortic endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine. Moreover, SFN significantly reduced the elevation in I/M ratio. This effect was confirmed by aortic histopathologic examination. The expression of NF-κB in aortic tissue showed a marked reduction upon treatment with SFN. In conclusion, this study reveals that SFN has the ability to ameliorate HCD-induced atherosclerotic lesions progression and vascular dysfunction, possibly via its lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects and suppression of NF-κB-mediated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S G Shehatou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ghada M Suddek
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Cebula M, Schmidt EE, Arnér ESJ. TrxR1 as a potent regulator of the Nrf2-Keap1 response system. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:823-53. [PMID: 26058897 PMCID: PMC4589110 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE All cells must maintain a balance between oxidants and reductants, while allowing for fluctuations in redox states triggered by signaling, altered metabolic flow, or extracellular stimuli. Furthermore, they must be able to rapidly sense and react to various challenges that would disrupt the redox homeostasis. RECENT ADVANCES Many studies have identified Keap1 as a key sensor for oxidative or electrophilic stress, with modification of Keap1 by oxidation or electrophiles triggering Nrf2-mediated transcriptional induction of enzymes supporting reductive and detoxification pathways. However, additional mechanisms for Nrf2 regulation are likely to exist upstream of, or in parallel with, Keap1. CRITICAL ISSUES Here, we propose that the mammalian selenoprotein thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is a potent regulator of Nrf2. A high chemical reactivity of TrxR1 and its vital role for the thioredoxin (Trx) system distinguishes TrxR1 as a prime target for electrophilic challenges. Chemical modification of the selenocysteine (Sec) in TrxR1 by electrophiles leads to rapid inhibition of thioredoxin disulfide reductase activity, often combined with induction of NADPH oxidase activity of the derivatized enzyme, thereby affecting many downstream redox pathways. The notion of TrxR1 as a regulator of Nrf2 is supported by many publications on effects in human cells of selenium deficiency, oxidative stress or electrophile exposure, as well as the phenotypes of genetic mouse models. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Investigation of the role of TrxR1 as a regulator of Nrf2 activation will facilitate further studies of redox control in diverse cells and tissues of mammals, and possibly also in animals of other classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Cebula
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edward E Schmidt
- 2 Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University , Bozeman, Montana
| | - Elias S J Arnér
- 1 Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm, Sweden
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55
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Cheng L, Pan GF, Zhang XD, Wang JL, Wang WD, Zhang JY, Wang H, Liang RX, Sun XB. Yindanxinnaotong, a Chinese compound medicine, synergistically attenuates atherosclerosis progress. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12333. [PMID: 26196108 PMCID: PMC4508829 DOI: 10.1038/srep12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Yindanxinnaotong (YD), a traditional Chinese medicine, has been introduced to clinical medicine for more than a decade, while its pharmacological properties are still not to be well addressed. This report aimed to explore the anti-atherosclerosis properties and underlying mechanisms of YD. We initially performed a computational prediction based on a network pharmacology simulation, which clued YD exerted synergistically anti-atherosclerosis properties by vascular endothelium protection, lipid-lowering, anti-inflammation, and anti-oxidation. These outcomes were then validated in atherosclerosis rats. The experiments provided evidences indicating YD's contribution in this study included, (1) significantly reduced the severity of atherosclerosis, inhibited reconstruction of the artery wall and regulated the lipid profile; (2) enhanced antioxidant power, strengthened the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and decreased malondialdhyde levels; (3) significantly increased the viability of umbilical vein endothelial cells exposed to oxidative stress due to pretreatment with YD; (4) significantly reduced the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines; (5) significantly down-regulated NF-kB/p65 and up-regulated IkB in the YD-treated groups. Overall, these results demonstrated that YD intervention relieves atherosclerosis through regulating lipids, reducing lipid particle deposition in the endothelial layer of artery, enhancing antioxidant power, and repressing inflammation activity by inhibiting the nuclear factor-kappa B signal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization
of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant
Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical
College, Beijing, 100193, P. R.
China
| | - Guo-feng Pan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Shijitan
Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University, Beijing,
100038, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-dong Zhang
- Center for Drug Evaluation, China Food and Drug
Administration, Beijing, 100038, P. R.
China
| | - Jian-lu Wang
- Institute of Medicia Materia, China Academy of Chinese Medical
Sciences, Beijing, 100700, P. R.
China
| | - Wan-dan Wang
- Institute of Medicia Materia, China Academy of Chinese Medical
Sciences, Beijing, 100700, P. R.
China
| | - Jian-yong Zhang
- Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi,
Guizhou
563003, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese
Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, P. R.
China
| | - Ri-xin Liang
- Institute of Medicia Materia, China Academy of Chinese Medical
Sciences, Beijing, 100700, P. R.
China
| | - Xiao-bo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization
of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant
Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical
College, Beijing, 100193, P. R.
China
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56
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Qin CZ, Zhang X, Wu LX, Wen CJ, Hu L, Lv QL, Shen DY, Zhou HH. Advances in molecular signaling mechanisms of β-phenethyl isothiocyanate antitumor effects. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:3311-3322. [PMID: 25798652 DOI: 10.1021/jf504627e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
β-Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) is an important phytochemical from cruciferous vegetables and is being evaluated for chemotherapeutic activity in early phase clinical trials. Moreover, studies in cell culture and in animals found that the anticarcinogenic activities of PEITC involved all the major stages of tumor growth: initiation, promotion, and progression. A number of mechanisms have been proposed for the chemopreventive activities of this compound. Here, we focus on the major molecular signaling pathways for the anticancer activities of PEITC. These include (1) activation of apoptosis pathways; (2) induction of cell cycle arrest; and (3) inhibition of the survival pathways. Furthermore, we also discussed the regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes, including cytochrome P450s, metabolizing enzymes, and multidrug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Zhen Qin
- †Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- ‡Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- §Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lan-Xiang Wu
- §Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chun-Jie Wen
- §Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lei Hu
- †Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- ‡Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Qiao-Li Lv
- †Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- ‡Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Ya Shen
- †Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- ‡Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- †Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P. R. China
- ‡Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Central South University, Changsha 410078, P. R. China
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57
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Sahu RP. Expression of the platelet-activating factor receptor enhances benzyl isothiocyanate-induced apoptosis in murine and human melanoma cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:394-400. [PMID: 25695262 PMCID: PMC4438923 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma cells often express platelet-activating factor receptor (PAF-R), which has been demonstrated to increase metastatic behavior. However, the effect of PAF-R on the responsiveness of melanoma to naturally occurring cytotoxic agents remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to determine the relative cytotoxicity and mechanism of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), a component of cruciferous vegetables, in melanoma cells expressing PAF-R. To evaluate the importance of PAF-R signaling in melanoma cell growth, PAF-R-negative murine B16F10 cells were transduced with a retrovirus containing the cDNA for PAF-R to generate cells stably expressing PAF-R (B16-PAF-R) or an empty vector (MSCV) to generate PAF-R-deficient B16-MSCV control cells. Activation of PAF-R, using the PAF-R agonist, 1-hexadecyl-2-N-methylcarbamoyl-3-glycerophosphocholine, induced an increase in the proliferation of B16-PAF-R cells compared with the B16-MSCV cells. Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed the presence of functional PAF-R in human melanoma SK23MEL cells, but not in SK5MEL cells. The present study investigated the effect of BITC treatments on the survival of murine and human melanoma cells, in the presence or absence of functional PAF-R. The results revealed that treatment with BITC decreased the survival rate of the PAF-R-positive and negative murine and human melanoma cells. However, the expression of PAF-R substantially augmented BITC-mediated cytotoxicity in the PAF-R-positive cells at lower concentrations compared with the PAF-R-negative cells. In order to determine the underlying mechanism, flow cytometric analysis was used, which demonstrated a significant increase in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the B16-PAF-R cells compared with the B16-MSCV cells, which enhanced apoptosis by BITC, as measured by increased caspase-3/7 luminescence. Notably, the BITC-mediated decreased cell survival rate, increased ROS and increased apoptosis in the B16-PAF-R cells were significantly attenuated by the antioxidant, vitamin C, indicating ROS involvement. Additionally, the WEB2086 PAF-R antagonist, inhibited the BITC-mediated enhancement of apoptosis in the B16-PAF-R cells, indicating a role for PAF-R-signaling in the BITC-mediated effects. These findings indicated that the selectivity of BITC towards PAF-R in melanoma offers a promising chemopreventive agent for PAF-R-positive melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Prakash Sahu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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58
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Shikonin inhibits oxidized LDL-induced monocyte adhesion by suppressing NFκB activation via up-regulation of PI3K/Akt/Nrf2-dependent antioxidation in EA.hy926 endothelial cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 93:352-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Rojas J, Salazar J, Martínez MS, Palmar J, Bautista J, Chávez-Castillo M, Gómez A, Bermúdez V. Macrophage Heterogeneity and Plasticity: Impact of Macrophage Biomarkers on Atherosclerosis. SCIENTIFICA 2015; 2015:851252. [PMID: 26491604 PMCID: PMC4600540 DOI: 10.1155/2015/851252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a global epidemic, currently representing the worldwide leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis is the fundamental pathophysiologic component of CVD, where the immune system plays an essential role. Monocytes and macrophages are key mediators in this aspect: due to their heterogeneity and plasticity, these cells may act as either pro- or anti-inflammatory mediators. Indeed, monocytes may develop heterogeneous functional phenotypes depending on the predominating pro- or anti-inflammatory microenvironment within the lesion, resulting in classic, intermediate, and non-classic monocytes, each with strikingly differing features. Similarly, macrophages may also adopt heterogeneous profiles being mainly M1 and M2, the former showing a proinflammatory profile while the latter demonstrates anti-inflammatory traits; they are further subdivided in several subtypes with more specialized functions. Furthermore, macrophages may display plasticity by dynamically shifting between phenotypes in response to specific signals. Each of these distinct cell profiles is associated with diverse biomarkers which may be exploited for therapeutic intervention, including IL-10, IL-13, PPAR-γ, LXR, NLRP3 inflammasomes, and microRNAs. Direct modulation of the molecular pathways concerning these potential macrophage-related targets represents a promising field for new therapeutic alternatives in atherosclerosis and CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joselyn Rojas
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- Endocrinology Department, Maracaibo University Hospital, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
- *Joselyn Rojas:
| | - Juan Salazar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - María Sofía Martínez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jim Palmar
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Jordan Bautista
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Mervin Chávez-Castillo
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Alexis Gómez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
| | - Valmore Bermúdez
- Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Zulia, Maracaibo 4004, Venezuela
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60
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The effect of benzyl isothiocyanate and its computer-aided design derivants targeting alkylglycerone phosphate synthase on the inhibition of human glioma U87MG cell line. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:3499-509. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Boyanapalli SSS, Paredes-Gonzalez X, Fuentes F, Zhang C, Guo Y, Pung D, Saw CLL, Kong ANT. Nrf2 knockout attenuates the anti-inflammatory effects of phenethyl isothiocyanate and curcumin. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:2036-43. [PMID: 25387343 PMCID: PMC4269407 DOI: 10.1021/tx500234h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
![]()
The
role of phytochemicals in preventive and therapeutic medicine
is a major area of scientific research. Several studies have illustrated
the mechanistic roles of phytochemicals in Nrf2 transcriptional activation.
The present study aims to examine the importance of the transcription
factor Nrf2 by treating peritoneal macrophages from Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2–/– mice ex vivo with phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and curcumin (CUR). The peritoneal
macrophages were pretreated with the drugs and challenged with lipopolysaccharides
(LPSs) alone and in combination with PEITC or CUR to assess their
anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects based on gene and protein
expression in the treated cells. LPS treatment resulted in an increase
in the expression of inflammatory markers such as cycloxygenase-2
(COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), interleukin-6 (IL-6),
and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in both Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2–/– macrophages, detected by quantitative
polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Nrf2+/+ macrophages treated
with PEITC and CUR exhibited a significant decrease in the expression
of these anti-inflammatory genes along with an increase in the expression
of hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is an antioxidative stress gene downstream
of the Nrf2 transcription factor battery. Although there was no significant
decrease in the expression of the anti-inflammatory genes or an increase
in HO-1 expression in Nrf2–/– macrophages
treated with either PEITC or CUR, there was a significant decrease
in the protein expression of COX-2 and an increase in the expression
of HO-1 in Nrf2+/+ macrophages treated with PEITC compared
to that with CUR treatment. No significant changes were observed in
the macrophages from knockout animals. Additionally, there was a significant
decrease in LPS-induced IL-6 and TNF-α production following
PEITC treatment compared with that following CUR in Nrf2+/+ macrophages, whereas no change was observed in the macrophages from
knockout animals. The results from qPCR, western blot, and ELISA
analyses in macrophages from Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2 –/– mice indicate that Nrf2 plays an important role in the anti-inflammatory
and antioxidative effects of PEITC and CUR, as observed by their decreased
activities in Nrf2–/– macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarandeep S S Boyanapalli
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey , 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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Chen HW, Huang CS, Li CC, Lin AH, Huang YJ, Wang TS, Yao HT, Lii CK. Bioavailability of andrographolide and protection against carbon tetrachloride-induced oxidative damage in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 280:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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