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Ffrench B, Gasch C, O'Leary JJ, Gallagher MF. Developing ovarian cancer stem cell models: laying the pipeline from discovery to clinical intervention. Mol Cancer 2014; 13:262. [PMID: 25495823 PMCID: PMC4295405 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-13-262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite decades of research, ovarian cancer is still associated with unacceptably high mortality rates, which must be addressed by novel therapeutic approaches. One avenue through which this may be achieved is targeting of tumor-initiating 'Cancer Stem Cells' (CSCs). CSCs are sufficient to generate primary and recurrent disease through extensive rounds of asymmetric division, which maintain the CSC pool while producing the tissues that form the bulk of the tumor. CSCs thrive in the harsh tumor niche, are generally refractory to therapeutic intervention and closely-linked to the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition process, which facilitates invasion and metastasis. While it is well-accepted that CSC-targeting must be assessed as a novel therapeutic avenue, few ovarian CSC models have been developed due to perceived and actual difficulties associated with the process of 'CSC Discovery'. In this article we review contemporary approaches to CSC Discovery and argue that this process should start with an understanding of the specific challenges associated with clinical intervention, laying the pipeline backwards towards CSC Discovery. Such an approach would expedite the bridging of the gap between laboratory isolation and clinical targeting of ovarian CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Ffrench
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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Schmid S, Gillessen S, Binet I, Brändle M, Engeler D, Greiner J, Hader C, Heinimann K, Kloos P, Krek W, Krull I, Stoeckli SJ, Sulz MC, van Leyen K, Weber J, Rothermundt C, Hundsberger T. Management of von hippel-lindau disease: an interdisciplinary review. Oncol Res Treat 2014; 37:761-71. [PMID: 25531723 DOI: 10.1159/000369362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominantly inherited tumour predisposition syndrome with an incidence of 1:36,000 newborns, the estimated prevalence in Europe is about 1-9/100,000. It is associated with an increased risk of developing various benign and malignant tumours, thus affecting multiple organs at different time points in the life of a patient. Disease severity and diversity as well as age at first symptoms vary considerably, and diagnostic delay due to failure of recognition is a relevant issue. The identification of a disease-causing VHL germline mutation subsequently allows family members at risk to undergo predictive genetic testing after genetic counselling. Clinical management of patients and families should optimally be offered as an interdisciplinary approach. Prophylactic screening programs are a cornerstone of care, and have markedly improved median overall survival of affected patients. The aim of this review is to give an overview of the heterogeneous manifestations of the VHL syndrome and to highlight the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges characteristic for this orphan disease. A comprehensive update of the underlying genetic and molecular principles is additionally provided. We also describe how the St. Gallen VHL multidisciplinary group is organised as an example of interdisciplinary cooperation in a tertiary hospital in Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schmid
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, Switzerland
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Nascimento AV, Singh A, Bousbaa H, Ferreira D, Sarmento B, Amiji MM. Mad2 checkpoint gene silencing using epidermal growth factor receptor-targeted chitosan nanoparticles in non-small cell lung cancer model. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3515-27. [PMID: 25256346 PMCID: PMC4186685 DOI: 10.1021/mp5002894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
RNA
interference has emerged as a powerful strategy in cancer therapy
because it allows silencing of specific genes associated with tumor
progression and resistance. Mad2 is an essential mitotic checkpoint
component required for accurate chromosome segregation during mitosis,
and its complete abolition leads to cell death. We have developed
an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted chitosan system
for silencing the Mad2 gene as a strategy to efficiently
induce cell death in EGFR overexpressing human A549 non-small cell
lung cancer cells. Control and EGFR-targeted chitosan nanoparticles
loaded with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) against Mad2 were formulated
and characterized for size, charge, morphology, and encapsulation
efficiency. Qualitative and quantitative intracellular uptake studies
by confocal imaging and flow cytometry, respectively, showed time-dependent
enhanced and selective intracellular internalization of EGFR-targeted
nanoparticles compared to nontargeted system. Targeted nanoparticles
showed nearly complete depletion of Mad2 expression in A549 cells
contrasting with the partial depletion in the nontargeted system.
Accordingly, Mad2-silencing-induced apoptotic cell death was confirmed
by cytotoxicity assay and flow cytometry. Our results demonstrate
that EGFR-targeted chitosan loaded with Mad2 siRNAs
is a potent delivery system for selective killing of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vanessa Nascimento
- CESPU, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde, IINFACTS, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra PRD, Portugal
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Liu Y, Gao Y, Zhan X, Cui L, Xu S, Ma D, Yue J, Wu B, Gao J. TLR4 Activation by Lipopolysaccharide and Streptococcus mutans Induces Differential Regulation of Proliferation and Migration in Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. J Endod 2014; 40:1375-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Davidson B, Tropé CG, Reich R. The clinical and diagnostic role of microRNAs in ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2014; 133:640-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2014.03.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Spindle assembly checkpoint protein expression correlates with cellular proliferation and shorter time to recurrence in ovarian cancer. Hum Pathol 2014; 45:1509-19. [PMID: 24792619 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma (OC) is the most lethal of the gynecological malignancies, often presenting at an advanced stage. Treatment is hampered by high levels of drug resistance. The taxanes are microtubule stabilizing agents, used as first-line agents in the treatment of OC that exert their apoptotic effects through the spindle assembly checkpoint. BUB1-related protein kinase (BUBR1) and mitotic arrest deficient 2 (MAD2), essential spindle assembly checkpoint components, play a key role in response to taxanes. BUBR1, MAD2, and Ki-67 were assessed on an OC tissue microarray platform representing 72 OC tumors of varying histologic subtypes. Sixty-one of these patients received paclitaxel and platinum agents combined; 11 received platinum alone. Overall survival was available for all 72 patients, whereas recurrence-free survival (RFS) was available for 66 patients. Increased BUBR1 expression was seen in serous carcinomas, compared with other histologies (P = .03). Increased BUBR1 was significantly associated with tumors of advanced stage (P = .05). Increased MAD2 and BUBR1 expression also correlated with increased cellular proliferation (P < .0002 and P = .02, respectively). Reduced MAD2 nuclear intensity was associated with a shorter RFS (P = .03), in ovarian tumors of differing histologic subtype (n = 66). In this subgroup, for those women who received paclitaxel and platinum agents combined (n = 57), reduced MAD2 intensity also identified women with a shorter RFS (P < .007). For the entire cohort of patients, irrespective of histologic subtype or treatment, MAD2 nuclear intensity retained independent significance in a multivariate model, with tumors showing reduced nuclear MAD2 intensity identifying patients with a poorer RFS (P = .05).
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Hell MP, Thoma CR, Fankhauser N, Christinat Y, Weber TC, Krek W. miR-28-5p Promotes Chromosomal Instability in VHL-Associated Cancers by Inhibiting Mad2 Translation. Cancer Res 2014; 74:2432-43. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Chen S, Dong Q, Hu S, Cai J, Zhang W, Sun J, Wang T, Xie J, He H, Xing J, Lu J, Dong Y. Proteomic analysis of the proteins that are associated with the resistance to paclitaxel in human breast cancer cells. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2014; 10:294-303. [PMID: 24292090 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70428a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancers frequently develop resistance to paclitaxel but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be determined. We have investigated the proteins that are associated with the paclitaxel resistance in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells using proteomic analysis. Paclitaxel resistant human breast cancer MCF-7 cells (MCF-7/P) were established by escalating the concentrations of paclitaxel to drug-sensitive MCF-7 cells (MCF-7/S). The global protein profiles of MCF-7/P and MCF-7/S were compared using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). Eleven proteins were upregulated while six proteins were downregulated in MCF-7/P cells. Western blot and real-time PCR analyses showed that the protein and mRNA levels of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP C1/C2), SET nuclear oncogene (SET), aspartate aminotransferase (AAT), transgelin-2 (TAGLN2) were increased, while those of nucleoside-diphosphate kinase A (NDKA) were decreased in MCF-7/P cells. Accordingly, knockdown of TAGLN2 by siRNA sensitized MCF-7/P cells to paclitaxel and reduced the multidrug resistance (MDR). Our identification of differential proteins, particularly transgelin-2, provides new insights into the mechanism of MDR to paclitaxel and novel biological targets for breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Park PE, Jeong JY, Kim SZ, Park JY. MAD2 Expression in Ovarian Carcinoma: Different Expression Patterns and Levels among Various Types of Ovarian Carcinoma and Its Prognostic Significance in High-Grade Serous Carcinoma. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 47:418-25. [PMID: 24255629 PMCID: PMC3830988 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2013.47.5.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitotic arrest deficiency protein 2 (MAD2) is a key component of spindle assembly checkpoint function, which mediates cell apoptosis through microtubule kinetics. Aberrant expression of MAD2 is believed to be associated with the development of chromosome instability. MAD2 also has a signihicant role in cellular drug resistance to taxane chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS Expression of MAD2 and p53 was investigated using immunohistochemistry in 85 cases of ovarian carcinomas. Clinicopathological data including progression-free survival were analyzed. RESULTS A significant (p=.035) association was observed between the grade of serous carcinoma and the expression level of MAD2. While low-grade serous carcinoma showed a low-level expression of MAD2, high-grade serous carcinoma showed a high-level expression of MAD2. We also determined that low-level expression of MAD2 was associated with reduced progression-free survival (PFS) (p=.016) in high-grade serous carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS MAD2 expression in ovarian carcinoma is related to the grade of serous carcinoma and PFS of high-grade serous carcinoma. Expression level of MAD2 detected by immunohistochemistry may serve as an indicator in predicting the response of microtubule-interfering chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Eun Park
- Department of Pathology, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Cui SY, Wang R, Chen LB. MicroRNAs: key players of taxane resistance and their therapeutic potential in human cancers. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1207-17. [PMID: 24106980 PMCID: PMC4159023 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The successful long-term use of taxane for cancer therapy is often prevented by the development of drug resistance in clinic. Thus, exploring the mechanisms involved is a first step towards rational strategies to overcome taxane resistance. Taxane resistance-related microRNA (miRNAs) are under investigation and miRNAs could induce the taxane resistance of tumour cells by regulating cell cycle distribution, survival and/or apoptosis pathways, drug transports, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and cancer stem cell. This article summarizes current research involving miRNAs as regulators of key target genes for tanxanxe chemoresistance and discusses the complex regulatory networks of miRNAs. Also, the authors will envisage future developments towards the potential use of targeting miRNAs as a novel strategy for improving response of tumour patients to taxane. miRNAs play critical roles in taxane chemoresistance and the miRNA-based therapies will be helpful for overcoming drug resistance and developing more effective personalized anti-cancer treatment strategies. Further research studies should be performed to promote therapeutic–clinical use of taxane resistance-related miRNAs in cancer patients, especially in those patients with taxane-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yun Cui
- Department of Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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High expression of spindle assembly checkpoint proteins CDC20 and MAD2 is associated with poor prognosis in urothelial bladder cancer. Virchows Arch 2013; 463:681-7. [PMID: 23995871 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-013-1473-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aneuploidy is a result of the abnormal expression of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) proteins and resulting abnormal spindle function during mitosis. High expression of cell division cycle 20 homolog (CDC20) and mitotic arrest defective protein 2 (MAD2), key components of the SAC, has been reported in various carcinomas. However, the clinicopathological significance of CDC20 and MAD2 expressions in urothelial carcinoma of the human bladder (UCB) is unknown. We therefore studied the expression of CDC20 and MAD2 in UCB specimens by immunohistochemistry. High expression of CDC20 and MAD2 was observed in 59.0 % (200/339) and 51.0 % (173/339) of UCB cases, respectively. Most high-grade tumor cells exhibited diffuse nuclear and/or cytoplasmic staining for CDC20 and MAD2, whereas most low-grade tumor cells and normal urothelial cells were not stained. CDC20 overexpression was associated with advanced age (p = 0.010), high grade (p < 0.001), advanced stage (p < 0.001), non-papillary growth pattern (p < 0.001), and distant metastasis (p = 0.042). Similarly, high MAD2 expression correlated with high grade (p < 0.001), advanced stage (p < 0.001), and non-papillary growth pattern (p < 0.001). In univariate survival analyses, high CDC20 expression correlated with shorter recurrence-free survival (RFS) (p = 0.032) and poorer overall survival (OS) (p = 0.007) in patients with UCB, whereas high MAD2 expression was associated with poorer OS (p = 0.008). In multivariate analyses, high CDC20 expression correlated with shorter RFS of patients with Ta stage UCB (hazard ratio, 1.91; p = 0.01). In conclusion, increased expression of CDC20 and MAD2 is related to poor prognosis of UCB.
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Schuyler SC, Wu YF, Kuan VJW. The Mad1-Mad2 balancing act--a damaged spindle checkpoint in chromosome instability and cancer. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4197-206. [PMID: 23093575 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.107037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are commonly aneuploid. The spindle checkpoint ensures accurate chromosome segregation by controlling cell cycle progression in response to aberrant microtubule-kinetochore attachment. Damage to the checkpoint, which is a partial loss or gain of checkpoint function, leads to aneuploidy during tumorigenesis. One form of damage is a change in levels of the checkpoint proteins mitotic arrest deficient 1 and 2 (Mad1 and Mad2), or in the Mad1:Mad2 ratio. Changes in Mad1 and Mad2 levels occur in human cancers, where their expression is regulated by the tumor suppressors p53 and retinoblastoma 1 (RB1). By employing a standard assay, namely the addition of a mitotic poison at mitotic entry, it has been shown that checkpoint function is normal in many cancer cells. However, in several experimental systems, it has been observed that this standard assay does not always reveal checkpoint aberrations induced by changes in Mad1 or Mad2, where excess Mad1 relative to Mad2 can lead to premature anaphase entry, and excess Mad2 can lead to a delay in entering anaphase. This Commentary highlights how changes in the levels of Mad1 and Mad2 result in a damaged spindle checkpoint, and explores how these changes cause chromosome instability that can lead to aneuploidy during tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Schuyler
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Kwei-Shan, Tao-Yuan, 333 Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Shaukat Z, Wong HWS, Nicolson S, Saint RB, Gregory SL. A screen for selective killing of cells with chromosomal instability induced by a spindle checkpoint defect. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47447. [PMID: 23077619 PMCID: PMC3471812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spindle assembly checkpoint is crucial for the maintenance of a stable chromosome number. Defects in the checkpoint lead to Chromosomal INstability (CIN), which is linked to the progression of tumors with poor clinical outcomes such as drug resistance and metastasis. As CIN is not found in normal cells, it offers a cancer-specific target for therapy, which may be particularly valuable because CIN is common in advanced tumours that are resistant to conventional therapy. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we identify genes that are required for the viability of cells with a CIN phenotype. We have used RNAi knockdown of the spindle assembly checkpoint to induce CIN in Drosophila and then screened the set of kinase and phosphatase genes by RNAi knockdown to identify those that induce apoptosis only in the CIN cells. Genes identified include those involved in JNK signaling pathways and mitotic cytoskeletal regulation. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The screen demonstrates that it is feasible to selectively kill cells with CIN induced by spindle checkpoint defects. It has identified candidates that are currently being pursued as cancer therapy targets (e.g. Nek2: NIMA related kinase 2), confirming that the screen is able to identify promising drug targets of clinical significance. In addition, several other candidates were identified that have no previous connection with mitosis or apoptosis. Further screening and detailed characterization of the candidates could potentially lead to the therapies that specifically target advanced cancers that exhibit CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Shaukat
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Heidi W. S. Wong
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shannon Nicolson
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert B. Saint
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen L. Gregory
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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