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O' Reilly E, Tirincsi A, Logue SE, Szegezdi E. The Janus Face of Death Receptor Signaling during Tumor Immunoediting. Front Immunol 2016; 7:446. [PMID: 27843441 PMCID: PMC5086583 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immune surveillance is essential for the inhibition of carcinogenesis. Malignantly transformed cells can be recognized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems through different mechanisms. Immune effector cells induce extrinsic cell death in the identified tumor cells by expressing death ligand cytokines of the tumor necrosis factor ligand family. However, some tumor cells can escape immune elimination and progress. Acquisition of resistance to the death ligand-induced apoptotic pathway can be obtained through cleavage of effector cell expressed death ligands into a poorly active form, mutations or silencing of the death receptors, or overexpression of decoy receptors and pro-survival proteins. Although the immune system is highly effective in the elimination of malignantly transformed cells, abnormal/dysfunctional death ligand signaling curbs its cytotoxicity. Moreover, DRs can also transmit pro-survival and pro-migratory signals. Consequently, dysfunctional death receptor-mediated apoptosis/necroptosis signaling does not only give a passive resistance against cell death but actively drives tumor cell motility, invasion, and contributes to consequent metastasis. This dual contribution of the death receptor signaling in both the early, elimination phase, and then in the late, escape phase of the tumor immunoediting process is discussed in this review. Death receptor agonists still hold potential for cancer therapy since they can execute the tumor-eliminating immune effector function even in the absence of activation of the immune system against the tumor. The opportunities and challenges of developing death receptor agonists into effective cancer therapeutics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eimear O' Reilly
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Andrea Tirincsi
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Susan E Logue
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
| | - Eva Szegezdi
- Apoptosis Research Center, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland , Galway , Ireland
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Lettieri CK, Appel N, Labban N, Lussier DM, Blattman JN, Hingorani P. Progress and opportunities for immune therapeutics in osteosarcoma. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:1233-44. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Survival outcomes for osteosarcoma have plateaued since the 1980s, and patients with relapsed or refractory disease have a particularly dismal outcome. Treatment options for these patients are limited primarily due to the paucity of effective therapeutics. Immune therapies such as tumor vaccines and traditional antigen-targeted monoclonal antibodies have had limited success in solid tumors. The recent discovery of novel immune checkpoint blockade strategies and their success in adult cancers has revitalized the use of immunotherapy strategies for the treatment of solid tumors. This paper summarizes existing data supporting the use of immune therapies in osteosarcoma and the progress of this class of drugs in osteosarcoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Appel
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Nicole Labban
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | | | - Joseph N Blattman
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Pooja Hingorani
- Center for Cancer & Blood Disorders, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
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53
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Mahasa KJ, Ouifki R, Eladdadi A, Pillis LD. Mathematical model of tumor-immune surveillance. J Theor Biol 2016; 404:312-330. [PMID: 27317864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present a novel mathematical model involving various immune cell populations and tumor cell populations. The model describes how tumor cells evolve and survive the brief encounter with the immune system mediated by natural killer (NK) cells and the activated CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The model is composed of ordinary differential equations describing the interactions between these important immune lymphocytes and various tumor cell populations. Based on up-to-date knowledge of immune evasion and rational considerations, the model is designed to illustrate how tumors evade both arms of host immunity (i.e. innate and adaptive immunity). The model predicts that (a) an influx of an external source of NK cells might play a crucial role in enhancing NK-cell immune surveillance; (b) the host immune system alone is not fully effective against progression of tumor cells; (c) the development of immunoresistance by tumor cells is inevitable in tumor immune surveillance. Our model also supports the importance of infiltrating NK cells in tumor immune surveillance, which can be enhanced by NK cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaphetsi Joseph Mahasa
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Rachid Ouifki
- DST/NRF Centre of Excellence in Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Haworth KB, Arnold MA, Pierson CR, Leddon JL, Kurmashev DK, Swain HM, Hutzen BJ, Roberts RD, Cripe TP. Characterization of MHC Class I and β-2-Microglobulin Expression in Pediatric Solid Malignancies to Guide Selection of Immune-Based Therapeutic Trials. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:618-26. [PMID: 26575538 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 10,000 US children are diagnosed with cancer yearly. Though outcomes have improved by optimizing conventional therapies, recent immunotherapeutic successes in adult cancers are emerging. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are the primary executioners of adaptive antitumor immunity and require antigenic presentation in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and the associated β-2-microglobulin (B2M). Loss of MHC I expression is a common immune escape mechanism in adult malignancies, but pediatric cancers have not been thoroughly characterized. The essential nature of MHC I expression in CTL-mediated cell death may dictate the success of immunotherapies, which rely on eliciting an adaptive response. PROCEDURE We queried pediatric tumor microarray databases for MHC I and B2M gene expression. We detected MHC I in pediatric tumor cell lines by flow cytometry and characterized MHC I and B2M expression in patient samples by immunohistochemistry. To determine whether therapeutic approaches might enhance MHC I expression in selected models in vitro, we tested effects of exposure to IFN-γ and histone deacetylase inhibitors. RESULTS Pediatric tumors overall, as well as samples within select individual tumor subtypes, exhibit wide ranges of MHC I and B2M gene and protein expression. For most cell lines tested, MHC I was inducible in vitro. CONCLUSIONS MHC I and B2M expression vary among pediatric tumor types and should be evaluated as potential biomarkers, which might identify patients most likely to benefit from MHC I dependent immunotherapies. Modulation of MHC I expression may be a promising mechanism for enhancing MHC I dependent immunotherapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellie B Haworth
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Michael A Arnold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher R Pierson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio.,Division of Anatomy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jennifer L Leddon
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio.,Immunobiology Graduate Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dias K Kurmashev
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Hayley M Swain
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Brian J Hutzen
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ryan D Roberts
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Timothy P Cripe
- Division of Hematology/Oncology/Blood and Marrow Transplant, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio.,Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
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Cellular and Antibody Based Approaches for Pediatric Cancer Immunotherapy. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:675269. [PMID: 26587548 PMCID: PMC4637498 DOI: 10.1155/2015/675269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress in the use of traditional chemotherapy and radiation-based strategies for the treatment of pediatric malignancies has plateaued in the past decade, particularly for patients with relapsing or therapy refractory disease. As a result, cellular and humoral immunotherapy approaches have been investigated for several childhood cancers. Several monoclonal antibodies are now FDA approved and commercially available, some of which are currently considered standard of practice. There are also several new cellular immunotherapy approaches under investigation, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified T cells, cancer vaccines and adjuvants, and natural killer (NK) cell therapies. In this review, we will discuss previous studies on pediatric cancer immunotherapy and new approaches that are currently being investigated in clinical trials.
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Roberts SS, Chou AJ, Cheung NKV. Immunotherapy of Childhood Sarcomas. Front Oncol 2015; 5:181. [PMID: 26301204 PMCID: PMC4528283 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors of bone and soft tissue origin. Although more than 100 different histologic subtypes have been described, the majority of pediatric cases belong to the Ewing’s family of tumors, rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma. Most patients that present with localized stage are curable with surgery and/or chemotherapy; however, those with metastatic disease at diagnosis or those who experience a relapse continue to have a very poor prognosis. New therapies for these patients are urgently needed. Immunotherapy is an established treatment modality for both liquid and solid tumors, and in pediatrics, most notably for neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma. In the past, immunomodulatory agents such as interferon, interleukin-2, and liposomal-muramyl tripeptide phosphatidyl-ethanolamine have been tried, with some activity seen in subsets of patients; additionally, various cancer vaccines have been studied with possible benefit. Monoclonal antibody therapies against tumor antigens such as disialoganglioside GD2 or immune checkpoint targets such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 are being actively explored in pediatric sarcomas. Building on the success of adoptive T cell therapy for EBV-related lymphoma, strategies to redirect T cells using chimeric antigen receptors and bispecific antibodies are rapidly evolving with potential for the treatment of sarcomas. This review will focus on recent preclinical and clinical developments in targeted agents for pediatric sarcomas with emphasis on the immunobiology of immune checkpoints, immunoediting, tumor microenvironment, antibody engineering, cell engineering, and tumor vaccines. The future integration of antibody-based and cell-based therapies into an overall treatment strategy of sarcoma will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Alexander J Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
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