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Teixeira PC, Velasquez LG, Lepique AP, de Rezende E, Bonatto JMC, Barcinski MA, Cunha-Neto E, Stolf BS. Regulation of Leishmania (L.) amazonensis protein expression by host T cell dependent responses: differential expression of oligopeptidase B, tryparedoxin peroxidase and HSP70 isoforms in amastigotes isolated from BALB/c and BALB/c nude mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003411. [PMID: 25692783 PMCID: PMC4333223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an important disease that affects 12 million people in 88 countries, with 2 million new cases every year. Leishmania amazonensis is an important agent in Brazil, leading to clinical forms varying from localized (LCL) to diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). One interesting issue rarely analyzed is how host immune response affects Leishmania phenotype and virulence. Aiming to study the effect of host immune system on Leishmania proteins we compared proteomes of amastigotes isolated from BALB/c and BALB/c nude mice. The athymic nude mice may resemble patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, considered T-cell hyposensitive or anergic to Leishmania's antigens. This work is the first to compare modifications in amastigotes' proteomes driven by host immune response. Among the 44 differentially expressed spots, there were proteins related to oxidative/nitrosative stress and proteases. Some correspond to known Leishmania virulence factors such as OPB and tryparedoxin peroxidase. Specific isoforms of these two proteins were increased in parasites from nude mice, suggesting that T cells probably restrain their posttranslational modifications in BALB/c mice. On the other hand, an isoform of HSP70 was increased in amastigotes from BALB/c mice. We believe our study may allow identification of potential virulence factors and ways of regulating their expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Garcia Velasquez
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Lepique
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eloiza de Rezende
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Edecio Cunha-Neto
- Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Simonsen Stolf
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Ghosh AK, Sardar AH, Mandal A, Saini S, Abhishek K, Kumar A, Purkait B, Singh R, Das S, Mukhopadhyay R, Roy S, Das P. Metabolic reconfiguration of the central glucose metabolism: a crucial strategy of Leishmania donovani for its survival during oxidative stress. FASEB J 2015; 29:2081-98. [PMID: 25690656 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-258624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism that allows the intracellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani (Ld) to respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is of increasing therapeutic importance because of the continuing resistance toward antileishmanial drugs and for determining the illusive survival strategy of these parasites. A shift in primary carbon metabolism is the fastest response to oxidative stress. A (14)CO2 evolution study, expression of glucose transporters together with consumption assays, indicated a shift in metabolic flux of the parasites from glycolysis toward pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) when exposed to different oxidants in vitro/ex vivo. Changes in gene expression, protein levels, and enzyme activities all pointed to a metabolic reconfiguration of the central glucose metabolism in response to oxidants. Generation of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) (∼5-fold) and transaldolase (TAL) (∼4.2-fold) overexpressing Ld cells reaffirmed that lethal doses of ROS were counterbalanced by effective manipulation of NADPH:NADP(+) ratio and stringent maintenance of reduced thiol content. The extent of protein carbonylation and accumulation of lipid peroxidized products were also found to be less in overexpressed cell lines. Interestingly, the LD50 of sodium antimony gluconate (SAG), amphotericin-B (AmB), and miltefosine were significantly high toward overexpressing parasites. Consequently, this study illustrates that Ld strategizes a metabolic reconfiguration for replenishment of NADPH pool to encounter oxidative challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayan K Ghosh
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Abul H Sardar
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Savita Saini
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Kumar Abhishek
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Bidyut Purkait
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Ruby Singh
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Sushmita Das
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Rupkatha Mukhopadhyay
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Syamal Roy
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- *Division of Molecular Biology, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (Indian Council of Medical Research), Agamkuan, Patna, Bihar, India; Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Export Promotion Industrial Park, Hajipur, Vaishali, Bihar, India; Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Phulwarisharif, Patna, Bihar, India; and Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Jadavpur, Kolkata, India
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Zilberstein D. Proteomic analysis of posttranslational modifications using iTRAQ in Leishmania. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1201:261-268. [PMID: 25388120 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1438-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
iTRAQ is a high coverage quantitative proteomics technique identifies and quantitates abundance changes of multiple (up to eight) distinct protein samples. To date, one iTRAQ-MS/MS assay can identify up to quarter of cells proteome. Each of the eight tags covalently binds to the N-terminus as well as arginine and lysine side chains of peptides, enabling labeling of the entire peptide population in each sample. Following tagging, the various protein samples are mixed and subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis. In the first round identical peptides from the different protein populations focus in a single pick. Subsequently, sequence of each peptide is determined. The tags whose m/z is similar to that of natural amino acids are used to determine relative abundance. To date, iTRAQ enabled identification of almost 2,000 Leishmania proteins. Here, we provide protocols for protein abundance changes and for phosphoproteomics analysis in Leishmania parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zilberstein
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Room 504, Haifa, 32000, Israel,
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Molecular characterization of Cyclophilin (TcCyP19) in Trypanosoma cruzi populations susceptible and resistant to benznidazole. Exp Parasitol 2014; 148:73-80. [PMID: 25450774 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin (CyP), a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase, is a key molecule with diverse biological functions that include roles in molecular chaperoning, stress response, immune modulation, and signal transduction. In this respect, CyP could serve as a potential drug target in disease-causing parasites. Previous studies employing proteomics techniques have shown that the TcCyP19 isoform was more abundant in a benznidazole (BZ)-resistant Trypanosoma cruzi population than in its susceptible counterpart. In this study, TcCyP19 has been characterized in BZ-susceptible and BZ-resistant T. cruzi populations. Phylogenetic analysis revealed a clear dichotomy between Cyphophilin A (CyPA) sequences from trypanosomatids and mammals. Sequencing analysis revealed that the amino acid sequences of TcCyP19 were identical among the T. cruzi samples analyzed. Southern blot analysis showed that TcCyP19 is a single-copy gene, located in chromosomal bands varying in size from 0.68 to 2.2 Mb, depending on the strain of T. cruzi. Northern blot and qPCR indicated that the levels of TcCyP19 mRNA were twofold higher in drug-resistant T. cruzi populations than in their drug-susceptible counterparts. Similarly, as determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis immunoblot, the expression of TcCyP19 protein was increased to the same degree in BZ-resistant T. cruzi populations. No differences in TcCyP19 mRNA and protein expression levels were observed between the susceptible and the naturally resistant T. cruzi strains analyzed. Taken together, these data indicate that cyclophilin TcCyP19 expression is up-regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels in T. cruzi populations that were in vitro-induced and in vivo-selected for resistance to BZ.
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Pawar H, Renuse S, Khobragade SN, Chavan S, Sathe G, Kumar P, Mahale KN, Gore K, Kulkarni A, Dixit T, Raju R, Prasad TSK, Harsha HC, Patole MS, Pandey A. Neglected Tropical Diseases and Omics Science: Proteogenomics Analysis of the Promastigote Stage ofLeishmania majorParasite. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2014; 18:499-512. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2013.0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Harsh Pawar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kollam, India
| | | | - Sandip Chavan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India
| | - Gajanan Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India
| | - Praveen Kumar
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Tanwi Dixit
- National Centre for Cell Sciences, Pune, India
| | - Rajesh Raju
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | - H. C. Harsha
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Abstract
A decade of genome sequencing has transformed our understanding of how
trypanosomatid parasites have evolved and provided fresh impetus to explaining
the origins of parasitism in the Kinetoplastida. In this review, I will consider
the many ways in which genome sequences have influenced our view of genomic
reduction in trypanosomatids; how species-specific genes, and the genomic
domains they occupy, have illuminated the innovations in trypanosomatid genomes;
and how comparative genomics has exposed the molecular mechanisms responsible
for innovation and adaptation to a parasitic lifestyle.
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Tsigankov P, Gherardini PF, Helmer-Citterich M, Späth GF, Myler PJ, Zilberstein D. Regulation dynamics of Leishmania differentiation: deconvoluting signals and identifying phosphorylation trends. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:1787-99. [PMID: 24741111 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.037705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania are obligatory intracellular parasitic protozoa that cause a wide range of diseases in humans, cycling between extracellular promastigotes in the mid-gut of sand flies and intracellular amastigotes in the phagolysosomes of mammalian macrophages. Although many of the molecular mechanisms of development inside macrophages remain a mystery, the development of a host-free system that simulates phagolysosome conditions (37 °C and pH 5.5) has provided new insights into these processes. The time course of promastigote-to-amastigote differentiation can be divided into four morphologically distinct phases: I, signal perception (0-5 h after exposure); II, movement cessation and aggregation (5-10 h); III, amastigote morphogenesis (10-24 h); and IV, maturation (24-120 h). Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses have indicated that differentiation is a coordinated process that results in adaptation to life inside phagolysosomes. Recent phosphoproteomic analysis revealed extensive differences in phosphorylation between promastigotes and amastigotes and identified stage-specific phosphorylation motifs. We hypothesized that the differentiation signal activates a phosphorylation pathway that initiates Leishmania transformation, and here we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation to interrogate the dynamics of changes in the phosphorylation profile during Leishmania donovani promastigote-to-amastigote differentiation. Analysis of 163 phosphopeptides (from 106 proteins) revealed six distinct kinetic profiles; with increases in phosphorylation predominated during phases I and III, whereas phases II and IV were characterized by greater dephosphorylation. Several proteins (including a protein kinase) were phosphorylated in phase I after exposure to the complete differentiation signal (i.e. signal-specific; 37 °C and pH 5.5), but not after either of the physical parameters separately. Several other protein kinases (including regulatory subunits) and phosphatases also showed changes in phosphorylation during differentiation. This work constitutes the first genome-scale interrogation of phosphorylation dynamics in a parasitic protozoa, revealing the outline of a signaling pathway during Leishmania differentiation. The mass spectrometry proteomics data have been deposited to the ProteomeXchange Consortium (identifier PXD000671). Data can be viewed using ProteinPilot™ software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Tsigankov
- From the ‡Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Pier Federico Gherardini
- §Center for Molecular Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Helmer-Citterich
- §Center for Molecular Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerald F Späth
- ¶Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA2581, Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Peter J Myler
- ‖Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109; **Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; ‡‡Department of Biomedical Informatics and Medical Education, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Dan Zilberstein
- From the ‡Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel;
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Magalhães RDM, Duarte MC, Mattos EC, Martins VT, Lage PS, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Lage DP, Menezes-Souza D, Régis WCB, Manso Alves MJ, Soto M, Tavares CAP, Nagen RAP, Coelho EAF. Identification of differentially expressed proteins from Leishmania amazonensis associated with the loss of virulence of the parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2764. [PMID: 24699271 PMCID: PMC3974679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study analyzed whether or not the in vitro cultivation for long periods of time of pre-isolated Leishmania amazonensis from lesions of chronically infected BALB/c mice was able to interfere in the parasites' infectivity using in vivo and in vitro experiments. In addition, the proteins that presented a significant decrease or increase in their protein expression content were identified applying a proteomic approach. Methodology/Principal Findings Parasites were cultured in vitro for 150 days. Aliquots were collected on the day 0 of culture (R0), as well as after ten (R10; 50 days of culture), twenty (R20; 100 days of culture), and thirty (R30; 150 days of culture) passages, and were used to analyze the parasites' in vitro and in vivo infectivity, as well as to perform the proteomic approach. Approximately 837, 967, 935, and 872 spots were found in 2-DE gels prepared from R0, R10, R20, and R30 samples, respectively. A total of 37 spots presented a significant decrease in their intensity of expression, whereas a significant increase in protein content during cultivation could be observed for 19 proteins (both cases >2.0 folds). Some of these identified proteins can be described, such as diagnosis and/or vaccine candidates, while others are involved in the infectivity of Leishmania. It is interesting to note that six proteins, considered hypothetical in Leishmania, showed a significant decrease in their expression and were also identified. Conclusions/Significance The present study contributes to the understanding that the cultivation of parasites over long periods of time may well be related to the possible loss of infectivity of L. amazonensis. The identified proteins that presented a significant decrease in their expression during cultivation, including the hypothetical, may also be related to this loss of parasites' infectivity, and applied in future studies, including vaccine candidates and/or immunotherapeutic targets against leishmaniasis. Leishmania amazonensis can induce a diversity of clinical manifestations in mammal hosts, including tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis. The present study evaluated the variation of infectivity of L. amazonensis, which was pre-isolated from lesions of chronically infected mice and in vitro cultured for 150 days, in turn connecting these results with the profile of parasite protein expression using a proteomic approach. Parasites were recovered after the first passage, as well as after 50, 100, and 150 days of axenic cultures, and were subsequently evaluated. A total of 37 proteins presented a significant decrease, whereas 19 proteins presented a significant increase in their protein expression content in the assays (both cases >2.0 fold). Some of the identified proteins have been reported in prior literature, including diagnosis and/or vaccine candidates for leishmaniasis, while others proved to be involved in the infectivity of Leishmania. It is interesting to note that proteins related to the parasites' metabolism were also the majority of the proteins identified in the old cultures of L. amazonensis, suggesting a possible relation between the metabolic state of parasites and their possible loss of infectivity. In conclusion, the proteins identified in this study represent a contribution to the discovery of new vaccine candidates and/or immunotherapeutic targets against leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubens D. M. Magalhães
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Duarte
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eliciane C. Mattos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian T. Martins
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula S. Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A. Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniela P. Lage
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniel Menezes-Souza
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Wiliam C. B. Régis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, PUC Minas, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria J. Manso Alves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos A. P. Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo A. P. Nagen
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. F. Coelho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, COLTEC, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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de Jesus JB, Mesquita-Rodrigues C, Cuervo P. Proteomics advances in the study of Leishmania parasites and leishmaniasis. Subcell Biochem 2014; 74:323-349. [PMID: 24264252 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7305-9_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are digenetic parasites which cause a broad spectrum of fatal diseases in humans. These parasites, as well as the other trypanosomatid, regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional and post-translational levels, so that a poor correlation is observed between mRNA content and translated proteins. The completion of the genomic sequencing of several Leishmania species has enormous relevance to the study of the leishmaniasis pathogenesis. The combination of the available genomic resources of these parasites with powerful high-throughput proteomic analysis has shed light on various aspects of Leishmania biology as well as on the mechanisms underlying the disease. Diverse proteomic approaches have been used to describe and catalogue global protein profiles of Leishmania spp., reveal changes in protein expression during development, determine the subcellular localization of gene products, evaluate host-parasite interactions and elucidate drug resistance mechanisms. The characterization of these proteins has advanced, although many fundamental questions remain unanswered. Here, we present a historic review summarizing the different proteomic technologies applied to the study of Leishmania parasites during the last decades and we discuss the proteomic discoveries that have contributed to the understanding of Leishmania parasites biology and leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Batista de Jesus
- Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João Del Rei, MG, Brazil,
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Mittra B, Andrews NW. IRONy OF FATE: role of iron-mediated ROS in Leishmania differentiation. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:489-96. [PMID: 23948431 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania experiences extreme environmental changes as it alternates between insect and mammalian hosts. In some species, differentiation of insect promastigotes into mammalian-infective amastigotes is induced by elevated temperature and low pH, conditions found within macrophage parasitophorous vacuoles (PVs). However, the signaling events controlling amastigote differentiation remain poorly understood. Recent studies revealed a novel role for iron uptake in orchestrating the differentiation of amastigotes, through a mechanism that involves production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and is independent from pH and temperature changes. ROS are generally thought to be deleterious for pathogens, but it is becoming increasingly apparent that they can also function as signaling molecules regulating Leishmania differentiation, in a process that is tightly controlled by iron availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyottam Mittra
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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61
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Matrangolo FS, Liarte DB, Andrade LC, de Melo MF, Andrade JM, Ferreira RF, Santiago AS, Pirovani CP, Silva-Pereira RA, Murta SM. Comparative proteomic analysis of antimony-resistant and -susceptible Leishmania braziliensis and Leishmania infantum chagasi lines. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2013; 190:63-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tsigankov P, Gherardini PF, Helmer-Citterich M, Späth GF, Zilberstein D. Phosphoproteomic Analysis of Differentiating Leishmania Parasites Reveals a Unique Stage-Specific Phosphorylation Motif. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3405-12. [DOI: 10.1021/pr4002492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pier Federico Gherardini
- Center for Molecular Bioinformatics,
Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Helmer-Citterich
- Center for Molecular Bioinformatics,
Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gerald F. Späth
- Institut Pasteur, CNRS URA2581, Unité de Parasitology moléculaire
et Signalisation, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Dan Zilberstein
- Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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63
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Alexandratos A, Clos J, Samiotaki M, Efstathiou A, Panayotou G, Soteriadou K, Smirlis D. The loss of virulence of histone H1 overexpressingLeishmania donovaniparasites is directly associated with a reduction of HSP83 rate of translation. Mol Microbiol 2013; 88:1015-31. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Alexandratos
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology; Department of Microbiology; Hellenic Pasteur Institute; 127 Vas Sofias Ave. Athens Greece
- Chemistry Department; University of Ioannina; Ioannina Greece
| | - Joachim Clos
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine; Hamburg Germany
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center; ‘Alexander Fleming’; Vari Greece
| | - Antonia Efstathiou
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology; Department of Microbiology; Hellenic Pasteur Institute; 127 Vas Sofias Ave. Athens Greece
| | - George Panayotou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center; ‘Alexander Fleming’; Vari Greece
| | - Ketty Soteriadou
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology; Department of Microbiology; Hellenic Pasteur Institute; 127 Vas Sofias Ave. Athens Greece
| | - Despina Smirlis
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology; Department of Microbiology; Hellenic Pasteur Institute; 127 Vas Sofias Ave. Athens Greece
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Aulner N, Danckaert A, Rouault-Hardoin E, Desrivot J, Helynck O, Commere PH, Munier-Lehmann H, Späth GF, Shorte SL, Milon G, Prina E. High content analysis of primary macrophages hosting proliferating Leishmania amastigotes: application to anti-leishmanial drug discovery. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2154. [PMID: 23593521 PMCID: PMC3617141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Human leishmaniases are parasitic diseases causing severe morbidity and mortality. No vaccine is available and numerous factors limit the use of current therapies. There is thus an urgent need for innovative initiatives to identify new chemotypes displaying selective activity against intracellular Leishmania amastigotes that develop and proliferate inside macrophages, thereby causing the pathology of leishmaniasis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We have developed a biologically sound High Content Analysis assay, based on the use of homogeneous populations of primary mouse macrophages hosting Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes. In contrast to classical promastigote-based screens, our assay more closely mimics the environment where intracellular amastigotes are growing within acidic parasitophorous vacuoles of their host cells. This multi-parametric assay provides quantitative data that accurately monitors the parasitic load of amastigotes-hosting macrophage cultures for the discovery of leishmanicidal compounds, but also their potential toxic effect on host macrophages. We validated our approach by using a small set of compounds of leishmanicidal drugs and recently published chemical entities. Based on their intramacrophagic leishmanicidal activity and their toxicity against host cells, compounds were classified as irrelevant or relevant for entering the next step in the drug discovery pipeline. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our assay represents a new screening platform that overcomes several limitations in anti-leishmanial drug discovery. First, the ability to detect toxicity on primary macrophages allows for discovery of compounds able to cross the membranes of macrophage, vacuole and amastigote, thereby accelerating the hit to lead development process for compounds selectively targeting intracellular parasites. Second, our assay allows discovery of anti-leishmanials that interfere with biological functions of the macrophage required for parasite development and growth, such as organelle trafficking/acidification or production of microbicidal effectors. These data thus validate a novel phenotypic screening assay using virulent Leishmania amastigotes growing inside primary macrophage to identify new chemical entities with bona fide drug potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eline Rouault-Hardoin
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Julie Desrivot
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Helynck
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Chimie et Biocatalyse, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
| | | | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Chimie et Biocatalyse, Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR 3523, Paris, France
| | - Gerald F. Späth
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2581, Paris, France
| | | | - Geneviève Milon
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Eric Prina
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratoire Immunophysiologie et Parasitisme, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur, Unité Parasitologie Moléculaire et Signalisation, Département de Parasitologie et Mycologie, Paris, France
- CNRS URA 2581, Paris, France
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Lynn MA, Marr AK, McMaster WR. Differential quantitative proteomic profiling of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania mexicana density gradient separated membranous fractions. J Proteomics 2013; 82:179-92. [PMID: 23466312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Leishmaniasis, caused by infection with Leishmania, is a major public health concern affecting more than 20million people globally. Leishmania has a digenetic lifecycle consisting of an extracellular flagellated promastigote, adapted to live in the mid-gut of the sand fly host and an aflagellated intracellular amastigote that resides within the macrophage of the mammalian host. Leishmania mexicana and Leishmania infantum are causative agents of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, respectively. Membrane proteins play a pivotal role in host-pathogen interactions and in regulatory pathways. As the genome of Leishmania is essentially constitutively expressed, regulation of protein expression during differentiation occurs post-transcriptionally and/or post-translationally. Quantitative mass spectrometry using iTRAQ labeling identified differences in the proteomes of density gradient separated membranous fractions of promastigote and amastigote life-stages. We identified 189 L. infantum and 107 L. mexicana non-redundant proteins of which 20-40% showed differential expression levels between promastigote and amastigote lifecycle stages. Differentially expressed proteins mapped to several pathways including cell motility, metabolism, and infectivity as well as virulence factors such as eEF-1α, amastin and leishmanolysin (GP63). Western blot analysis validated iTRAQ quantitation for leishmanolysin. Focusing on differentially expressed proteins essential for pathogenesis, may ultimately lead to the identification of novel potential therapeutic targets. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Leishmania, protozoan parasites of the Trypanosomatidae family, are the causative agents of leishmaniasis that represents a major public health concern affecting more than 20million people globally Membrane associated proteins play a pivotal role in host-pathogen interactions and in regulatory pathways. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the membranous fractions from L. mexicana and L. infantum (causative agents of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, respectively) identified a number of proteins that may have important stage-specific functions in either the sand fly or mammalian host. The function of these proteins includes roles in virulence, as well as differences in metabolic process between life stages. Many of the proteins identified may act as virulence factors playing significant roles in parasite invasion, host-parasite interaction or parasite survival and thus may have therapeutic potential as drug target candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam A Lynn
- Infection and Immunity Research Centre, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, B.C., V6H 3Z6, Canada
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Mittra B, Cortez M, Haydock A, Ramasamy G, Myler PJ, Andrews NW. Iron uptake controls the generation of Leishmania infective forms through regulation of ROS levels. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:401-16. [PMID: 23382545 PMCID: PMC3570109 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
During its life cycle, Leishmania undergoes extreme environmental changes, alternating between insect vectors and vertebrate hosts. Elevated temperature and decreased pH, conditions encountered after macrophage invasion, can induce axenic differentiation of avirulent promastigotes into virulent amastigotes. Here we show that iron uptake is a major trigger for the differentiation of Leishmania amazonensis amastigotes, independently of temperature and pH changes. We found that iron depletion from the culture medium triggered expression of the ferrous iron transporter LIT1 (Leishmania iron transporter 1), an increase in iron content of the parasites, growth arrest, and differentiation of wild-type (WT) promastigotes into infective amastigotes. In contrast, LIT1-null promastigotes showed reduced intracellular iron content and sustained growth in iron-poor media, followed by cell death. LIT1 up-regulation also increased iron superoxide dismutase (FeSOD) activity in WT but not in LIT1-null parasites. Notably, the superoxide-generating drug menadione or H(2)O(2) was sufficient to trigger differentiation of WT promastigotes into fully infective amastigotes. LIT1-null promastigotes accumulated superoxide radicals and initiated amastigote differentiation after exposure to H(2)O(2) but not to menadione. Our results reveal a novel role for FeSOD activity and reactive oxygen species in orchestrating the differentiation of virulent Leishmania amastigotes in a process regulated by iron availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidyottam Mittra
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Abstract
Parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania are the cause of a spectrum of diseases in humans, as well as chronic long-term infections. These parasites exhibit a remarkable capacity to survive and proliferate within the phagolysosome compartment of host macrophages. Studies with defined Leishmania mutants in mouse models of infection have highlighted processes that are required for parasite survival in macrophages. Parasite mutants have been identified that (i) are poorly virulent when the insect (promastigote) stage is used to initiate infection, but retain wild-type virulence following transformation to the obligate intracellular amastigote stage, (ii) are highly attenuated when either promastigotes or amastigotes are used, and (iii) are unable to induce characteristic lesion granulomas, but can persist within macrophages in other tissues. From these analyses it can be concluded that promastigote stages of some species require the surface expression of lipophosphoglycan, but not other surface components. Survival and subsequent proliferation of Leishmania in macrophages requires the activation of heat-shock responses (involving the up-regulation and/or phosphorylation of heat-shock proteins), the presence of oxidative and nitrosative defence mechanisms, and uptake and catabolism of carbon sources (glycoproteins, hexoses and amino acids) and essential nutrients (purines, amino acids and vitamins). Parasite mutants with defects in specific kinase/phosphatase-dependent signalling pathways are also severely attenuated in amastigote virulence, highlighting the potential importance of post-translational regulatory mechanisms in parasite adaptation to this host niche.
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Ferrão PM, de Oliveira FL, Degrave WM, Araujo-Jorge TC, Mendonça-Lima L, Waghabi MC. A phosphoproteomic approach towards the understanding of the role of TGF-β in Trypanosoma cruzi biology. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38736. [PMID: 22719930 PMCID: PMC3373645 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) plays a pivotal role in Chagas disease, not only in the development of chagasic cardiomyopathy, but also in many stages of the T. cruzi life cycle and survival in the host cell environment. The intracellular signaling pathways utilized by T. cruzi to regulate these mechanisms remain unknown. To identify parasite proteins involved in the TGF-β response, we utilized a combined approach of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) analysis and mass spectrometry (MS) protein identification. Signaling via TGF-β is dependent on events of phosphorylation, which is one of the most relevant and ubiquitous post-translational modifications for the regulation of gene expression, and especially in trypanosomatids, since they lack several transcriptional control mechanisms. Here we show a kinetic view of T. cruzi epimastigotes (Y strain) incubated with TGF-β for 1, 5, 30 and 60 minutes, which promoted a remodeling of the parasite phosphorylation network and protein expression pattern. The altered molecules are involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as proteolysis, metabolism, heat shock response, cytoskeleton arrangement, oxidative stress regulation, translation and signal transduction. A total of 75 protein spots were up- or down-regulated more than twofold after TGF-β treatment, and from these, 42 were identified by mass spectrometry, including cruzipain-the major T. cruzi papain-like cysteine proteinase that plays an important role in invasion and participates in the escape mechanisms used by the parasite to evade the host immune system. In our study, we observed that TGF-β addition favored epimastigote proliferation, corroborating 2DE data in which proteins previously described to be involved in this process were positively stimulated by TGF-β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M. Ferrão
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabiane L. de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wim M. Degrave
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tania C. Araujo-Jorge
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leila Mendonça-Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LM-L); (MCW)
| | - Mariana C. Waghabi
- Laboratório de Genômica Funcional e Bioinformática, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LM-L); (MCW)
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Evans C, Noirel J, Ow SY, Salim M, Pereira-Medrano AG, Couto N, Pandhal J, Smith D, Pham TK, Karunakaran E, Zou X, Biggs CA, Wright PC. An insight into iTRAQ: where do we stand now? Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1011-27. [PMID: 22451173 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5918-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) technique is widely employed in proteomic workflows requiring relative quantification. Here, we review the iTRAQ literature; in particular, we focus on iTRAQ usage in relation to other commonly used quantitative techniques e.g. stable isotope labelling in culture (SILAC), label-free methods and selected reaction monitoring (SRM). As a result, we identify several issues arising with respect to iTRAQ. Perhaps frustratingly, iTRAQ's attractiveness has been undermined by a number of technical and analytical limitations: it may not be truly quantitative, as the changes in abundance reported will generally be underestimated. We discuss weaknesses and strengths of iTRAQ as a methodology for relative quantification in the light of this and other technical issues. We focus on technical developments targeted at iTRAQ accuracy and precision, use of 4-plex over 8-plex reagents and application of iTRAQ to post-translational modification (PTM) workflows. We also discuss iTRAQ in relation to label-free approaches, to which iTRAQ is losing ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Evans
- The ChELSI Institute, Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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Abstract
SUMMARYLeishmaniaare obligatory intracellular parasitic protozoa that cycle between sand fly mid-gut and phagolysosomes of mammalian macrophages. They have developed genetically programmed changes in gene and protein expression that enable rapid optimization of cell function according to vector and host environments. During the last two decades, host-free systems that mimic intra-lysosomal environments have been devised in which promastigotes differentiate into amastigotes axenically. These cultures have facilitated detailed investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlyingLeishmaniadevelopment inside its host. Axenic promastigotes and amastigotes have been subjected to transcriptome and proteomic analyses. Development had appeared somewhat variable but was revealed by proteomics to be strictly coordinated and regulated. Here we summarize the current understanding ofLeishmaniapromastigote to amastigote differentiation, highlighting the data generated by proteomics.
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Kramer S. Developmental regulation of gene expression in the absence of transcriptional control: The case of kinetoplastids. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 181:61-72. [PMID: 22019385 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Coelho VTS, Oliveira JS, Valadares DG, Chávez-Fumagalli MA, Duarte MC, Lage PS, Soto M, Santoro MM, Tavares CAP, Fernandes AP, Coelho EAF. Identification of proteins in promastigote and amastigote-like Leishmania using an immunoproteomic approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1430. [PMID: 22272364 PMCID: PMC3260309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aims to identify antigens in protein extracts of promastigote and amastigote-like Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi syn. L. (L.) infantum recognized by antibodies present in the sera of dogs with asymptomatic and symptomatic visceral leishmaniasis (VL). METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Proteins recognized by sera samples were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) and identified by mass spectrometry. A total of 550 spots were observed in the 2DE gels, and approximately 104 proteins were identified. Several stage-specific proteins could be identified by either or both classes of sera, including, as expected, previously known proteins identified as diagnosis, virulence factors, drug targets, or vaccine candidates. Three, seven, and five hypothetical proteins could be identified in promastigote antigenic extracts; while two, eleven, and three hypothetical proteins could be identified in amastigote-like antigenic extracts by asymptomatic and symptomatic sera, as well as a combination of both, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present study represents a significant contribution not only in identifying stage-specific L. infantum molecules, but also in revealing the expression of a large number of hypothetical proteins. Moreover, when combined, the identified proteins constitute a significant source of information for the improvement of diagnostic tools and/or vaccine development to VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicio T. S. Coelho
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jamil S. Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diogo G. Valadares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Miguel A. Chávez-Fumagalli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mariana C. Duarte
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paula S. Lage
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manuel Soto
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC, UAM, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcelo M. Santoro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carlos A. P. Tavares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Eduardo A. F. Coelho
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Coltec, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Saúde: Infectologia e Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Palmeri A, Gherardini PF, Tsigankov P, Ausiello G, Späth GF, Zilberstein D, Helmer-Citterich M. PhosTryp: a phosphorylation site predictor specific for parasitic protozoa of the family trypanosomatidae. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:614. [PMID: 22182631 PMCID: PMC3285042 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein phosphorylation modulates protein function in organisms at all levels of complexity. Parasites of the Leishmania genus undergo various developmental transitions in their life cycle triggered by changes in the environment. The molecular mechanisms that these organisms use to process and integrate these external cues are largely unknown. However Leishmania lacks transcription factors, therefore most regulatory processes may occur at a post-translational level and phosphorylation has recently been demonstrated to be an important player in this process. Experimental identification of phosphorylation sites is a time-consuming task. Moreover some sites could be missed due to the highly dynamic nature of this process or to difficulties in phospho-peptide enrichment. Results Here we present PhosTryp, a phosphorylation site predictor specific for trypansomatids. This method uses an SVM-based approach and has been trained with recent Leishmania phosphosproteomics data. PhosTryp achieved a 17% improvement in prediction performance compared with Netphos, a non organism-specific predictor. The analysis of the peptides correctly predicted by our method but missed by Netphos demonstrates that PhosTryp captures Leishmania-specific phosphorylation features. More specifically our results show that Leishmania kinases have sequence specificities which are different from their counterparts in higher eukaryotes. Consequently we were able to propose two possible Leishmania-specific phosphorylation motifs. We further demonstrate that this improvement in performance extends to the related trypanosomatids Trypanosoma brucei and Trypanosoma cruzi. Finally, in order to maximize the usefulness of PhosTryp, we trained a predictor combining all the peptides from L. infantum, T. brucei and T. cruzi. Conclusions Our work demonstrates that training on organism-specific data results in an improvement that extends to related species. PhosTryp is freely available at http://phostryp.bio.uniroma2.it
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Palmeri
- Centre for Molecular Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, Rome
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Downing T, Stark O, Vanaerschot M, Imamura H, Sanders M, Decuypere S, de Doncker S, Maes I, Rijal S, Sundar S, Dujardin JC, Berriman M, Schönian G. Genome-wide SNP and microsatellite variation illuminate population-level epidemiology in the Leishmania donovani species complex. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 12:149-59. [PMID: 22119748 PMCID: PMC3315668 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The species of the Leishmania donovani species complex cause visceral leishmaniasis, a debilitating infectious disease transmitted by sandflies. Understanding molecular changes associated with population structure in these parasites can help unravel their epidemiology and spread in humans. In this study, we used a panel of standard microsatellite loci and genome-wide SNPs to investigate population-level diversity in L. donovani strains recently isolated from a small geographic area spanning India, Bihar and Nepal, and compared their variation to that found in diverse strains of the L. donovani complex isolates from Europe, Africa and Asia. Microsatellites and SNPs could clearly resolve the phylogenetic relationships of the strains between continents, and microsatellite phylogenies indicated that certain older Indian strains were closely related to African strains. In the context of the anti-malaria spraying campaigns in the 1960s, this was consistent with a pattern of episodic population size contractions and clonal expansions in these parasites that was supported by population history simulations. In sharp contrast to the low resolution provided by microsatellites, SNPs retained a much more fine-scale resolution of population-level variability to the extent that they identified four different lineages from the same region one of which was more closely related to African and European strains than to Indian or Nepalese ones. Joining results of in vitro testing the antimonial drug sensitivity with the phylogenetic signals from the SNP data highlighted protein-level mutations revealing a distinct drug-resistant group of Nepalese and Indian L. donovani. This study demonstrates the power of genomic data for exploring parasite population structure. Furthermore, markers defining different genetic groups have been discovered that could potentially be applied to investigate drug resistance in clinical Leishmania strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Downing
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK.
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75
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Abstract
Protozoa constitute the earliest branch of the eukaryotic lineage, and several groups of protozoans are serious parasites of humans and other animals. Better understanding of biochemical pathways that are either in common with or divergent from those of higher eukaryotes is integral in the defense against these parasites. In yeast and humans, the posttranslational methylation of arginine residues in proteins affects myriad cellular processes, including transcription, RNA processing, DNA replication and repair, and signal transduction. The protein arginine methyltransferases (PRMTs) that catalyze these reactions, which are unique to the eukaryotic kingdom of organisms, first become evident in protozoa. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of arginine methylation in multiple species of parasitic protozoa, including Trichomonas, Entamoeba, Toxoplasma, Plasmodium, and Trypanosoma spp., and discuss how arginine methylation may play important and unique roles in each type of parasite. We mine available genomic and transcriptomic data to inventory the families of PRMTs in different parasites and the changes in their abundance during the life cycle. We further review the limited functional studies on the roles of arginine methylation in parasites, including epigenetic regulation in Apicomplexa and RNA processing in trypanosomes. Interestingly, each of the parasites considered herein has significantly differing sets of PRMTs, and we speculate on the importance of this diversity in aspects of parasite biology, such as differentiation and antigenic variation.
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76
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Paape D, Aebischer T. Contribution of proteomics of Leishmania spp. to the understanding of differentiation, drug resistance mechanisms, vaccine and drug development. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1614-24. [PMID: 21621022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp., protozoan parasites with a digenetic life cycle, cause a spectrum of diseases in humans. Recently several Leishmania spp. have been sequenced which significantly boosted the number and quality of proteomic studies conducted. Here a historic review will summarize work of the pre-genomic era and then focus on studies after genome information became available. Firstly works comparing the different life cycle stages, in order to identify stage specific proteins, will be discussed. Identifying post-translational modifications by proteomics especially phosphorylation events will be discussed. Further the contribution of proteomics to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of drug resistance and the investigation of immunogenic proteins for the identification of vaccine candidates will be summarized. Approaches of how potentially secreted proteins were identified are discussed. So far 30-35% of the total predicted proteome of Leishmania spp. have been identified. This comprises mainly the abundant proteins, therefore the last section will look into technological approaches on how this coverage may be increased and what the gel-free and gel-based proteomics have to offer will be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Paape
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology/Hull York Medical School, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK.
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77
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Pescher P, Blisnick T, Bastin P, Späth GF. Quantitative proteome profiling informs on phenotypic traits that adapt Leishmania donovani for axenic and intracellular proliferation. Cell Microbiol 2011; 13:978-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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78
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Hem S, Gherardini PF, Fortéa JOY, Hourdel V, Morales MA, Watanabe R, Pescher P, Kuzyk MA, Smith D, Borchers CH, Zilberstein D, Helmer-Citterich M, Namane A, Späth GF. Identification of Leishmania-specific protein phosphorylation sites by LC-ESI-MS/MS and comparative genomics analyses. Proteomics 2010; 10:3868-83. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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79
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Luque-Ortega JR, Cruz LJ, Albericio F, Rivas L. The antitumoral depsipeptide IB-01212 kills Leishmania through an apoptosis-like process involving intracellular targets. Mol Pharm 2010; 7:1608-17. [PMID: 20715776 DOI: 10.1021/mp100035f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
IB-01212, an antitumoral cyclodepsipeptide isolated from the mycelium of the marine fungus Clonostachys sp., showed leishmanicidal activity at a low micromolar range of concentrations on promastigote and amastigote forms of the parasite. Despite its cationic and amphipathic character, shared with other membrane active antibiotic peptides, IB-01212 did not cause plasma membrane lesions large enough to allow the entrance of the vital dye SYTOX green (MW = 600), even at concentrations causing full lethality of the parasite. Having ruled out massive disruption of the plasma membrane, we surmised the involvement of intracellular targets. Proof of concept for this assumption was provided by the mitochondrial dysfunction caused by IB-01212, which finally caused the death of the parasite through an apoptotic-like process. The size of the cycle, the preservation of the C2 symmetry, and the nature of the bonds linking the two tetrapeptide halves participate in the modulation of the leishmanicidal activity exerted by this compound. Here we discuss the potential of IB-01212 as a lead for new generations of surrogates to be used in chemotherapy treatments against Leishmania .
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Luque-Ortega
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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80
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Brotherton MC, Racine G, Foucher AL, Drummelsmith J, Papadopoulou B, Ouellette M. Analysis of Stage-Specific Expression of Basic Proteins in Leishmania infantum. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:3842-53. [DOI: 10.1021/pr100048m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Brotherton
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Gina Racine
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Aude L. Foucher
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Jolyne Drummelsmith
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Barbara Papadopoulou
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Ouellette
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUL and Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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81
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Phosphoproteome dynamics reveal heat-shock protein complexes specific to the Leishmania donovani infectious stage. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:8381-6. [PMID: 20404152 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0914768107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is exposed to a sudden increase in environmental temperature during the infectious cycle that triggers stage differentiation and adapts the parasite phenotype to intracellular survival in the mammalian host. The absence of classical promoter-dependent mechanisms of gene regulation and constitutive expression of most of the heat-shock proteins (HSPs) in these human pathogens raise important unresolved questions as to regulation of the heat-shock response and stage-specific functions of Leishmania HSPs. Here we used a gel-based quantitative approach to assess the Leishmania donovani phosphoproteome and revealed that 38% of the proteins showed significant stage-specific differences, with a strong focus of amastigote-specific phosphoproteins on chaperone function. We identified STI1/HOP-containing chaperone complexes that interact with ribosomal client proteins in an amastigote-specific manner. Genetic analysis of STI1/HOP phosphorylation sites in conditional sti1(-/-) null mutant parasites revealed two phosphoserine residues essential for parasite viability. Phosphorylation of the major Leishmania chaperones at the pathogenic stage suggests that these proteins may be promising drug targets via inhibition of their respective protein kinases.
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82
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Abstract
SUMMARYLeishmania spp. are sandfly-transmitted protozoa parasites that cause a spectrum of diseases in humans. Many enzymes involved in Leishmania central carbon metabolism differ from their equivalents in the mammalian host and are potential drug targets. In this review we summarize recent advances in our understanding of Leishmania central carbon metabolism, focusing on pathways of carbon utilization that are required for growth and pathogenesis in the mammalian host. While Leishmania central carbon metabolism shares many features in common with other pathogenic trypanosomatids, significant differences are also apparent. Leishmania parasites are also unusual in constitutively expressing most core metabolic pathways throughout their life cycle, a feature that may allow these parasites to exploit a range of different carbon sources (primarily sugars and amino acids) rapidly in both the insect vector and vertebrate host. Indeed, recent gene deletion studies suggest that mammal-infective stages are dependent on multiple carbon sources in vivo. The application of metabolomic approaches, outlined here, are likely to be important in defining aspects of central carbon metabolism that are essential at different stages of mammalian host infection.
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83
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Cuervo P, Domont GB, De Jesus JB. Proteomics of trypanosomatids of human medical importance. J Proteomics 2010; 73:845-67. [PMID: 20056176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma cruzi, and Trypanosoma brucei are protozoan parasites that cause a spectrum of fatal human diseases around the world. Recent completion of the genomic sequencing of these parasites has enormous relevance to the study of their biology and the pathogenesis of the diseases they cause because it opens the door to high-throughput proteomic technologies. This review encompasses studies using diverse proteomic approaches with these organisms to describe and catalogue global protein profiles, reveal changes in protein expression during development, elucidate the subcellular localisation of gene products, and evaluate host-parasite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratorio de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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84
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Aslett M, Aurrecoechea C, Berriman M, Brestelli J, Brunk BP, Carrington M, Depledge DP, Fischer S, Gajria B, Gao X, Gardner MJ, Gingle A, Grant G, Harb OS, Heiges M, Hertz-Fowler C, Houston R, Innamorato F, Iodice J, Kissinger JC, Kraemer E, Li W, Logan FJ, Miller JA, Mitra S, Myler PJ, Nayak V, Pennington C, Phan I, Pinney DF, Ramasamy G, Rogers MB, Roos DS, Ross C, Sivam D, Smith DF, Srinivasamoorthy G, Stoeckert CJ, Subramanian S, Thibodeau R, Tivey A, Treatman C, Velarde G, Wang H. TriTrypDB: a functional genomic resource for the Trypanosomatidae. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 38:D457-62. [PMID: 19843604 PMCID: PMC2808979 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 703] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
TriTrypDB (http://tritrypdb.org) is an integrated database providing access to genome-scale datasets for kinetoplastid parasites, and supporting a variety of complex queries driven by research and development needs. TriTrypDB is a collaborative project, utilizing the GUS/WDK computational infrastructure developed by the Eukaryotic Pathogen Bioinformatics Resource Center (EuPathDB.org) to integrate genome annotation and analyses from GeneDB and elsewhere with a wide variety of functional genomics datasets made available by members of the global research community, often pre-publication. Currently, TriTrypDB integrates datasets from Leishmania braziliensis, L. infantum, L. major, L. tarentolae, Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi. Users may examine individual genes or chromosomal spans in their genomic context, including syntenic alignments with other kinetoplastid organisms. Data within TriTrypDB can be interrogated utilizing a sophisticated search strategy system that enables a user to construct complex queries combining multiple data types. All search strategies are stored, allowing future access and integrated searches. 'User Comments' may be added to any gene page, enhancing available annotation; such comments become immediately searchable via the text search, and are forwarded to curators for incorporation into the reference annotation when appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Aslett
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridgeshire CB10 1SA, UK
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85
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Nakayasu ES, Gaynor MR, Sobreira TJP, Ross JA, Almeida IC. Phosphoproteomic analysis of the human pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi at the epimastigote stage. Proteomics 2009; 9:3489-506. [PMID: 19579231 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, which affects millions of people in Latin America and has become a public health concern in the United States and areas of Europe. The possibility that kinase inhibitors represent novel anti-parasitic agents is currently being explored. However, fundamental understanding of the cell-signaling networks requires the detailed analysis of the involved phosphorylated proteins. Here, we have performed a comprehensive MS-based phosphorylation mapping of phosphoproteins from T. cruzi epimastigote forms. Our LC-MS/MS, dual-stage fragmentation, and multistage activation analysis has identified 237 phosphopeptides from 119 distinct proteins. Furthermore, 220 phosphorylation sites were unambiguously mapped: 148 on serine, 57 on threonine, and 8 on tyrosine. In addition, immunoprecipitation and Western blotting analysis confirmed the presence of at least seven tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins in T. cruzi. The identified phosphoproteins were subjected to Gene Ontology, InterPro, and BLAST analysis, and categorized based on their role in cell structure, motility, transportation, metabolism, pathogenesis, DNA/RNA/protein turnover, and signaling. Taken together, our phosphoproteomic data provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms governed by protein kinases and phosphatases in T. cruzi. We discuss the potential roles of the identified phosphoproteins in parasite physiology and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto S Nakayasu
- The Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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86
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Bhowmick S, Ali N. Identification of novel Leishmania donovani antigens that help define correlates of vaccine-mediated protection in visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5820. [PMID: 19503834 PMCID: PMC2686101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), caused by the intracellular parasite Leishmania donovani is a major public health problem in the developing world. But there is no effective and safe vaccine approved for clinical use against any form of leishmaniasis. Through reactivity with kala-azar patient and cured sera, polypeptides ranging from 91 to 31-kDa from L. donovani promastigotes were previously identified as potential protective vaccine candidates. In this study four polypeptides 91(LD91), 72 (LD72), 51(LD51) and 31 (LD31)-kDa were purified using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by electroelution. We compared the vaccine efficacy of these antigens encapsulated in cationic liposomes in BALB/c mice against challenge infection with L. donovani. Our results demonstrated that liposomal LD31 (74%-77%) and LD51 (72%-75%) vaccination reduced parasite burden to the greatest degree followed by liposomal LD72 (65%-67%) and LD91 (46%-49%). Analysis of the cytokine responses in immunized mice revealed that all the vaccinated groups produced prechallenge interferon-gamma, interleukin-12 and interleukin-4. Interestingly, the degree of reduction in parasite load could be predicted by the magnitude of the cytokine responses which correlated inversely with the parasite burden both in liver and spleen. The 31, 51 and 72-kDa bands were identified as ATP synthase alpha chain, beta-tubulin and heat shock 70-related protein 1 precursor of L. major, respectively using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. These three leishmanial antigens have not been described before as successful vaccine candidates examined against in vivo VL model. Thus, these antigens can be potential components of future antileishmaniasis vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Bhowmick
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
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87
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El Fadili K, Drummelsmith J, Roy G, Jardim A, Ouellette M. Down regulation of KMP-11 in Leishmania infantum axenic antimony resistant amastigotes as revealed by a proteomic screen. Exp Parasitol 2009; 123:51-7. [PMID: 19500579 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 05/25/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The therapeutic mainstay against the protozoan parasite Leishmania is still based on the antiquated pentavalent antimonials, but resistance is increasing in several parts of the world. Resistance is now partly understood in laboratory promastigote isolates, but the mechanism leading to drug resistance in amastigote isolates is lagging behind. Here we describe a comparative proteomic analysis of a genetically related pair of antimonial-sensitive and -resistant Leishmania infantum axenic amastigote strains. The proteomics screen has highlighted a number of proteins differentially expressed in the resistant parasite. The expression of the protein argininosuccinate synthetase (ARGG) was increased in the drug resistant mutant while a decrease in the expression of the kinetoplastid membrane protein (KMP-11) correlated with the drug resistance phenotype. This proteomic screen highlighted several novel proteins that are putatively involved in resistance to antimonials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karima El Fadili
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du CHUQ and Division de Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Que., Canada G1V 4G2
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88
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Hundertmark C, Fischer R, Reinl T, May S, Klawonn F, Jänsch L. MS-specific noise model reveals the potential of iTRAQ in quantitative proteomics. Bioinformatics 2008; 25:1004-11. [DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btn551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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89
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Rochette A, Raymond F, Ubeda JM, Smith M, Messier N, Boisvert S, Rigault P, Corbeil J, Ouellette M, Papadopoulou B. Genome-wide gene expression profiling analysis of Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum developmental stages reveals substantial differences between the two species. BMC Genomics 2008; 9:255. [PMID: 18510761 PMCID: PMC2453527 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-9-255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania parasites cause a diverse spectrum of diseases in humans ranging from spontaneously healing skin lesions (e.g., L. major) to life-threatening visceral diseases (e.g., L. infantum). The high conservation in gene content and genome organization between Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum contrasts their distinct pathophysiologies, suggesting that highly regulated hierarchical and temporal changes in gene expression may be involved. RESULTS We used a multispecies DNA oligonucleotide microarray to compare whole-genome expression patterns of promastigote (sandfly vector) and amastigote (mammalian macrophages) developmental stages between L. major and L. infantum. Seven per cent of the total L. infantum genome and 9.3% of the L. major genome were differentially expressed at the RNA level throughout development. The main variations were found in genes involved in metabolism, cellular organization and biogenesis, transport and genes encoding unknown function. Remarkably, this comparative global interspecies analysis demonstrated that only 10-12% of the differentially expressed genes were common to L. major and L. infantum. Differentially expressed genes are randomly distributed across chromosomes further supporting a posttranscriptional control, which is likely to involve a variety of 3'UTR elements. CONCLUSION This study highlighted substantial differences in gene expression patterns between L. major and L. infantum. These important species-specific differences in stage-regulated gene expression may contribute to the disease tropism that distinguishes L. major from L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie Rochette
- Research Centre in Infectious Diseases, CHUL Research Centre and Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada.
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