51
|
Pasitka L, van Noort D, Lim W, Park S, Mandenius CF. A Microbore Tubing Based Spiral for Multistep Cell Fractionation. Anal Chem 2018; 90:12909-12916. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pasitka
- Division of Biotechnology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Danny van Noort
- Division of Biotechnology, IFM, Linköping University, Linköping 58183, Sweden
| | - Wanyoung Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
Sun H, Ren Y, Liu W, Feng X, Hou L, Tao Y, Jiang H. Flexible Continuous Particle Beam Switching via External-Field-Reconfigurable Asymmetric Induced-Charge Electroosmosis. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11376-11384. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Weiyu Liu
- School of Electronics and Control Engineering, Chang’an University, Middle-Section of Nan’er Huan Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710064, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
53
|
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics is a widely used technology which enables label-free manipulation of particles in microchannels. However, this technology has been limited to bioparticles larger than RBCs, due to the strong correlation between the inertial lift forces and the particle size. This paper presents a method to extend the capabilities of inertial microfluidics to smaller bioparticles, of which a plethora of clinically relevant types exist in the human body. Therefore, this method can be integrated with microfluidic devices for inertial manipulation of bioparticles that have defied all prior attempts, enabling a variety of applications in clinical diagnosis including cytometry of micron-scale bioparticles, isolation and characterization of pathogens and extracellular microvesicles, or phenotyping of cancer or stem cells at physiological shear stresses. Inertial microfluidics (i.e., migration and focusing of particles in finite Reynolds number microchannel flows) is a passive, precise, and high-throughput method for microparticle manipulation and sorting. Therefore, it has been utilized in numerous biomedical applications including phenotypic cell screening, blood fractionation, and rare-cell isolation. Nonetheless, the applications of this technology have been limited to larger bioparticles such as blood cells, circulating tumor cells, and stem cells, because smaller particles require drastically longer channels for inertial focusing, which increases the pressure requirement and the footprint of the device to the extent that the system becomes unfeasible. Inertial manipulation of smaller bioparticles such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens or blood components such as platelets and exosomes is of significant interest. Here, we show that using oscillatory microfluidics, inertial focusing in practically “infinite channels” can be achieved, allowing for focusing of micron-scale (i.e. hundreds of nanometers) particles. This method enables manipulation of particles at extremely low particle Reynolds number (Rep < 0.005) flows that are otherwise unattainable by steady-flow inertial microfluidics (which has been limited to Rep > ∼10−1). Using this technique, we demonstrated that synthetic particles as small as 500 nm and a submicron bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, can be inertially focused. Furthermore, we characterized the physics of inertial microfluidics in this newly enabled particle size and Rep range using a Peclet-like dimensionless number (α). We experimentally observed that α >> 1 is required to overcome diffusion and be able to inertially manipulate particles.
Collapse
|
54
|
Bayat P, Rezai P. Microfluidic curved-channel centrifuge for solution exchange of target microparticles and their simultaneous separation from bacteria. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:5356-5363. [PMID: 29781012 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00162f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the common operations in sample preparation is to separate specific particles (e.g. target cells, embryos or microparticles) from non-target substances (e.g. bacteria) in a fluid and to wash them into clean buffers for further processing like detection (called solution exchange in this paper). For instance, solution exchange is widely needed in preparing fluidic samples for biosensing at the point-of-care and point-of-use, but still conducted via the use of cumbersome and time-consuming off-chip analyte washing and purification techniques. Existing small-scale and handheld active and passive devices for washing particles are often limited to very low throughputs or require external sources of energy. Here, we integrated Dean flow recirculation of two fluids in curved microchannels with selective inertial focusing of target particles to develop a microfluidic centrifuge device that can isolate specific particles (as surrogates for target analytes) from bacteria and wash them into a clean buffer at high throughput and efficiency. We could process micron-size particles at a flow rate of 1 mL min-1 and achieve throughputs higher than 104 particles per second. Our results reveal that the device is capable of singleplex solution exchange of 11 μm and 19 μm particles with efficiencies of 86 ± 2% and 93 ± 0.7%, respectively. A purity of 96 ± 2% was achieved in the duplex experiments where 11 μm particles were isolated from 4 μm particles. Application of our device in biological assays was shown by performing duplex experiments where 11 μm or 19 μm particles were isolated from an Escherichia coli bacterial suspension with purities of 91-98%. We envision that our technique will have applications in point-of-care devices for simultaneous purification and solution exchange of cells and embryos from smaller substances in high-volume suspensions at high throughput and efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pouriya Bayat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, York University, BRG 433B, 4700 Keele St, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Jung BJ, Kim J, Kim JA, Jang H, Seo S, Lee W. PDMS-Parylene Hybrid, Flexible Microfluidics for Real-Time Modulation of 3D Helical Inertial Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:E255. [PMID: 30424188 PMCID: PMC6187561 DOI: 10.3390/mi9060255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics has drawn much attention for its applications for circulating tumor cell separations from blood. The fluid flows and the inertial particle focusing in inertial microfluidic systems are highly dependent on the channel geometry and structure. Flexible microfluidic systems can have adjustable 3D channel geometries by curving planar 2D channels into 3D structures, which will enable tunable inertial separation. We present a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-parylene hybrid thin-film microfluidic system that can provide high flexibility for 3D channel shaping while maintaining the channel cross-sectional shape. The PDMS-parylene hybrid microfluidic channels were fabricated by a molding and bonding technique using initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) bonding. We constructed 3D helical inertial microfluidic channels by coiling a straight 2D channel and studied the inertial focusing while varying radius of curvature and Reynolds number. This thin film structure allows for high channel curvature and high Dean numbers which leads to faster inertial particle focusing and shorter channel lengths than 2D spiral channels. Most importantly, the focusing positions of particles and cells in the microchannel can be tuned in real time by simply modulating the channel curvature. The simple mechanical modulation of these 3D structure microfluidic systems is expected to provide unique advantages of convenient tuning of cell separation thresholds with a single device.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Joon Jung
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jihye Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jeong-Ah Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Hansol Jang
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Sumin Seo
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Wonhee Lee
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Lee J, Burns MA. One-Way Particle Transport Using Oscillatory Flow in Asymmetric Traps. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:10.1002/smll.201702724. [PMID: 29377529 PMCID: PMC6324199 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
One challenge of integrating of passive, microparticles manipulation techniques into multifunctional microfluidic devices is coupling the continuous-flow format of most systems with the often batch-type operation of particle separation systems. Here, a passive fluidic technique-one-way particle transport-that can conduct microparticle operations in a closed fluidic circuit is presented. Exploiting pass/capture interactions between microparticles and asymmetric traps, this technique accomplishes a net displacement of particles in an oscillatory flow field. One-way particle transport is achieved through four kinds of trap-particle interactions: mechanical capture of the particle, asymmetric interactions between the trap and the particle, physical collision of the particle with an obstacle, and lateral shift of the particle into a particle-trapping stream. The critical dimensions for those four conditions are found by numerically solving analytical mass balance equations formulated using the characteristics of the flow field in periodic obstacle arrays. Visual observation of experimental trap-particle dynamics in low Reynolds number flow (<0.01) confirms the validity of the theoretical predictions. This technique can transport hundreds of microparticles across trap rows in only a few fluid oscillations (<500 ms per oscillation) and separate particles by their size differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaesung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 3074 H. H. Dow, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mark A Burns
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, 3074 H. H. Dow, 2300 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 1107 Carl A. Gerstacker, 2200 Bonisteel Blvd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Lee D, Nam SM, Kim JA, Di Carlo D, Lee W. Active Control of Inertial Focusing Positions and Particle Separations Enabled by Velocity Profile Tuning with Coflow Systems. Anal Chem 2018; 90:2902-2911. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongwoo Lee
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Min Nam
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-ah Kim
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department
of Bioengineering, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, and California
NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Wonhee Lee
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Departiment
of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Zhang Y, Zhang J, Tang F, Li W, Wang X. Design of a Single-Layer Microchannel for Continuous Sheathless Single-Stream Particle Inertial Focusing. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1786-1794. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory
of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department
of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory
of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department
of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weihua Li
- School
of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Xiaohao Wang
- State Key Laboratory
of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department
of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Kim JA, Lee JR, Je TJ, Jeon EC, Lee W. Size-Dependent Inertial Focusing Position Shift and Particle Separations in Triangular Microchannels. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1827-1835. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-ah Kim
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Je-Ryung Lee
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Jin Je
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-chae Jeon
- Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhee Lee
- Graduate
School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Zhou Y, Ma Z, Ai Y. Sheathless inertial cell focusing and sorting with serial reverse wavy channel structures. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2018; 4:5. [PMID: 31057895 PMCID: PMC6220157 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-018-0005-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics utilizing passive hydrodynamic forces has been attracting significant attention in the field of precise microscale manipulation owing to its low cost, simplicity and high throughput. In this paper, we present a novel channel design with a series of reverse wavy channel structures for sheathless inertial particle focusing and cell sorting. A single wavy channel unit consists of four semicircular segments, which produce periodically reversed Dean secondary flow along the cross-section of the channel. The balance between the inertial lift force and the Dean drag force results in deterministic equilibrium focusing positions, which also depends on the size of the flow-through particles and cells. Six sizes of fluorescent microspheres (15, 10, 7, 5, 3 and 1 μm) were used to study the size-dependent inertial focusing behavior. Our novel design with sharp-turning subunits could effectively focus particles as small as 3 μm, the average size of platelets, enabling the sorting of cancer cells from whole blood without the use of sheath flows. Utilizing an optimized channel design, we demonstrated the size-based sorting of MCF-7 breast cancer cells spiked in diluted whole blood samples without using sheath flows. A single sorting process was able to recover 89.72% of MCF-7 cells from the original mixture and enrich MCF-7 cells from an original purity of 5.3% to 68.9% with excellent cell viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinning Zhou
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372 Singapore
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372 Singapore
| | - Ye Ai
- Pillar of Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372 Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Shape-based separation of microalga Euglena gracilis using inertial microfluidics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10802. [PMID: 28883551 PMCID: PMC5589772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10452-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Euglena gracilis (E. gracilis) has been proposed as one of the most attractive microalgae species for biodiesel and biomass production, which exhibits a number of shapes, such as spherical, spindle-shaped, and elongated. Shape is an important biomarker for E. gracilis, serving as an indicator of biological clock status, photosynthetic and respiratory capacity, cell-cycle phase, and environmental condition. The ability to prepare E. gracilis of uniform shape at high purities has significant implications for various applications in biological research and industrial processes. Here, we adopt a label-free, high-throughput, and continuous technique utilizing inertial microfluidics to separate E. gracilis by a key shape parameter-cell aspect ratio (AR). The microfluidic device consists of a straight rectangular microchannel, a gradually expanding region, and five outlets with fluidic resistors, allowing for inertial focusing and ordering, enhancement of the differences in cell lateral positions, and accurate separation, respectively. By making use of the shape-activated differences in lateral inertial focusing dynamic equilibrium positions, E. gracilis with different ARs ranging from 1 to 7 are directed to different outlets.
Collapse
|
62
|
Mutlu BR, Smith KC, Edd JF, Nadar P, Dlamini M, Kapur R, Toner M. Non-equilibrium Inertial Separation Array for High-throughput, Large-volume Blood Fractionation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9915. [PMID: 28855584 PMCID: PMC5577162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10295-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microfluidic blood processing is used in a range of applications from cancer therapeutics to infectious disease diagnostics. As these applications are being translated to clinical use, processing larger volumes of blood in shorter timescales with high-reliability and robustness is becoming a pressing need. In this work, we report a scaled, label-free cell separation mechanism called non-equilibrium inertial separation array (NISA). The NISA mechanism consists of an array of islands that exert a passive inertial lift force on proximate cells, thus enabling gentler manipulation of the cells without the need of physical contact. As the cells follow their size-based, deterministic path to their equilibrium positions, a preset fraction of the flow is siphoned to separate the smaller cells from the main flow. The NISA device was used to fractionate 400 mL of whole blood in less than 3 hours, and produce an ultrapure buffy coat (96.6% white blood cell yield, 0.0059% red blood cell carryover) by processing whole blood at 3 mL/min, or ∼300 million cells/second. This device presents a feasible alternative for fractionating blood for transfusion, cellular therapy and blood-based diagnostics, and could significantly improve the sensitivity of rare cell isolation devices by increasing the processed whole blood volume.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baris R Mutlu
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Kyle C Smith
- MicroMedicine Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, USA
| | - Jon F Edd
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Priyanka Nadar
- MicroMedicine Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, USA
| | - Mcolisi Dlamini
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA
| | - Ravi Kapur
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.,MicroMedicine Inc., Watertown, Massachusetts, 02472, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA. .,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Yuan D, Tan SH, Sluyter R, Zhao Q, Yan S, Nguyen NT, Guo J, Zhang J, Li W. On-Chip Microparticle and Cell Washing Using Coflow of Viscoelastic Fluid and Newtonian Fluid. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9574-9582. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b02671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- School
of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Say Hwa Tan
- Queensland
Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Qianbin Zhao
- School
of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sheng Yan
- School
of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - N. T. Nguyen
- Queensland
Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School
of Electronic Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
| | - Weihua Li
- School
of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Khojah R, Stoutamore R, Di Carlo D. Size-tunable microvortex capture of rare cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:2542-2549. [PMID: 28613306 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Inertial separation of particles and cells based on their size has advanced significantly over the last decade. However, size-based inertial separation methods require precise tuning of microfluidic device geometries to adjust the separation size of particles or cells. Here, we show a passive capture method that targets a wide size range of cells by controlling the flow conditions in a single device geometry. This multimodal capture device is designed to generate laminar vortices in lateral cavities that branch from long rectangular channels. Micro-vortices generated at lower Reynolds numbers capture and stabilize large particles in equilibrium orbits or limit cycles near the vortex core. Other smaller particles or cells orbit near the vortex boundaries and they are susceptible to exiting the cavity flow. In the same cavity, however, at higher Reynolds number, we observe small particles migrating inward. This evolution in limit cycle trajectories led to a corresponding evolution in the average size of captured particles, indicating that the outermost orbits are less stable. We identify three phases of capture as a function of Reynolds number that give rise to unique particle orbit trajectories. Flow-based switching overcomes a major engineering challenge to automate capture and release of polydisperse cell subpopulations. The approach can expand clinical applications of label free trapping in isolating and processing a larger subset of rare cells like circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood and other body fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem Khojah
- Department of Bioengineering and University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90055, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Huang H, Yu Y, Hu Y, He X, Usta OB, Yarmush ML. Generation and manipulation of hydrogel microcapsules by droplet-based microfluidics for mammalian cell culture. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1913-1932. [PMID: 28509918 PMCID: PMC5548188 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00262a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogel microcapsules provide miniaturized and biocompatible niches for three-dimensional (3D) in vitro cell culture. They can be easily generated by droplet-based microfluidics with tunable size, morphology, and biochemical properties. Therefore, microfluidic generation and manipulation of cell-laden microcapsules can be used for 3D cell culture to mimic the in vivo environment towards applications in tissue engineering and high throughput drug screening. In this review of recent advances mainly since 2010, we will first introduce general characteristics of droplet-based microfluidic devices for cell encapsulation with an emphasis on the fluid dynamics of droplet breakup and internal mixing as they directly influence microcapsule's size and structure. We will then discuss two on-chip manipulation strategies: sorting and extraction from oil into aqueous phase, which can be integrated into droplet-based microfluidics and significantly improve the qualities of cell-laden hydrogel microcapsules. Finally, we will review various applications of hydrogel microencapsulation for 3D in vitro culture on cell growth and proliferation, stem cell differentiation, tissue development, and co-culture of different types of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haishui Huang
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
02114, United States
| | - Yin Yu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
02114, United States
| | - Yong Hu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
02114, United States
| | - Xiaoming He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University,
Columbus, USA
| | - O. Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
02114, United States
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital,
Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts
02114, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University,
Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Coppola S, Nasti G, Todino M, Olivieri F, Vespini V, Ferraro P. Direct Writing of Microfluidic Footpaths by Pyro-EHD Printing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:16488-16494. [PMID: 28446020 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report a direct writing method for the fabrication of microfluidic footpaths by pyro-electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing. Here, we propose the use of a nozzle-free three-dimensional printing technique for the fabrication of printed structures that can be embedded in a variety of soft, transparent, flexible, and biocompatible polymers and thus easily integrated into lab-on-chip devices. We prove the advantage of the high resolution and flexibility of pyro-EHD printing for the realization of microfluidic channels well below the standard limit in dimension of conventional ink-jet printing technique and simply adaptable to the end-user desires in terms of geometry and materials. Starting from the description of the innovative approach proposed for the channel fabrication, we demonstrate the design, fabrication, and proof of a microfluidic matrix of interconnected channels. The method described here could be a breakthrough technology for the fabrication of in situ implantable, stretchable, and biocompatible devices, opening new routes in the field of biomedical engineering and wearable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Coppola
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Nasti
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Michele Todino
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Federico Olivieri
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Veronica Vespini
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| | - Pietro Ferraro
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent System (CNR-ISASI) , Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Liu C, Hu G. High-Throughput Particle Manipulation Based on Hydrodynamic Effects in Microchannels. MICROMACHINES 2017. [PMCID: PMC6190449 DOI: 10.3390/mi8030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for NanoScience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Guoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-8254-4298
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Ayan B, Ozcelik A, Bachman H, Tang SY, Xie Y, Wu M, Li P, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidic coating of particles and cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4366-4372. [PMID: 27754503 PMCID: PMC5465870 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00951d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
On-chip microparticle and cell coating technologies enable a myriad of applications in chemistry, engineering, and medicine. Current microfluidic coating technologies often rely on magnetic labeling and concurrent deflection of particles across laminar streams of chemicals. Herein, we introduce an acoustofluidic approach for microparticle and cell coating by implementing tilted-angle standing surface acoustic waves (taSSAWs) into microchannels with multiple inlets. The primary acoustic radiation force generated by the taSSAW field was exploited in order to migrate the particles across the microchannel through multiple laminar streams, which contained the buffer and coating chemicals. We demonstrate effective coating of polystyrene microparticles and HeLa cells without the need for magnetic labelling. We characterized the coated particles and HeLa cells with fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Our acoustofluidic-based particle and cell coating method is label-free, biocompatible, and simple. It can be useful in the on-chip manufacturing of many functional particles and cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bugra Ayan
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Adem Ozcelik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Hunter Bachman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Shi-Yang Tang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Yuliang Xie
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Mengxi Wu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA and Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Deng NN, Wang W, Ju XJ, Xie R, Chu LY. Spontaneous transfer of droplets across microfluidic laminar interfaces. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:4326-4332. [PMID: 27722415 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc01022a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The precise manipulation of droplets in microfluidics has revolutionized a myriad of drop-based technologies, such as multiple emulsion preparation, drop fusion, drop fission, drop trapping and drop sorting, which offer promising new opportunities in chemical and biological fields. In this paper, we present an interfacial-tension-directed strategy for the migration of droplets across liquid-liquid laminar streams. By carefully controlling the interfacial energies, droplets of phase A are able to pass across the laminar interfaces of two immiscible fluids from phase B to phase C due to a positive spreading coefficient of phase C over phase B. To demonstrate this, we successfully perform the transfer of water droplets across an oil-oil laminar interface and the transfer of oil droplets across an oil-water laminar interface. The whole transfer process is spontaneous and only takes about 50 ms. We find that the fluid dynamics have an impact on the transfer processes. Only if the flowrate ratios are well matched will the droplets pass through the laminar interface successfully. This interfacial-tension-directed transfer of droplets provides a versatile procedure to make new structures and control microreactions as exemplified by the fabrication of giant unilamellar vesicles and cell-laden microgels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Deng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China. and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xiao-Jie Ju
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China. and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Rui Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China. and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Liang-Yin Chu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China. and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China and Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Yan S, Zhang J, Yuan D, Li W. Hybrid microfluidics combined with active and passive approaches for continuous cell separation. Electrophoresis 2016; 38:238-249. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong Australia
- School of Mechanical Engineering; Nanjing University of Science and Technology; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong Australia
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
|
72
|
Hood K, Kahkeshani S, Di Carlo D, Roper M. Direct measurement of particle inertial migration in rectangular microchannels. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2840-50. [PMID: 27349748 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00314a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Particles traveling at high velocities through microfluidic channels migrate from their starting streamlines due to inertial lift forces. Theories predict different scaling laws for these forces and there is little experimental evidence by which to validate theory. Here we experimentally measure the three dimensional positions and migration velocities of particles. Our experimental method relies on a combination of sub-pixel accurate particle tracking and velocimetric reconstruction of the depth dimension to track thousands of individual particles in three dimensions. We show that there is no simple scaling of inertial forces upon particle size, but that migration velocities agree well with numerical simulations and with a two-term asymptotic theory that contains no unmeasured parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn Hood
- Department of Mathematics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Tay HM, Yeo DC, Wiraja C, Xu C, Hou HW. Microfluidic Buffer Exchange for Interference-free Micro/Nanoparticle Cell Engineering. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27500904 DOI: 10.3791/54327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Engineering cells with active-ingredient-loaded micro/nanoparticles (NPs) is becoming an increasingly popular method to enhance native therapeutic properties, enable bio imaging and control cell phenotype. A critical yet inadequately addressed issue is the significant number of particles that remain unbound after cell labeling which cannot be readily removed by conventional centrifugation. This leads to an increase in bio imaging background noise and can impart transformative effects onto neighboring non-target cells. In this protocol, we present an inertial microfluidics-based buffer exchange strategy termed as Dean Flow Fractionation (DFF) to efficiently separate labeled cells from free NPs in a high throughput manner. The developed spiral microdevice facilitates continuous collection (>90% cell recovery) of purified cells (THP-1 and MSCs) suspended in new buffer solution, while achieving >95% depletion of unbound fluorescent dye or dye-loaded NPs (silica or PLGA). This single-step, size-based cell purification strategy enables high cell processing throughput (10(6) cells/min) and is highly useful for large-volume cell purification of micro/nanoparticle engineered cells to achieve interference-free clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Min Tay
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University
| | - David C Yeo
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Christian Wiraja
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University; NTU-Northwestern Institute of Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University;
| | - Han Wei Hou
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University;
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Li S, Ren L, Huang PH, Yao X, Cuento RA, McCoy JP, Cameron CE, Levine SJ, Huang TJ. Acoustofluidic Transfer of Inflammatory Cells from Human Sputum Samples. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5655-61. [PMID: 27183317 PMCID: PMC5466821 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
For sputum analysis, the transfer of inflammatory cells from liquefied sputum samples to a culture medium or buffer solution is a critical step because it removes the inflammatory cells from the presence of residual dithiothreitol (DTT), a reagent that reduces cell viability and interferes with further sputum analyses. In this work, we report an acoustofluidic platform for transferring inflammatory cells using standing surface acoustic waves (SSAW). In particular, we exploit the acoustic radiation force generated from a SSAW field to actively transfer inflammatory cells from a solution containing residual DTT to a buffer solution. The viability and integrity of the inflammatory cells are maintained during the acoustofluidic-based cell transfer process. Our acoustofluidic technique removes residual DTT generated in sputum liquefaction and facilitates immunophenotyping of major inflammatory cells from sputum samples. It enables cell transfer in a continuous flow, which aids the development of an automated, integrated system for on-chip sputum processing and analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixing Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- The Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Biosciences (MCIBS) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Liqiang Ren
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Po-Hsun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xianglan Yao
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Rosemarie A. Cuento
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - J. Philip McCoy
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Craig E. Cameron
- The Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Biosciences (MCIBS) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Stewart J. Levine
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- The Molecular, Cellular and Integrative Biosciences (MCIBS) Graduate Program, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Yuan D, Zhang J, Yan S, Peng G, Zhao Q, Alici G, Du H, Li W. Investigation of particle lateral migration in sample-sheath flow of viscoelastic fluid and Newtonian fluid. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:2147-55. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Sheng Yan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Gangrou Peng
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Qianbin Zhao
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Gursel Alici
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| | - Hejun Du
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Nanyang Technological University; Singapore
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering; University of Wollongong; Wollongong NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Ha B, Park J, Destgeer G, Jung JH, Sung HJ. Transfer of Microparticles across Laminar Streams from Non-Newtonian to Newtonian Fluid. Anal Chem 2016; 88:4205-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Byunghang Ha
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Jung
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Sung
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Reece AE, Oakey J. Long-range forces affecting equilibrium inertial focusing behavior in straight high aspect ratio microfluidic channels. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2016; 28:043303. [PMID: 27190494 PMCID: PMC4851623 DOI: 10.1063/1.4946829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The controlled and directed focusing of particles within flowing fluids is a problem of fundamental and technological significance. Microfluidic inertial focusing provides passive and precise lateral and longitudinal alignment of small particles without the need for external actuation or sheath fluid. The benefits of inertial focusing have quickly enabled the development of miniaturized flow cytometers, size-selective sorting devices, and other high-throughput particle screening tools. Straight channel inertial focusing device design requires knowledge of fluid properties and particle-channel size ratio. Equilibrium behavior of inertially focused particles has been extensively characterized and the constitutive phenomena described by scaling relationships for straight channels of square and rectangular cross section. In concentrated particle suspensions, however, long-range hydrodynamic repulsions give rise to complex particle ordering that, while interesting and potentially useful, can also dramatically diminish the technique's effectiveness for high-throughput particle handling applications. We have empirically investigated particle focusing behavior within channels of increasing aspect ratio and have identified three scaling regimes that produce varying degrees of geometrical ordering between focused particles. To explore the limits of inertial particle focusing and identify the origins of these long-range interparticle forces, we have explored equilibrium focusing behavior as a function of channel geometry and particle concentration. Experimental results for highly concentrated particle solutions identify equilibrium thresholds for focusing that scale weakly with concentration and strongly with channel geometry. Balancing geometry mediated inertial forces with estimates for interparticle repulsive forces now provide a complete picture of pattern formation among concentrated inertially focused particles and enhance our understanding of the fundamental limits of inertial focusing for technological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy E Reece
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| | - John Oakey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Wyoming , Laramie, Wyoming 82071, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Kim J, Lee J, Wu C, Nam S, Di Carlo D, Lee W. Inertial focusing in non-rectangular cross-section microchannels and manipulation of accessible focusing positions. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:992-1001. [PMID: 26853995 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01100k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Inertial focusing in microfluidic channels has been extensively studied experimentally and theoretically, which has led to various applications including microfluidic separation and enrichment of cells. Inertial lift forces are strongly dependent on the flow velocity profile and the channel cross-sectional shape. However, the channel cross-sections studied have been limited to circles and rectangles. We studied inertial focusing in non-rectangular cross-section channels to manipulate the flow profile and thus the inertial focusing of microparticles. The location and number of focusing positions are analyzed with varying cross-sectional shapes and Reynolds number. We found that the broken symmetry of non-equilateral triangular channels leads to the shifting of focusing positions with varying Reynolds number. Non-rectangular channels have unique mapping of the focusing positions and the corresponding basins of attraction. By connecting channels with different cross-sectional shapes, we were able to manipulate the accessible focusing positions and achieve focusing of microparticles to a single stream with ∼99% purity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Liu C, Xue C, Sun J, Hu G. A generalized formula for inertial lift on a sphere in microchannels. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:884-92. [PMID: 26794086 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01522g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics has been widely used in high-throughput manipulation of particles and cells by hydrodynamic forces, without the aid of externally applied fields. The performance of inertial microfluidic devices largely relies on precise prediction of particle trajectories that are determined by inertial lift acting on particles. The only way to accurately obtain lift forces is by direct numerical simulation (DNS); however, it is burdensome when applied to practical microchannels with complex geometries. Here, we propose a fitting formula for inertial lift on a sphere drawn from DNS data obtained in straight channels. The formula consists of four terms that represent the shear-gradient-induced lift, the wall-induced lift, the slip-shear lift, and the correction of the shear-gradient-induced lift, respectively. Notably, as a function of the parameters of a local flow field, it possesses good adaptability to complex channel geometries. This generalized formula is further implemented in the Lagrangian particle tracking method to realize fast prediction of particle trajectories in two types of widely used microchannels: a long serpentine and a double spiral microchannel, demonstrating its ability to efficiently design and optimize inertial microfluidic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chundong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Jiashu Sun
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for BioNanotechnology & CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Zhang J, Yan S, Yuan D, Alici G, Nguyen NT, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Li W. Fundamentals and applications of inertial microfluidics: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:10-34. [PMID: 26584257 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc01159k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 478] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, inertial microfluidics has attracted significant attention and a wide variety of channel designs that focus, concentrate and separate particles and fluids have been demonstrated. In contrast to conventional microfluidic technologies, where fluid inertia is negligible and flow remains almost within the Stokes flow region with very low Reynolds number (Re ≪ 1), inertial microfluidics works in the intermediate Reynolds number range (~1 < Re < ~100) between Stokes and turbulent regimes. In this intermediate range, both inertia and fluid viscosity are finite and bring about several intriguing effects that form the basis of inertial microfluidics including (i) inertial migration and (ii) secondary flow. Due to the superior features of high-throughput, simplicity, precise manipulation and low cost, inertial microfluidics is a very promising candidate for cellular sample processing, especially for samples with low abundant targets. In this review, we first discuss the fundamental kinematics of particles in microchannels to familiarise readers with the mechanisms and underlying physics in inertial microfluidic systems. We then present a comprehensive review of recent developments and key applications of inertial microfluidic systems according to their microchannel structures. Finally, we discuss the perspective of employing fluid inertia in microfluidics for particle manipulation. Due to the superior benefits of inertial microfluidics, this promising technology will still be an attractive topic in the near future, with more novel designs and further applications in biology, medicine and industry on the horizon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sheng Yan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Dan Yuan
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gursel Alici
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Brisbane QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Weihua Li
- School of Mechanical, Materials and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Continuous sorting and washing of cancer cells from blood cells by hydrophoresis. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-016-0201-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
82
|
Chung AJ, Hur SC. High-Speed Microfluidic Manipulation of Cells. ADVANCED MICRO AND NANOSYSTEMS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527690237.ch1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
83
|
Yeo DC, Wiraja C, Zhou Y, Tay HM, Xu C, Hou HW. Interference-free Micro/nanoparticle Cell Engineering by Use of High-Throughput Microfluidic Separation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:20855-20864. [PMID: 26355568 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Engineering cells with active-ingredient-loaded micro/nanoparticles is becoming increasingly popular for imaging and therapeutic applications. A critical yet inadequately addressed issue during its implementation concerns the significant number of particles that remain unbound following the engineering process, which inadvertently generate signals and impart transformative effects onto neighboring nontarget cells. Here we demonstrate that those unbound micro/nanoparticles remaining in solution can be efficiently separated from the particle-labeled cells by implementing a fast, continuous, and high-throughput Dean flow fractionation (DFF) microfluidic device. As proof-of-concept, we applied the DFF microfluidic device for buffer exchange to sort labeled suspension cells (THP-1) from unbound fluorescent dye and dye-loaded micro/nanoparticles. Compared to conventional centrifugation, the depletion efficiency of free dyes or particles was improved 20-fold and the mislabeling of nontarget bystander cells by free particles was minimized. The microfluidic device was adapted to further accommodate heterogeneous-sized mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Complete removal of unbound nanoparticles using DFF led to the usage of engineered MSCs without exerting off-target transformative effects on the functional properties of neighboring endothelial cells. Apart from its effectiveness in removing free particles, this strategy is also efficient and scalable. It could continuously process cell solutions with concentrations up to 10(7) cells·mL(-1) (cell densities commonly encountered during cell therapy) without observable loss of performance. Successful implementation of this technology is expected to pave the way for interference-free clinical application of micro/nanoparticle engineered cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Yeo
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Christian Wiraja
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Yingying Zhou
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
| | - Hui Min Tay
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637459
- NTU-Northwestern Institute of Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798
| | - Han Wei Hou
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637553
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Birch CM, Hou HW, Han J, Niles JC. Identification of malaria parasite-infected red blood cell surface aptamers by inertial microfluidic SELEX (I-SELEX). Sci Rep 2015; 5:11347. [PMID: 26126714 PMCID: PMC4486934 DOI: 10.1038/srep11347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites invade and remodel human red blood cells (RBCs) by trafficking parasite-synthesized proteins to the RBC surface. While these proteins mediate interactions with host cells that contribute to disease pathogenesis, the infected RBC surface proteome remains poorly characterized. Here we use a novel strategy (I-SELEX) to discover high affinity aptamers that selectively recognize distinct epitopes uniquely present on parasite-infected RBCs. Based on inertial focusing in spiral microfluidic channels, I-SELEX enables stringent partitioning of cells (efficiency ≥ 106) from unbound oligonucleotides at high volume throughput (~2 × 106 cells min−1). Using an RBC model displaying a single, non-native antigen and live malaria parasite-infected RBCs as targets, we establish suitability of this strategy for de novo aptamer selections. We demonstrate recovery of a diverse set of aptamers that recognize distinct, surface-displayed epitopes on parasite-infected RBCs with nanomolar affinity, including an aptamer against the protein responsible for placental sequestration, var2CSA. These findings validate I-SELEX as a broadly applicable aptamer discovery platform that enables identification of new reagents for mapping the parasite-infected RBC surface proteome at higher molecular resolution to potentially contribute to malaria diagnostics, therapeutics and vaccine efforts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Birch
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Han Wei Hou
- 1] Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [2] BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 Create Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore 138602, SINGAPORE
| | - Jongyoon Han
- 1] Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [2] Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA [3] BioSystems and Micromechanics (BioSyM) IRG, Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology (SMART) Centre, 1 Create Way, #04-13/14 Enterprise Wing, Singapore 138602, SINGAPORE
| | - Jacquin C Niles
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Cell Size Discrimination Based on the Measurement of the Equilibrium Velocity in Rectangular Microchannels. MICROMACHINES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/mi6050634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
86
|
Antfolk M, Antfolk C, Lilja H, Laurell T, Augustsson P. A single inlet two-stage acoustophoresis chip enabling tumor cell enrichment from white blood cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:2102-9. [PMID: 25824937 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00078e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic disease is responsible for most cancer deaths, and hematogenous spread through circulating tumor cells (CTC) is a prerequisite for tumor dissemination. CTCs may undergo epithelial-mesenchymal transition where many epithelial cell characteristics are lost. Therefore, CTC isolation systems relying on epithelial cell markers are at risk of losing important subpopulations of cells. Here, a simple acoustophoresis-based cell separation instrument is presented. Cells are uniquely separated while maintained in their initial suspending medium, thus eliminating the need for a secondary cell-free medium to hydrodynamically pre-position them before the separation. When characterizing the system using polystyrene particles, 99.6 ± 0.2% of 7 μm diameter particles were collected through one outlet while 98.8 ± 0.5% of 5 μm particles were recovered through a second outlet. Prostate cancer cells (DU145) spiked into blood were enriched from white blood cells at a sample flow rate of 100 μL min(-1) providing 86.5 ± 6.7% recovery of the cancer cells with 1.1 ± 0.2% contamination of white blood cells. By increasing the acoustic intensity a recovery of 94.8 ± 2.8% of cancer cells was achieved with 2.2 ± 0.6% contamination of white blood cells. The single inlet approach makes this instrument insensitive to acoustic impedance mismatch; a phenomenon reported to importantly affect accuracy in multi-laminar flow stream acoustophoresis. It also offers a possibility of concentrating the recovered cells in the chip, as opposed to systems relying on hydrodynamic pre-positioning which commonly dilute the target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antfolk
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Chen P, Huang YY, Hoshino K, Zhang JX. Microscale magnetic field modulation for enhanced capture and distribution of rare circulating tumor cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8745. [PMID: 25735563 PMCID: PMC4348664 DOI: 10.1038/srep08745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomagnetic assay combines the powers of the magnetic separation and biomarker recognition and has been an effective tool to perform rare Circulating Tumor Cells detection. Key factors associated with immunomagnetic assay include the capture rate, which indicates the sensitivity of the system, and distributions of target cells after capture, which impact the cell integrity and other biological properties that are critical to downstream analyses. Here we present a theoretical framework and technical approach to implement a microscale magnetic immunoassay through modulating local magnetic field towards enhanced capture and distribution of rare cancer cells. Through the design of a two-dimensional micromagnet array, we characterize the magnetic field generation and quantify the impact of the micromagnets on rare cell separation. Good agreement is achieved between the theory and experiments using a human colon cancer cell line (COLO205) as the capture targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yu-Yen Huang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, NH 03755, USA
| | - Kazunori Hoshino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - John X.J. Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, NH 03755, USA
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Liu C, Hu G, Jiang X, Sun J. Inertial focusing of spherical particles in rectangular microchannels over a wide range of Reynolds numbers. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:1168-77. [PMID: 25563524 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc01216j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics has emerged as an important tool for manipulating particles and cells. For a better design of inertial microfluidic devices, we conduct 3D direct numerical simulations (DNS) and experiments to determine the complicated dependence of focusing behaviour on the particle size, channel aspect ratio, and channel Reynolds number. We find that the well-known focusing of the particles at the two centers of the long channel walls occurs at a relatively low Reynolds number, whereas additional stable equilibrium positions emerge close to the short walls with increasing Reynolds number. Based on the numerically calculated trajectories of particles, we propose a two-stage particle migration which is consistent with experimental observations. We further present a general criterion to secure good focusing of particles for high flow rates. This work thus provides physical insight into the multiplex focusing of particles in rectangular microchannels with different geometries and Reynolds numbers, and paves the way for efficiently designing inertial microfluidic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Nonlinear Mechanics, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Li S, Ding X, Mao Z, Chen Y, Nama N, Guo F, Li P, Wang L, Cameron CE, Huang TJ. Standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW)-based cell washing. LAB ON A CHIP 2015; 15:331-8. [PMID: 25372273 PMCID: PMC4442640 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00903g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cell/bead washing is an indispensable sample preparation procedure used in various cell studies and analytical processes. In this article, we report a standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW)-based microfluidic device for cell and bead washing in a continuous flow. In our approach, the acoustic radiation force generated in a SSAW field is utilized to actively extract cells or beads from their original medium. A unique configuration of tilted-angle standing surface acoustic wave (taSSAW) is employed in our device, enabling us to wash beads with >98% recovery rate and >97% washing efficiency. We also demonstrate the functionality of our device by preparing high-purity (>97%) white blood cells from lysed blood samples through cell washing. Our SSAW-based cell/bead washing device has the advantages of label-free manipulation, simplicity, high biocompatibility, high recovery rate, and high washing efficiency. It can be useful for many lab-on-a-chip applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixing Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Dudani JS, Gossett DR, Tse HTK, Lamm RJ, Kulkarni RP, Carlo DD. Rapid inertial solution exchange for enrichment and flow cytometric detection of microvesicles. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2015; 9:014112. [PMID: 25713694 PMCID: PMC4320146 DOI: 10.1063/1.4907807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes, nanosized membrane-bound vesicles released by cells, play roles in cell signaling, immunology, virology, and oncology. Their study, however, has been hampered by difficulty in isolation and quantification due to their size and the complexity of biological samples. Conventional approaches to improved isolation require specialized equipment and extensive sample preparation time. Therefore, isolation and detection methods of exosomes will benefit biological and clinical studies. Here, we report a microfluidic platform for inline exosome isolation and fluorescent detection using inertial manipulation of antibody-coated exosome capture beads from biological fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep S Dudani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | | - Robert J Lamm
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Huang H, He X. Interfacial tension based on-chip extraction of microparticles confined in microfluidic Stokes flows. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2014; 105:143704. [PMID: 25378709 PMCID: PMC4214277 DOI: 10.1063/1.4898040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics involving two immiscible fluids (oil and water) has been increasingly used to produce hydrogel microparticles with wide applications. However, it is difficult to extract the microparticles out of the microfluidic Stokes flows of oil that have a Reynolds number (the ratio of inertia to viscous force) much less than one, where the dominant viscous force tends to drive the microparticles to move together with the surrounding oil. Here, we present a passive method for extracting hydrogel microparticles in microfluidic Stokes flow from oil into aqueous extracting solution on-chip by utilizing the intrinsic interfacial tension between oil and the microparticles. We further reveal that the thickness of an "extended confining layer" of oil next to the interface between oil and aqueous extracting solution must be smaller than the radius of microparticles for effective extraction. This method uses a simple planar merging microchannel design that can be readily fabricated and further integrated into a fluidic system to extract microparticles for wide applications.
Collapse
|
92
|
Abstract
Microfluidics has experienced massive growth in the past two decades, and especially with advances in rapid prototyping researchers have explored a multitude of channel structures, fluid and particle mixtures, and integration with electrical and optical systems towards solving problems in healthcare, biological and chemical analysis, materials synthesis, and other emerging areas that can benefit from the scale, automation, or the unique physics of these systems. Inertial microfluidics, which relies on the unconventional use of fluid inertia in microfluidic platforms, is one of the emerging fields that make use of unique physical phenomena that are accessible in microscale patterned channels. Channel shapes that focus, concentrate, order, separate, transfer, and mix particles and fluids have been demonstrated, however physical underpinnings guiding these channel designs have been limited and much of the development has been based on experimentally-derived intuition. Here we aim to provide a deeper understanding of mechanisms and underlying physics in these systems which can lead to more effective and reliable designs with less iteration. To place the inertial effects into context we also discuss related fluid-induced forces present in particulate flows including forces due to non-Newtonian fluids, particle asymmetry, and particle deformability. We then highlight the inverse situation and describe the effect of the suspended particles acting on the fluid in a channel flow. Finally, we discuss the importance of structured channels, i.e. channels with boundary conditions that vary in the streamwise direction, and their potential as a means to achieve unprecedented three-dimensional control over fluid and particles in microchannels. Ultimately, we hope that an improved fundamental and quantitative understanding of inertial fluid dynamic effects can lead to unprecedented capabilities to program fluid and particle flow towards automation of biomedicine, materials synthesis, and chemical process control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Amini
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, P.O. Box 951600, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Shen S, Ma C, Zhao L, Wang Y, Wang JC, Xu J, Li T, Pang L, Wang J. High-throughput rare cell separation from blood samples using steric hindrance and inertial microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2525-38. [PMID: 24862501 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51384j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence and quantity of rare cells in the bloodstream of cancer patients provide a potentially accessible source for the early detection of invasive cancer and for monitoring the treatment of advanced diseases. The separation of rare cells from peripheral blood, as a "virtual and real-time liquid biopsy", is expected to replace conventional tissue biopsies of metastatic tumors for therapy guidance. However, technical obstacles, similar to looking for a needle in a haystack, have hindered the broad clinical utility of this method. In this study, we developed a multistage microfluidic device for continuous label-free separation and enrichment of rare cells from blood samples based on cell size and deformability. We successfully separated tumor cells (MCF-7 and HeLa cells) and leukemic (K562) cells spiked in diluted whole blood using a unique complementary combination of inertial microfluidics and steric hindrance in a microfluidic system. The processing parameters of the inertial focusing and steric hindrance regions were optimized to achieve high-throughput and high-efficiency separation, significant advantages compared with existing rare cell isolation technologies. The results from experiments with rare cells spiked in 1% hematocrit blood indicated >90% cell recovery at a throughput of 2.24 × 10(7) cells min(-1). The enrichment of rare cells was >2.02 × 10(5)-fold. Thus, this microfluidic system driven by purely hydrodynamic forces has practical potential to be applied either alone or as a sample preparation platform for fundamental studies and clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaofei Shen
- College of Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Abstract
When Segré and Silberberg in 1961 witnessed particles in a laminar pipe flow congregating at an annulus in the pipe, scientists were perplexed and spent decades learning why such behavior occurred, finally understanding that it was caused by previously unknown forces on particles in an inertial flow. The advent of microfluidics opened a new realm of possibilities for inertial focusing in the processing of biological fluids and cellular suspensions and created a field that is now rapidly expanding. Over the past five years, inertial focusing has enabled high-throughput, simple, and precise manipulation of bodily fluids for a myriad of applications in point-of-care and clinical diagnostics. This review describes the theoretical developments that have made the field of inertial focusing what it is today and presents the key applications that will make inertial focusing a mainstream technology in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Martel
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
| | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Prohm C, Stark H. Feedback control of inertial microfluidics using axial control forces. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:2115-23. [PMID: 24811136 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics is a promising tool for many lab-on-a-chip applications. Particles in channel flows with Reynolds numbers above one undergo cross-streamline migration to a discrete set of equilibrium positions in square and rectangular channel cross sections. This effect has been used extensively for particle sorting and the analysis of particle properties. Using the lattice Boltzmann method, we determined the equilibrium positions in square and rectangular cross sections and classify their types of stability for different Reynolds numbers, particle sizes, and channel aspect ratios. Our findings thereby help to design microfluidic channels for particle sorting. Furthermore, we demonstrated how an axial control force, which slows down the particles and shifts the stable equilibrium position towards the channel center. Ultimately, the particles then stay on the centerline for forces exceeding the threshold value. This effect is sensitive to the particle size and channel Reynolds number and therefore suggests an efficient method for particle separation. In combination with a hysteretic feedback scheme, we can even increase the particle throughput.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Prohm
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Technische Universität Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Geislinger TM, Franke T. Hydrodynamic lift of vesicles and red blood cells in flow--from Fåhræus & Lindqvist to microfluidic cell sorting. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 208:161-76. [PMID: 24674656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hydrodynamic lift forces acting on cells and particles in fluid flow receive ongoing attention from medicine, mathematics, physics and engineering. The early findings of Fåhræus & Lindqvist on the viscosity change of blood with the diameter of capillaries motivated extensive studies both experimentally and theoretically to illuminate the underlying physics. We review this historical development that led to the discovery of the inertial and non-inertial lift forces and elucidate the origins of these forces that are still not entirely clear. Exploiting microfluidic techniques induced a tremendous amount of new insights especially into the more complex interactions between the flow field and deformable objects like vesicles or red blood cells. We trace the way from the investigation of single cell dynamics to the recent developments of microfluidic techniques for particle and cell sorting using hydrodynamic forces. Such continuous and label-free on-chip cell sorting devices promise to revolutionize medical analyses for personalized point-of-care diagnosis. We present the state-of-the-art of different hydrodynamic lift-based techniques and discuss their advantages and limitations.
Collapse
|
97
|
Chen Y, Chung AJ, Wu TH, Teitell MA, Di Carlo D, Chiou PY. Pulsed laser activated cell sorting with three dimensional sheathless inertial focusing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1746-51. [PMID: 24536017 PMCID: PMC4324602 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43–147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1597, USA
| | - Aram J. Chung
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, JEC 2024, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 8th Street, Troy, NY 12180–3590, USA
| | - Ting-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43–147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1597, USA. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095–1732, USA
| | - Michael A. Teitell
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pediatrics, and Bioengineering; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Broad Stem Cell Research Center, Molecular Biology Institute; and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095–1732, USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pei-Yu Chiou
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), 43–147 Eng. IV, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1597, USA. Department of Bioengineering and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Sochol RD, Corbett D, Hesse S, Krieger WER, Wolf KT, Kim M, Iwai K, Li S, Lee LP, Lin L. Dual-mode hydrodynamic railing and arraying of microparticles for multi-stage signal detection in continuous flow biochemical microprocessors. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1405-1409. [PMID: 24562460 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Continuous flow particulate-based microfluidic processors are in critical demand for emerging applications in chemistry and biology, such as point-of-care molecular diagnostics. Challenges remain, however, for accomplishing biochemical assays in which microparticle immobilization is desired or required during intermediate stages of fluidic reaction processes. Here we present a dual-mode microfluidic reactor that functions autonomously under continuous flow conditions to: (i) execute multi-stage particulate-based fluidic mixing routines, and (ii) array select numbers of microparticles during each reaction stage (e.g., for optical detection). We employ this methodology to detect the inflammatory cytokine, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), via a six-stage aptamer-based sandwich assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D Sochol
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Piyasena ME, Graves SW. The intersection of flow cytometry with microfluidics and microfabrication. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:1044-59. [PMID: 24488050 PMCID: PMC4077616 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51152a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A modern flow cytometer can analyze and sort particles on a one by one basis at rates of 50,000 particles per second. Flow cytometers can also measure as many as 17 channels of fluorescence, several angles of scattered light, and other non-optical parameters such as particle impedance. More specialized flow cytometers can provide even greater analysis power, such as single molecule detection, imaging, and full spectral collection, at reduced rates. These capabilities have made flow cytometers an invaluable tool for numerous applications including cellular immunophenotyping, CD4+ T-cell counting, multiplex microsphere analysis, high-throughput screening, and rare cell analysis and sorting. Many bio-analytical techniques have been influenced by the advent of microfluidics as a component in analytical tools and flow cytometry is no exception. Here we detail the functions and uses of a modern flow cytometer, review the recent and historical contributions of microfluidics and microfabricated devices to field of flow cytometry, examine current application areas, and suggest opportunities for the synergistic application of microfabrication approaches to modern flow cytometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Menake E. Piyasena
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Department of Chemistry, New Mexico Tech, Socorro, NM USA
| | - Steven W. Graves
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Department of Chemical and Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA, FAX: 15052771979; TEL:15052772043
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Tan AP, Dudani JS, Arshi A, Lee RJ, Tse HTK, Gossett DR, Di Carlo D. Continuous-flow cytomorphological staining and analysis. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:522-31. [PMID: 24217244 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50870f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Cells suspended in bodily fluids are routinely analyzed by cytopathologists as a means of diagnosing malignancies and other diseases. The physical and morphological properties of these suspended cells are evaluated in making diagnostic decisions, which often requires manual concentration, staining, and washing procedures to extract information about intracellular architecture. The need to manually prepare slides for analysis by a cytopathologist is a labor-intensive process, which is ripe for additional automation to reduce costs but also to potentially provide more repeatable and improved accuracy in diagnoses. We have developed a microfluidic system to perform several steps in the preparation of samples for cytopathology that (i) automates colorimetric staining on-chip, and (ii) images cells in flow, as well as provides (iii) additional quantitative analyses of captured images to aid cytopathologists. A flow-through approach provides benefits by allowing staining and imaging to be performed in a continuous, integrated manner, which also overcomes previous challenges with in-suspension colorimetric staining. We envision such a tool may reduce costs and aid cytopathologists in identifying rare or characteristic cells of interest by providing isolated images along with quantitative metrics on single cells from various rotational angles, allowing efficient determination of disease etiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Tan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, 5121 Engineering V, Box 951600, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|