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Zhang D, Tang DG, Rycaj K. Cancer stem cells: Regulation programs, immunological properties and immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:94-106. [PMID: 29752993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that virtually all types of human cancers harbor a small population of stem-like cancer cells (i.e., cancer stem cells, CSCs). These CSCs preexist in primary tumors, can self-renew and are more tolerant of standard treatments, such as antimitotic and molecularly targeted agents, most of which preferentially eliminate differentiated and proliferating cancer cells. CSCs are therefore postulated as the root of therapy resistance, relapse and metastasis. Aside from surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy, immunotherapy is now established as the fourth pillar in the therapeutic armamentarium for patients with cancer, especially late-stage and advanced cancers. A better understanding of CSC immunological properties should lead to development of novel immunologic approaches targeting CSCs, which, in turn, may help prevent tumor recurrence and eliminate residual diseases. Here, with a focus on CSCs in solid tumors, we review CSC regulation programs and recent transcriptomics-based immunological profiling data specific to CSCs. By highlighting CSC antigens that could potentially be immunogenic, we further discuss how CSCs can be targeted immunologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingxiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA; Key Lab of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding & Reproduction of Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA; Cancer Stem Cell Institute, Research Center for Translational Medicine, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China.
| | - Kiera Rycaj
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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52
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Zhang XF, Weng DS, Pan K, Zhou ZQ, Pan QZ, Zhao JJ, Tang Y, Jiang SS, Chen CL, Li YQ, Zhang HX, Chang AE, Wicha MS, Zeng YX, Li Q, Xia JC. Dendritic-cell-based immunotherapy evokes potent anti-tumor immune responses in CD105+ human renal cancer stem cells. Mol Carcinog 2017; 56:2499-2511. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - De-sheng Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-zhong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Shan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Chang-Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Xia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Alfred E. Chang
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Max S. Wicha
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | | | - Qiao Li
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
- Department of Biotherapy; Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center; Guangzhou People's Republic of China
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Soluble HLA-associated peptide from PSF1 has a cancer vaccine potency. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11137. [PMID: 28894200 PMCID: PMC5593935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Partner of sld five 1 (PSF1) is an evolutionary conserved DNA replication factor involved in DNA replication in lower species, which is strongly expressed in normal stem cell populations and progenitor cell populations. Recently, we have investigated PSF1 functions in cancer cells and found that PSF1 plays a significant role in tumour growth. These findings provide initial evidence for the potential of PSF1 as a therapeutic target. Here, we reveal that PSF1 contains an immunogenic epitope suitable for an antitumour vaccine. We analysed PSF1 peptides eluted from affinity-purified human leukocyte antigen (HLA) by mass spectrometry and identified PSF179-87 peptide (YLYDRLLRI) that has the highest prediction score using an in silico algorithm. PSF179-87 peptide induced PSF1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses such as the production of interferon-γ and cytotoxicity. Because PSF1 is expressed in cancer cell populations and highly expressed in cancer stem cell populations, these data suggest that vaccination with PSF179-87 peptide may be a novel therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment.
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54
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Sultan M, Coyle KM, Vidovic D, Thomas ML, Gujar S, Marcato P. Hide-and-seek: the interplay between cancer stem cells and the immune system. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:107-118. [PMID: 27866156 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgw115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced ability of cancer stem cells (CSCs) to give rise to new tumors suggests that these cells may also have an advantage in evading immune detection and elimination. This tumor-forming ability, combined with the known plasticity of the immune system, which can play both protumorigenic and antitumorigenic roles, has motivated investigations into the interaction between CSCs and the immune system. Herein, we review the interplay between host immunity and CSCs by examining the immune-related mechanisms that favor CSCs and the CSC-mediated expansion of protumorigenic immune cells. Furthermore, we discuss immune cells, such as natural killer cells, that preferentially target CSCs and the strategies used by CSCs to evade immune detection and destruction. An increased understanding of these interactions and the pathways that regulate them may allow us to harness immune system components to create new adjuvant therapies that eradicate CSCs and improve patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Paola Marcato
- Department of Pathology and.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
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55
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Identification of T cell target antigens in glioblastoma stem-like cells using an integrated proteomics-based approach in patient specimens. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 134:297-316. [PMID: 28332095 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly aggressive brain tumor and still remains incurable. Among others, an immature subpopulation of self-renewing and therapy-resistant tumor cells-often referred to as glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs)-has been shown to contribute to disease recurrence. To target these cells personalized immunotherapy has gained a lot of interest, e.g. by reactivating pre-existing anti-tumor immune responses against GSC antigens. To identify T cell targets commonly presented by GSCs and their differentiated counterpart, we used a proteomics-based separation of GSC proteins in combination with a T cell activation assay. Altogether, 713 proteins were identified by LC-ESI-MS/MS mass spectrometry. After a thorough filtering process, 32 proteins were chosen for further analyses. Immunogenicity of corresponding peptides was tested ex vivo. A considerable number of these antigens induced T cell responses in GBM patients but not in healthy donors. Moreover, most of them were overexpressed in primary GBM and also highly expressed in recurrent GBM tissues. Interestingly, expression of the most frequent T cell target antigens could also be confirmed in quiescent, slow-cycling GSCs isolated in high purity by the DEPArray technology. Finally, for a subset of these T cell target antigens, an association between expression levels and higher T cell infiltration as well as an increased expression of positive immune modulators was observed. In summary, we identified novel immunogenic proteins, which frequently induce tumor-specific T cell responses in GBM patients and were also detected in vitro in therapy-resistant quiescent, slow-cycling GSCs. Stable expression of these T cell targets in primary and recurrent GBM support their suitability for future clinical use.
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56
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Wu FH, Mu L, Li XL, Hu YB, Liu H, Han LT, Gong JP. Characterization and functional analysis of a slow-cycling subpopulation in colorectal cancer enriched by cell cycle inducer combined chemotherapy. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78466-78479. [PMID: 29108242 PMCID: PMC5667975 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of cancer stem cells has been proposed in various malignancies including colorectal cancer. Recent studies show direct evidence for quiescence slow-cycling cells playing a role in cancer stem cells. There exists an urgent need to isolate and better characterize these slow-cycling cells. In this study, we developed a new model to enrich slow-cycling tumor cells using cell-cycle inducer combined with cell cycle-dependent chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Our results show that Short-term exposure of colorectal cancer cells to chemotherapy combined with cell-cycle inducer enriches for a cell-cycle quiescent tumor cell population. Specifically, these slow-cycling tumor cells exhibit increased chemotherapy resistance in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Notably, these cells are stem-cell like and participate in metastatic dormancy. Further exploration indicates that slow-cycling colorectal cancer cells in our model are less sensitive to cytokine-induced-killer cell mediated cytotoxic killing in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, our cell cycle inducer combined chemotherapy exposure model enriches for a slow-cycling, dormant, chemo-resistant tumor cell sub-population that are resistant to cytokine induced killer cell based immunotherapy. Studying unique signaling pathways in dormant tumor cells enriched by cell cycle inducer combined chemotherapy treatment is expected to identify novel therapeutic targets for preventing tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Hua Wu
- Cancer Research Institution, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Physiology, Hubei University of Chinese Medcine, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Mu
- Cancer Research Institution, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430032, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Lan Li
- Cancer Research Institution, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430032, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Bing Hu
- Cancer Research Institution, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430032, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Hubei University of Chinese Medcine, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Tao Han
- Department of Physiology, Hubei University of Chinese Medcine, Wuhan 430065, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Ping Gong
- Cancer Research Institution, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430032, People's Republic of China
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57
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Advances in Immunotherapy for Glioblastoma Multiforme. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:3597613. [PMID: 28299344 PMCID: PMC5337363 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3597613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Patients with GBM have poor outcomes, even with the current gold-standard first-line treatment: maximal safe resection combined with radiotherapy and temozolomide chemotherapy. Accumulating evidence suggests that advances in antigen-specific cancer vaccines and immune checkpoint blockade in other advanced tumors may provide an appealing promise for immunotherapy in glioma. The future of therapy for GBM will likely incorporate a combinatorial, personalized approach, including current conventional treatments, active immunotherapeutics, plus agents targeting immunosuppressive checkpoints.
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58
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Wang CY, Hua R, Liu L, Zhan X, Chen S, Quan S, Chu QJ, Zhu YT. Immunotherapy against metastatic bladder cancer by combined administration of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor and interleukin-2 surface modified MB49 bladder cancer stem cells vaccine. Cancer Med 2017; 6:689-697. [PMID: 28205361 PMCID: PMC5345636 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, it has been shown that the granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) or interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) surface modified MB49 bladder cancer stem cells (MCSCs) vaccine could induce a specific antitumor immunity and against bladder cancer in mice model respectively. However, whether combined administration of GM‐CSF and IL‐2 could produce specific immune responses to cancer stem cells (CSCs) was uncertain. MCSCs were established and characterized. GM‐CSF and IL‐2 MCSCs vaccines were prepared and bioactivity was evaluated. The therapeutic, protective, specific, and memorial immune response animal experiments were designed. Tumor‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes assay, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry assay were performed to indentify whether vaccine caused an antitumor immunity. Streptavidin (SA)‐GM‐CSF and SA‐IL‐2 MCSCs vaccines were prepared successfully. Such vaccines inhibited the volume of tumor and prolonged the survival of the mice in animal experiments. The express of IgG or IFN‐c, the portion of dendritic cells, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells were highest in the combined vaccines group than the SA‐GM‐CSF vaccine group, the SA‐IL‐2 vaccine group, the MCSCs group and the PBS group. The combined of GM‐CSF and IL‐2 vaccines could induce better antitumor immunity than a vaccine alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Wang
- Department of Neurology, TCM-Integrated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Hua
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Simei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Quan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Jun Chu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Tong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Center for Reproductive Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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59
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Advances in Monitoring Cell-Based Therapies with Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Future Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18010198. [PMID: 28106829 PMCID: PMC5297829 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies are currently being developed for applications in both regenerative medicine and in oncology. Preclinical, translational, and clinical research on cell-based therapies will benefit tremendously from novel imaging approaches that enable the effective monitoring of the delivery, survival, migration, biodistribution, and integration of transplanted cells. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers several advantages over other imaging modalities for elucidating the fate of transplanted cells both preclinically and clinically. These advantages include the ability to image transplanted cells longitudinally at high spatial resolution without exposure to ionizing radiation, and the possibility to co-register anatomical structures with molecular processes and functional changes. However, since cellular MRI is still in its infancy, it currently faces a number of challenges, which provide avenues for future research and development. In this review, we describe the basic principle of cell-tracking with MRI; explain the different approaches currently used to monitor cell-based therapies; describe currently available MRI contrast generation mechanisms and strategies for monitoring transplanted cells; discuss some of the challenges in tracking transplanted cells; and suggest future research directions.
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60
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Therapeutic vaccination based on side population cells transduced by the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor gene elicits potent antitumor immunity. Cancer Gene Ther 2017; 24:165-174. [PMID: 28084317 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2016.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among cancer immunotherapies, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene-transduced tumor cell vaccine (GVAX) therapies appear promising and have been shown to be safe and effective in multiple clinical trials. However, the antitumor efficacies of GVAX therapy alone are in some cases limited. Here we showed that GVAX therapy targeting cancer stem cells (CSCs) substantially suppressed tumor development in syngeneic immunocompetent mice recapitulating normal immune systems. CSCs were isolated as side population (SP) cells from 4T1 murine breast carcinoma cell line and transduced with GM-CSF gene delivered by non-transmissible Sendai virus (4T1-SP/GM). Impaired tumorigenicity of subcutaneously injected 4T1-SP/GM depended on CD8+ T cells in concert with CD4+ T cells and natural killer cells. Mice therapeutically vaccinated with irradiated 4T1-SP/GM cells had markedly suppressed tumor development of subcutaneously transplanted 4T1-SP cells compared with those treated with irradiated cells of non-transduced 4T1-SP cells or non-SP (4T1-NSP/GM) cells. Tumor suppression was accompanied by the robust accumulation of mature dendritic cells at vaccination sites and T-helper type 1-skewed systemic cellular immunity. Our results suggested that CSC cell-based GVAX immunotherapy might be clinically useful for inducing potent tumor-specific antitumor immunity.
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61
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Jian Z, Strait A, Jimeno A, Wang XJ. Cancer Stem Cells in Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:31-37. [PMID: 27638386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are found in many cancer types, including squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). CSCs initiate cancer formation and are linked to metastasis and resistance to therapies. Studies have revealed that several distinct CSC populations coexist in SCC and that tumor initiation and metastatic potential of these populations can be uncoupled. Therefore, it is critical to understand CSC biology to develop novel CSC-targeted therapies for patients with SCC with poor prognoses. This review compares the properties of CSCs in SCC with normal stem cells in the skin, summarizes current advances and characteristics of CSCs, and considers the challenges for CSC-targeted treatment of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jian
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Alexander Strait
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.
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62
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Koido S, Okamoto M, Shimodaira S, Sugiyama H. Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1)-targeted cancer vaccines to extend survival for patients with pancreatic cancer. Immunotherapy 2016; 8:1309-1320. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2016-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite novel chemotherapy treatments, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) remains a lethal disease. New targeted cancer vaccines may represent a viable option for patients with PDA. The Wilms’ tumor 1 (WT1) antigen is one of the most widely expressed tumor-associated antigens in various types of tumors, including PDA. Recent reports have indicated that WT1-targeted cancer vaccines for patients with PDA mediated a potent antitumor effect when combined with chemotherapy in preclinical and clinical studies. This review summarizes the early-phase clinical trials of WT1-targeted cancer vaccines (peptide vaccines and dendritic cell-based vaccines) for PDA. Moreover, we will discuss future strategies for PDA treatments using WT1-specific cancer vaccines combined with immune checkpoint therapies to maximize the clinical effectiveness of PDA treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa Hospital, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8567, Japan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine & Research, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Kashiwa City, Chiba 277-8567, Japan
| | - Masato Okamoto
- Department of Advanced Immunotherapeutics, Kitasato University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | | | - Haruo Sugiyama
- Department of Functional Diagnostic Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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63
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Kamran N, Calinescu A, Candolfi M, Chandran M, Mineharu Y, Asad AS, Koschmann C, Nunez FJ, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Recent advances and future of immunotherapy for glioblastoma. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1245-64. [PMID: 27411023 PMCID: PMC5014608 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1212012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Outcome for glioma (GBM) remains dismal despite advances in therapeutic interventions including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical resection. The overall survival benefit observed with immunotherapies in cancers such as melanoma and prostate cancer has fuelled research into evaluating immunotherapies for GBM. AREAS COVERED Preclinical studies have brought a wealth of information for improving the prognosis of GBM and multiple clinical studies are evaluating a wide array of immunotherapies for GBM patients. This review highlights advances in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches. We discuss the strategies and outcomes of active and passive immunotherapies for GBM including vaccination strategies, gene therapy, check point blockade and adoptive T cell therapies. We also focus on immunoediting and tumor neoantigens that can impact the efficacy of immunotherapies. EXPERT OPINION Encouraging results have been observed with immunotherapeutic strategies; some clinical trials are reaching phase III. Significant progress has been made in unraveling the molecular and genetic heterogeneity of GBM and its implications to disease prognosis. There is now consensus related to the critical need to incorporate tumor heterogeneity into the design of therapeutic approaches. Recent data also indicates that an efficacious treatment strategy will need to be combinatorial and personalized to the tumor genetic signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Kamran
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Alexandra Calinescu
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Marianela Candolfi
- c Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Mayuri Chandran
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- d Department of Neurosurgery , Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Antonela S Asad
- c Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Medicina , Universidad de Buenos Aires , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Carl Koschmann
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Felipe J Nunez
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Pedro R Lowenstein
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
| | - Maria G Castro
- a Department of Neurosurgery , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
- b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , The University of Michigan School of Medicine , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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64
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Hodges TR, Ferguson SD, Heimberger AB. Immunotherapy in glioblastoma: emerging options in precision medicine. CNS Oncol 2016; 5:175-86. [PMID: 27225028 DOI: 10.2217/cns-2016-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy for glioblastoma (GBM) provides a unique opportunity for targeted therapies for each patient, addressing individual variability in genes, tumor biomarkers and clinical profile. As immunotherapy has the potential to specifically target tumor cells with minimal risk to normal tissue, several immunotherapeutic strategies are currently being evaluated in clinical trials in GBM. With the Precision Medicine Initiative being announced in the President's State of the Union Address in 2016, GBM immunotherapy provides a useful platform for changing the landscape in treating patients with difficult disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Hodges
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sherise D Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Kajihara M, Takakura K, Kanai T, Ito Z, Matsumoto Y, Shimodaira S, Okamoto M, Ohkusa T, Koido S. Advances in inducing adaptive immunity using cell-based cancer vaccines: Clinical applications in pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:4446-58. [PMID: 27182156 PMCID: PMC4858628 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i18.4446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is on the rise, and the prognosis is extremely poor because PDA is highly aggressive and notoriously difficult to treat. Although gemcitabine- or 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy is typically offered as a standard of care, most patients do not survive longer than 1 year. Therefore, the development of alternative therapeutic approaches for patients with PDA is imperative. As PDA cells express numerous tumor-associated antigens that are suitable vaccine targets, one promising treatment approach is cancer vaccines. During the last few decades, cell-based cancer vaccines have offered encouraging results in preclinical studies. Cell-based cancer vaccines are mainly generated by presenting whole tumor cells or dendritic cells to cells of the immune system. In particular, several clinical trials have explored cell-based cancer vaccines as a promising therapeutic approach for patients with PDA. Moreover, chemotherapy and cancer vaccines can synergize to result in increased efficacies in patients with PDA. In this review, we will discuss both the effect of cell-based cancer vaccines and advances in terms of future strategies of cancer vaccines for the treatment of PDA patients.
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66
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Neural stem cells, the subventricular zone and radiotherapy: implications for treating glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2016; 128:207-16. [PMID: 27108274 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2123-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, advances in neuroscience have suggested that neural stem cells resident in specific regions of the adult brain may be involved in development of both primary and recurrent glioblastoma. Neurogenesis and malignant transformation occurs in the subventricular zone adjacent to the lateral ventricles. This region holds promise as a potential target for therapeutic intervention with radiotherapy. However, irradiation of a larger brain volume is not without risk, and significant side effects have been observed. The current literature remains contradictory regarding the efficacy of deliberate intervention with radiation to the subventricular zone. This critical review discusses the connection between neural stem cells and development of glioblastoma, explores the behavior of tumors associated with the subventricular zone, summarizes the discordant literature with respect to the effects of irradiation, and reviews other targeted therapies to this intriguing region.
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67
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Antigen-specific T cell response from dendritic cell vaccination using side population cell-associated antigens targets hepatocellular carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:11267-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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68
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Hodges TR, Ferguson SD, Caruso HG, Kohanbash G, Zhou S, Cloughesy TF, Berger MS, Poste GH, Khasraw M, Ba S, Jiang T, Mikkelson T, Yung WKA, de Groot JF, Fine H, Cantley LC, Mellinghoff IK, Mitchell DA, Okada H, Heimberger AB. Prioritization schema for immunotherapy clinical trials in glioblastoma. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1145332. [PMID: 27471611 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1145332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of glioblastoma (GBM) such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccines, heat shock proteins, peptide vaccines, and adoptive T-cell therapeutics, to name a few, have transitioned from the bench to clinical trials. With upcoming strategies and developing therapeutics, it is challenging to critically evaluate the practical, clinical potential of individual approaches and to advise patients on the most promising clinical trials. METHODS The authors propose a system to prioritize such therapies in an organized and data-driven fashion. This schema is based on four categories of factors: antigenic target robustness, immune-activation and -effector responses, preclinical vetting, and early evidence of clinical response. Each of these categories is subdivided to focus on the most salient elements for developing a successful immunotherapeutic approach for GBM, and a numerical score is generated. RESULTS The Score Card reveals therapeutics that have the most robust data to support their use, provides a reference prioritization score, and can be applied in a reiterative fashion with emerging data. CONCLUSIONS The authors hope that this schema will give physicians an evidence-based and rational framework to make the best referral decisions to better guide and serve this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany R Hodges
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sherise D Ferguson
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hillary G Caruso
- The Division of Pediatrics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gary Kohanbash
- Department of Neurosurgery, the University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, USA
| | - Shouhao Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy F Cloughesy
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, the University of California at Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurosurgery, the University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, USA
| | | | | | - Sujuan Ba
- The National Foundation for Cancer Research, Bethesda, MD, USA, Asian Fund for Cancer Research , Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University , Beijing, China
| | - Tom Mikkelson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Health System , Detroit, MI, USA
| | - W K Alfred Yung
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - John F de Groot
- Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
| | - Howard Fine
- Division of Neuro-Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, NY, USA
| | - Lewis C Cantley
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ingo K Mellinghoff
- Department of Neurology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY, USA
| | - Duane A Mitchell
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Department of Neurosurgery, the University of California at San Francisco , San Francisco, USA
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Department of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center , Houston, TX, USA
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69
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Dendritic cell based immunotherapy using tumor stem cells mediates potent antitumor immune responses. Cancer Lett 2016; 374:175-185. [PMID: 26803056 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are demonstrated to be usually less sensitive to conventional methods of cancer therapies, resulting in tumor relapse. It is well-known that an ideal treatment would be able to selectively target and kill CSCs, so as to avoid the tumor reversion. The aim of our present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a dendritic cell (DC) based vaccine against CSCs in a mouse model of malignant melanoma. C57BL/6 mouse bone marrow derived DCs pulsed with a murine melanoma cell line (B16F10) or CSC lysates were used as a vaccine. Immunization of mice with CSC lysate-pulsed DCs was able to induce a significant prophylactic effect by a higher increase in lifespan and obvious depression of tumor growth in tumor bearing mice. The mice vaccinated with DCs loaded with CSC-lysate were revealed to produce specific cytotoxic responses to CSCs. The proliferation assay and cytokine (IFN-γ and IL-4) secretion of mice vaccinated with CSC lysate-pulsed DCs also showed more favorable results, when compared to those receiving B16F10 lysate-pulsed DCs. These findings suggest a potential strategy to improve the efficacy of DC-based immunotherapy of cancers.
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70
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Vandenberk L, Belmans J, Van Woensel M, Riva M, Van Gool SW. Exploiting the Immunogenic Potential of Cancer Cells for Improved Dendritic Cell Vaccines. Front Immunol 2016; 6:663. [PMID: 26834740 PMCID: PMC4712296 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is currently the hottest topic in the oncology field, owing predominantly to the discovery of immune checkpoint blockers. These promising antibodies and their attractive combinatorial features have initiated the revival of other effective immunotherapies, such as dendritic cell (DC) vaccinations. Although DC-based immunotherapy can induce objective clinical and immunological responses in several tumor types, the immunogenic potential of this monotherapy is still considered suboptimal. Hence, focus should be directed on potentiating its immunogenicity by making step-by-step protocol innovations to obtain next-generation Th1-driving DC vaccines. We review some of the latest developments in the DC vaccination field, with a special emphasis on strategies that are applied to obtain a highly immunogenic tumor cell cargo to load and to activate the DCs. To this end, we discuss the effects of three immunogenic treatment modalities (ultraviolet light, oxidizing treatments, and heat shock) and five potent inducers of immunogenic cell death [radiotherapy, shikonin, high-hydrostatic pressure, oncolytic viruses, and (hypericin-based) photodynamic therapy] on DC biology and their application in DC-based immunotherapy in preclinical as well as clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lien Vandenberk
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Jochen Belmans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven , Leuven , Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Woensel
- Laboratory of Experimental and Neuroanatomy, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Matteo Riva
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Neurosurgery, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Stefaan W Van Gool
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Kinderklinik, RWTH, Aachen, Germany; Immunologic-Oncologic Centre Cologne (IOZK), Köln, Germany
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71
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Lee CH, Yu CC, Wang BY, Chang WW. Tumorsphere as an effective in vitro platform for screening anti-cancer stem cell drugs. Oncotarget 2016; 7:1215-26. [PMID: 26527320 PMCID: PMC4811455 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a sub-population of cells within cancer tissues with tumor initiation, drug resistance and metastasis properties. CSCs also have been considered as the main cause of cancer recurrence. Targeting CSCs have been suggested as the key for successful treatment against cancer. Tumorsphere cultivation is based on culturing cancer cells onto ultralow attachment surface in serum-free media under the supplementation with growth factors such as epidermal growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor. Tumorsphere cultivation is widely used to analyze the self-renewal capability of CSCs and to enrich these cells from bulk cancer cells. This method also provides a reliable platform for screening potential anti-CSC agents. The in vitro anti-proliferation activity of potential agents selected from tumorsphere assay is more translatable into in vivo anti-tumorigenic activity compared with general monolayer culture. Tumorsphere assay can also measure the outcome of clinical trials for potential anti-cancer agents. In addition, tumorsphere assay may be a promising strategy in the innovation of future cancer therapeutica and may help in the screening of anti-cancer small-molecule chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Hsin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chia Yu
- School of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Dentistry, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Institute of Oral Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yen Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, ChangHua Christian Hospital, ChangHua County, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Wei Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
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72
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Finocchiaro G, Pellegatta S. Immunotherapy with dendritic cells loaded with glioblastoma stem cells: from preclinical to clinical studies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:101-9. [PMID: 26377689 PMCID: PMC11029491 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1754-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Different approaches have been explored to raise effective antitumor responses against glioblastoma (GBM), the deadliest of primary brain tumors. In many clinical studies, cancer vaccines have been based on dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with peptides, representing one or more specific tumor antigens or whole lysates as a source of multiple antigens. Randomized clinical trials using DCs are ongoing, and results of efficacy are not yet available. Such strategies are feasible and safe; however, immune-suppressive microenvironment, absence of appropriate specific epitopes to target, and cancer immunoediting can limit their efficacy. The aim of this review is to describe how the definition of novel and more specific targets may increase considerably the possibility of successful DC immunotherapy. By proposing to target glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs), the immune response will be pointed to eradicating factors and pathways highly relevant to GBM biology. Preclinical observations on efficacy, and preliminary results of immunotherapy trials, encourage exploring the clinical efficacy of DC immunotherapy in GBM patients using high-purity, GSC-loaded DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Finocchiaro
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy.
| | - Serena Pellegatta
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Fondazione I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, Via Celoria 11, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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73
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Yin T, Wang G, He S, Liu Q, Sun J, Wang Y. Human cancer cells with stem cell-like phenotype exhibit enhanced sensitivity to the cytotoxicity of IL-2 and IL-15 activated natural killer cells. Cell Immunol 2015; 300:41-5. [PMID: 26677760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumors harbor a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs) which can drive tumor progression and therapeutical resistance. Nature killer (NK) cells are best known for their ability to directly recognize and kill malignant cells. However, the susceptibility of cancer stem cells to NK cells is not fully understood. Here we demonstrated that human CD44+CD24- breast CSCs were shown enhanced sensitivity to IL-2 and IL-15 activated NK cells. CD44+CD24- CSCs expressed higher levels of NKG2D ligands ULBP1, ULBP2 and MICA. Blockade assay showed that the sensitivity of CSCs to NK cells-mediated lysis was mainly dependent on NKG2D. Furthermore, redox oxygen species (ROS)-low tumor cells were more sensitive to NK cells. The presence of antioxidant enzymes inhibitor L-S,R-buthionine sulfoximine or H2O2 retarded the cytotoxicity of NK cells to CD44+CD24- CSCs. In addition, NK cells could readily target CD133+ colonal CSCs. Our findings provide novel targets for NK cells-based immunotherapy and are of great importance for translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
| | - Guoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Sisi He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Jianhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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74
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Hirohashi Y, Torigoe T, Tsukahara T, Kanaseki T, Kochin V, Sato N. Immune responses to human cancer stem-like cells/cancer-initiating cells. Cancer Sci 2015; 107:12-7. [PMID: 26440127 PMCID: PMC4724814 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem‐like cells (CSC)/cancer‐initiating cells (CIC) are defined as minor subpopulations of cancer cells that are endowed with properties of higher tumor‐initiating ability, self‐renewal ability and differentiation ability. Accumulating results of recent studies have revealed that CSC/CIC are resistant to standard cancer therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and molecular targeting therapy, and eradiation of CSC/CIC is, thus, critical to cure cancer. Cancer immunotherapy is expected to become the “fourth” cancer therapy. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play an essential role in immune responses to cancers, and CTL can recognize CSC/CIC in an antigen‐specific manner. CSC/CIC express several tumor‐associated antigens (TAA), and cancer testis (CT) antigens are reasonable sources for CSC/CIC‐targeting immunotherapy. In this review article, we discuss CSC/CIC recognition by CTL, regulation of immune systems by CSC/CIC, TAA expression in CSC/CIC, and the advantages of CSC/CIC‐targeting immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Hirohashi
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Torigoe
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Tomohide Tsukahara
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kanaseki
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Vitaly Kochin
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Sato
- Department of Pathology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, South-1 West-17, Chuo-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8556, Japan
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75
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Kajihara M, Takakura K, Ohkusa T, Koido S. The impact of dendritic cell-tumor fusion cells on cancer vaccines - past progress and future strategies. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1111-22. [PMID: 26507578 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that can be used in cancer vaccines. Thus, various strategies have been developed to deliver tumor-associated antigens via DCs. One strategy includes administering DC-tumor fusion cells (DC-tumor FCs) to induce antitumor immune responses in cancer patients. However, clinical trials using this strategy have fallen short of expectations. Several factors might limit the efficacy of these anticancer vaccines. To induce efficient antitumor immune responses and enhance potential clinical benefits, DC-tumor FC-based cancer vaccines require manipulations that improve immunogenicity for both DCs and whole tumor cells. This review addresses recent progress in improving clinical outcomes using DC-tumor FC-based cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Kajihara
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Takakura
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Ohkusa
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeo Koido
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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76
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Pan QZ, Pan K, Wang QJ, Weng DS, Zhao JJ, Zheng HX, Zhang XF, Jiang SS, Lv L, Tang Y, Li YQ, He J, Liu Q, Chen CL, Zhang HX, Xia JC. Annexin A3 as a potential target for immunotherapy of liver cancer stem-like cells. Stem Cells 2015; 33:354-66. [PMID: 25267273 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem-like cells/cancer-initiating cells (CSCs/CICs) are considered to represent a small population of cancer cells that is resistant to conventional cancer treatments and responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. The aim of this study was to establish CSC/CIC-targeting immunotherapy. In this study, we found that Annexin A3 (ANXA3) was preferentially expressed in CSCs/CICs derived from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells compared to non-CSCs/CICs. In HCC samples, high levels of ANXA3 correlated with expansion of CD133(+) tumor cells representing CSCs/CICs in HCC; the combination of high levels of ANXA3 and CD133 was associated with progression of HCC. Overexpression of ANXA3 increased the proportion of CD133(+) cells, enhancing their tumorigenicity. On the contrary, knockdown of ANXA3 decreased CD133(+) cells and inhibited tumorigenicity. The mechanistic study revealed that ANXA3-mediated maintenance of HCC CSCs/CICs activity was likely involved with the HIF1A/Notch pathway. Using ANXA3 as a target, ANXA3-transfected dendritic cells could induce more functionally active T cells and these effector T cells could superiorly kill CD133(+) HCC CSCs/CICs in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our findings suggest that ANXA3 plays a role in HCC CSC/CIC maintenance, and that ANXA3 may represent a potential CSC/CIC-specific therapeutic target for improving the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Zhong Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China; Department of Biotherapy, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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77
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and malignant primary brain tumor, containing self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance. In this review, Lathia et al. discuss how the integration of genetics, epigenetics, and metabolism has shaped our understanding of how CSCs function to drive GBM growth. Tissues with defined cellular hierarchies in development and homeostasis give rise to tumors with cellular hierarchies, suggesting that tumors recapitulate specific tissues and mimic their origins. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and malignant primary brain tumor and contains self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance. As normal stem and progenitor cells participate in tissue development and repair, these developmental programs re-emerge in CSCs to support the development and progressive growth of tumors. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that govern CSCs has informed the development of novel targeted therapeutics for GBM and other brain cancers. CSCs are not self-autonomous units; rather, they function within an ecological system, both actively remodeling the microenvironment and receiving critical maintenance cues from their niches. To fulfill the future goal of developing novel therapies to collapse CSC dynamics, drawing parallels to other normal and pathological states that are highly interactive with their microenvironments and that use developmental signaling pathways will be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Erin E Mulkearns-Hubert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Claudia L L Valentim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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78
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Qiu H, Fang X, Luo Q, Ouyang G. Cancer stem cells: a potential target for cancer therapy. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3411-24. [PMID: 25967289 PMCID: PMC11113644 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1920-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that a subpopulation of cancer cells, named cancer stem cells (CSCs) or tumor-initiating cells, are responsible for the initiation, growth, metastasis, therapy resistance and recurrence of cancers. CSCs share core regulatory pathways with normal stem cells; however, CSCs rely on distinct reprogrammed pathways to maintain stemness and to contribute to the progression of cancers. The specific targeting of CSCs, together with conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy, may achieve stable remission or cure cancer. Therefore, the identification of CSCs and a better understanding of the complex characteristics of CSCs will provide invaluable diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic targets for clinical application. In this review, we will introduce the dysregulated properties of CSCs in cancers and discuss the possible challenges in targeting CSCs for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Xiaoguang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
| | - Qi Luo
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361003 China
| | - Gaoliang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
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79
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Qian X, Ma C, Nie X, Lu J, Lenarz M, Kaufmann AM, Albers AE. Biology and immunology of cancer stem(-like) cells in head and neck cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2015; 95:337-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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80
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Cheng Z, Li X, Ding J. Characteristics of liver cancer stem cells and clinical correlations. Cancer Lett 2015; 379:230-8. [PMID: 26272183 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Liver cancer is an aggressive malignant disease with a poor prognosis. Patients with liver cancer are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage and thus miss the opportunity for surgical resection. Chemotherapy and radiofrequency ablation, which target tumor bulk, have exhibited limited therapeutic efficacy to date. Liver cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of undifferentiated cells existed in liver cancer, which are considered to be responsible for liver cancer initiation, metastasis, relapse and chemoresistance. Elucidating liver CSC characteristics and disclosing their regulatory mechanism might not only deepen our understanding of the pathogenesis of liver cancer but also facilitate the development of diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic approaches to improve the clinical management of liver cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent advances in liver CSC research in terms of the origin, identification, regulation and clinical correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Cheng
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Center of Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Center of Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jin Ding
- International Cooperation Laboratory on Signal Transduction, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital/Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; National Center of Liver Cancer, Shanghai 200433, China.
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81
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Cui C, Feng H, Shi X, Wang Y, Feng Z, Liu J, Han Z, Fu J, Fu Z, Tong H. Artesunate down-regulates immunosuppression from colorectal cancer Colon26 and RKO cells in vitro by decreasing transforming growth factor β1 and interleukin-10. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 27:110-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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82
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Dendritic Cell-Based Immunotherapy Treatment for Glioblastoma Multiforme. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:717530. [PMID: 26167495 PMCID: PMC4488155 DOI: 10.1155/2015/717530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant glioma and patients diagnosed with this disease had poor outcomes even treated with the combination of conventional treatment (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation). Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most powerful antigen presenting cells and DC-based vaccination has the potential to target and eliminate GBM cells and enhance the responses of these cells to the existing therapies with minimal damage to the healthy tissues around them. It can enhance recognition of GBM cells by the patients' immune system and activate vast, potent, and long-lasting immune reactions to eliminate them. Therefore, this therapy can prolong the survival of GBM patients and has wide and bright future in the treatment of GBM. Also, the efficacy of this therapy can be strengthened in several ways at some degree: the manipulation of immune regulatory components or costimulatory molecules on DCs; the appropriate choices of antigens for loading to enhance the effectiveness of the therapy; regulation of positive regulators or negative regulators in GBM microenvironment.
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83
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Truong SN, Van Pham P. Stem cell technology and engineering for cancer treatment. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-015-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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84
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Ames E, Canter RJ, Grossenbacher SK, Mac S, Smith RC, Monjazeb AM, Chen M, Murphy WJ. Enhanced targeting of stem-like solid tumor cells with radiation and natural killer cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1036212. [PMID: 26405602 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1036212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes postulated to mediate resistance against primary haematopoietic but not solid tumor malignancies. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small subset of malignant cells with stem-like properties which are resistant to chemo- and radiotherapies and are able to repopulate a tumor after cytoreductive treatments. We observed increased frequencies of stem-like tumor cells after irradiation, with increased expression of stress ligands on surviving stem-like cells. Ex vivo NK cells activated by low dose IL2 in vitro and IL15 in vivo displayed an increased ability to target solid tumor stem-like cells both in vitro and in vivo after irradiation. Mechanistically, both upregulation of stress-related ligands on the stem-like cells as well as debulking of non-stem populations contributed to these effects as determined by data from cell lines, primary tumor samples, and most relevant patient derived specimens. In addition, pretreatment of tumor-bearing mice with local radiation prior to NK transfer resulted in significantly longer survival indicating that radiation therapy in conjunction with NK cell adoptive immunotherapy targeting stem-like cancer cells may offer a promising novel radio-immunotherapy approach in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ames
- Department of Dermatology; Davis School of Medicine; University of California ; Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Robert J Canter
- Department of Surgery; Division of Surgical Oncology; Davis School of Medicine; University of California ; Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Steven K Grossenbacher
- Department of Dermatology; Davis School of Medicine; University of California ; Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Stephanie Mac
- Department of Dermatology; Davis School of Medicine; University of California ; Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Rachel C Smith
- Department of Dermatology; Davis School of Medicine; University of California ; Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Davis School of Medicine; University of California ; Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Mingyi Chen
- Department of Pathology; Davis School of Medicine; University of California ; Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - William J Murphy
- Department of Dermatology; Davis School of Medicine; University of California ; Sacramento, CA, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Hematology and Oncology; Davis Medical Center; University of California ; Sacramento, CA, USA
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85
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Pan Q, Li Q, Liu S, Ning N, Zhang X, Xu Y, Chang AE, Wicha MS. Concise Review: Targeting Cancer Stem Cells Using Immunologic Approaches. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2085-92. [PMID: 25873269 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a small subset of tumor cells which have the ability to self-renew and generate the diverse cells that comprise the tumor bulk. They are responsible for local tumor recurrence and distant metastasis. However, they are resistant to conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Novel immunotherapeutic strategies that specifically target CSCs may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. To immunologically target CSC phenotypes, innate immune responses to CSCs have been reported using Natural killer cells and γδ T cells. To target CSC specifically, in vitro CSC-primed T cells have been successfully generated and shown targeting of CSCs in vivo after adoptive transfer. Recently, CSC-based dendritic cell vaccine has demonstrated significant induction of anti-CSC immunity both in vivo in immunocompetent hosts and in vitro as evident by CSC reactivity of CSC vaccine-primed antibodies and T cells. In addition, identification of specific antigens or genetic alterations in CSCs may provide more specific targets for immunotherapy. ALDH, CD44, CD133, and HER2 have served as markers to isolate CSCs from a number of tumor types in animal models and human tumors. They might serve as useful targets for CSC immunotherapy. Finally, since CSCs are regulated by interactions with the CSC niche, these interactions may serve as additional targets for CSC immunotherapy. Targeting the tumor microenvironment, such as interrupting the immune cell, for example, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and cytokines, for example, IL-6 and IL-8, as well as the immune checkpoint (PD1/PDL1, etc.) may provide additional novel strategies to enhance the immunological targeting of CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Pan
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Li
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Navy General Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Ning
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Department of Immunology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxin Xu
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Alfred E Chang
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Max S Wicha
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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86
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Translational potential of cancer stem cells: A review of the detection of cancer stem cells and their roles in cancer recurrence and cancer treatment. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:135-47. [PMID: 25967525 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with many clinical implications in most cancer types. One important clinical implication of CSCs is their role in cancer metastases, as reflected by their ability to initiate and drive micro and macro-metastases. The other important contributing factor for CSCs in cancer management is their function in causing treatment resistance and recurrence in cancer via their activation of different signalling pathways such as Notch, Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β, Hedgehog, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and JAK/STAT pathways. Thus, many different therapeutic approaches are being tested for prevention and treatment of cancer recurrence. These may include treatment strategies targeting altered genetic signalling pathways by blocking specific cell surface molecules, altering the cancer microenvironments that nurture cancer stem cells, inducing differentiation of CSCs, immunotherapy based on CSCs associated antigens, exploiting metabolites to kill CSCs, and designing small interfering RNA/DNA molecules that especially target CSCs. Because of the huge potential of these approaches to improve cancer management, it is important to identify and isolate cancer stem cells for precise study and application of prior the research on their role in cancer. Commonly used methodologies for detection and isolation of CSCs include functional, image-based, molecular, cytological sorting and filtration approaches, the use of different surface markers and xenotransplantation. Overall, given their significance in cancer biology, refining the isolation and targeting of CSCs will play an important role in future management of cancer.
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87
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Vochem R, Einenkel J, Horn LC, Ruschpler P. [Importance of the tumor stem cell hypothesis for understanding ovarian cancer]. DER PATHOLOGE 2015; 35:361-70. [PMID: 24992976 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-014-1910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite complex surgical and systemic therapies epithelial ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis. A small quantity of tumorigenic cells termed cancer stem cells (CSC) are responsible for the development of chemoresistance and high rates of recurrence. OBJECTIVES This review presents the CSC hypothesis and describes methods of identification and enrichment of CSCs as well as approaches for the therapeutic use of these findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS A systematic literature review based on PubMed and Web of Science was carried out. RESULTS The CSC model is based on a hierarchical structure of tumors with few CSCs and variably differentiated tumor cells constituting the tumor bulk. Only the CSCs possess tumorigenic potential. Other essential functional characteristics of CSCs are their potential for self-renewal and their ability to differentiate into further cell types. The CSCs are structurally characterized by different surface markers and changes in certain signaling pathways. Currently there are phase I and II studies in progress investigating specific influences on CSCs. CONCLUSION Various clinical characteristics of the course of disease in ovarian cancer are aptly represented by the tumor stem cell model. In spite of precisely defined functional characteristics of CSCs, surface markers and signaling pathways show individual differences and vary between tumor entities. This complicates identification and enrichment. Current experimental findings in various approaches and even first clinical studies raise hopes for a personalized cancer therapy targeting CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Vochem
- Zentrum für Frauen- und Kindermedizin, Gynäkologische Onkologie, Universitätsfrauenklinik Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20a, 04103, Leipzig, Deutschland
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88
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Lin M, Yuan YY, Liu SP, Shi JJ, Long XA, Niu LZ, Chen JB, Li Q, Xu KC. Prospective study of the safety and efficacy of a pancreatic cancer stem cell vaccine. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2015; 141:1827-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-015-1968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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89
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Safety and efficacy study of nasopharyngeal cancer stem cell vaccine. Immunol Lett 2015; 165:26-31. [PMID: 25796196 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this trial, nasopharyngeal cancer stem cells (CSCs) were separated and cultured to produce a vaccine; its safety and efficacy were prospectively evaluated in low-, medium-, and high-dose groups. Between April and September 2014, we enrolled 90 patients who met the enrolment criteria, and assigned them to three groups (n=30). Throughout the trial, injection site reaction was the most common reaction (81%), and fever was least common (31%); however, there was no difference among the three groups. When the immune responses pre- and post-vaccination were compared, we found that the CSC-specific and -nonspecific response in the medium- and high-dose groups were both significantly enhanced. This study is the first clinical trial of a nasopharyngeal CSC vaccine and preliminarily proves its safety and efficacy.
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90
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Lin M, Li SY, Xu KC, Liu ZP, Mu F, Yuan YY, Wang XH, Chen JB, Li Q. Safety and efficacy study of lung cancer stem cell vaccine. Immunol Res 2015; 62:16-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-015-8631-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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91
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Glioblastoma stem cells and stem cell-targeting immunotherapies. J Neurooncol 2015; 123:449-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-1729-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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92
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Cao SG, Ming ZJ, Zhang YP, Yang SY. Sex-determining region of Y chromosome-related high-mobility-group box 2 in malignant tumors: current opinions and anticancer therapy. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:384-9. [PMID: 25635436 PMCID: PMC4837871 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.150112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To gain insight into the mechanism by which sex-determining region of Y chromosome (SRY)-related high-mobility-group box 2 (SOX2) involved in carcinogenesis and cancer stem cells (CSCs). DATA SOURCES The data used in this review were mainly published in English from 2000 to present obtained from PubMed. The search terms were "SOX2," "cancer," "tumor" or "CSCs." STUDY SELECTION Articles studying the mitochondria-related pathologic mechanism and treatment of glaucoma were selected and reviewed. RESULTS SOX2, a transcription factor that is the key in maintaining pluripotent properties of stem cells, is a member of SRY-related high-mobility group domain proteins. SOX2 participates in many biological processes, such as modulation of cell proliferation, regulation of cell death signaling, cell apoptosis, and most importantly, tumor formation and development. Although SOX2 has been implicated in the biology of various tumors and CSCs, the findings are highly controversial, and information regarding the underlying mechanism remains limited. Moreover, the mechanism by which SOX2 involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression is rather unclear yet. CONCLUSIONS Here, we review the important biological functions of SOX2 in different tumors and CSCs, and the function of SOX2 signaling in the pathobiology of neoplasia, such as Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, Survivin signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and so on. Targeting towards SOX2 may be an effective therapeutic strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Guang Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Zong-Juan Ming
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Yu-Ping Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
| | - Shuan-Ying Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710004, China
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93
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Lu L, Tao H, Chang AE, Hu Y, Shu G, Chen Q, Egenti M, Owen J, Moyer JS, Prince ME, Huang S, Wicha MS, Xia JC, Li Q. Cancer stem cell vaccine inhibits metastases of primary tumors and induces humoral immune responses against cancer stem cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e990767. [PMID: 25949905 PMCID: PMC4404925 DOI: 10.4161/2162402x.2014.990767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The inability to target cancer stem cells (CSC) may be a significant factor contributing to treatment failure. We have developed a strategy to target the CSC populations in melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma using CSC lysate-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs). The CSC-DC vaccine was administered in the adjuvant setting after localized radiation therapy of established tumors. Using mouse models we demonstrated that DCs pulsed with CSCs enriched by virtue of their expression of the CSC marker ALDH (termed CSC-DC) significantly inhibited tumor growth, reduced development of pulmonary metastases and prolonged survival. The effect was associated with downregulation of chemokine (C-C motif) receptors CCR7 and CCR10 in tumor cells and decreased expression of the chemokine (C-C motif) ligands CCL21, CCL27 and CCL28 in lung tissue. The CSC-DC vaccine significantly reduced ALDHhigh CSC frequency in primary tumors. Direct targeting of CSCs was demonstrated by the specific binding of IgG produced by ALDHhigh CSC-DC vaccine-primed B cells to ALDHhigh CSCs, resulting in lysis of these target CSCs in the presence of complement. These data suggest that the CSC-DC vaccine approach may be useful in the adjuvant setting where local and systemic relapse are high after conventional treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lu
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA ; State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China and Department of Experimental Research; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Huimin Tao
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA ; Center for Stem Cell Research and Application; Institute of Hematology; Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College ; Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan, China
| | - Alfred E Chang
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - Yangyang Hu
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA ; Center for Stem Cell Research and Application; Institute of Hematology; Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College ; Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan, China
| | - Guoshun Shu
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA ; Second Xiangya Hospital; Central South University ; Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Quanning Chen
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA ; Department of General Surgery; Tongji Hospital of Tongji University ; Shanghai, China
| | - Martin Egenti
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - John Owen
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moyer
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - Mark Ep Prince
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - Shiang Huang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application; Institute of Hematology; Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College ; Huazhong University of Science and Technology ; Wuhan, China
| | - Max S Wicha
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA
| | - Jian-Chuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China and Department of Experimental Research; Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center ; Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiao Li
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Cente; Ann Arbor , MI USA
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94
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Immunobiology and immunotherapeutic targeting of glioma stem cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 853:139-66. [PMID: 25895711 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-16537-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
For decades human brain tumors have confounded our efforts to effectively manage and treat patients. In adults, glioblastoma multiforme is the most common malignant brain tumor with a patient survival of just over 14 months. In children, brain tumors are the leading cause of solid tumor cancer death and gliomas account for one-fifth of all childhood cancers. Despite advances in conventional treatments such as surgical resection, radiotherapy, and systemic chemotherapy, the incidence and mortality rates for gliomas have essentially stayed the same. Furthermore, research efforts into novel therapeutics that initially appeared promising have yet to show a marked benefit. A shocking and somewhat disturbing view is that investigators and clinicians may have been targeting the wrong cells, resulting in the appearance of the removal or eradication of patient gliomas only to have brain cancer recurrence. Here we review research progress in immunotherapy as it pertains to glioma treatment and how it can and is being adapted to target glioma stem cells (GSCs) as a means of dealing with this potential paradigm.
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95
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Calinescu AA, Kamran N, Baker G, Mineharu Y, Lowenstein PR, Castro MG. Overview of current immunotherapeutic strategies for glioma. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:1073-104. [PMID: 26598957 PMCID: PMC4681396 DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, numerous studies of immunotherapy for malignant glioma (glioblastoma multiforme) have brought new knowledge and new hope for improving the prognosis of this incurable disease. Some clinical trials have reached Phase III, following positive outcomes in Phase I and II, with respect to safety and immunological end points. Results are encouraging especially when considering the promise of sustained efficacy by inducing antitumor immunological memory. Progress in understanding the mechanisms of tumor-induced immune suppression led to the development of drugs targeting immunosuppressive checkpoints, which are used in active clinical trials for glioblastoma multiforme. Insights related to the heterogeneity of the disease bring new challenges for the management of glioma and underscore a likely cause of therapeutic failure. An emerging therapeutic strategy is represented by a combinatorial, personalized approach, including the standard of care: surgery, radiation, chemotherapy with added active immunotherapy and multiagent targeting of immunosuppressive checkpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neha Kamran
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Gregory Baker
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Yohei Mineharu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Pedro Ricardo Lowenstein
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Maria Graciela Castro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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96
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Kwiatkowska-Borowczyk EP, Gąbka-Buszek A, Jankowski J, Mackiewicz A. Immunotargeting of cancer stem cells. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19:A52-9. [PMID: 25691822 PMCID: PMC4322523 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.47129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) represent a distinctive population of tumour cells that control tumour initiation, progression, and maintenance. Their influence is great enough to risk the statement that successful therapeutic strategy must target CSCs in order to eradicate the disease. Because cancer stem cells are highly resistant to chemo- and radiotherapy, new tools to fight against cancer have to be developed. Expression of antigens such as ALDH, CD44, EpCAM, or CD133, which distinguish CSCs from normal cells, together with CSC immunogenicity and relatively low toxicity of immunotherapies, makes immune targeting of CSCs a promising approach for cancer treatment. This review will present immunotherapeutic approaches using dendritic cells, T cells, pluripotent stem cells, and monoclonal antibodies to target and eliminate CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza P. Kwiatkowska-Borowczyk
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Diagnostic and Immunology Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Jakub Jankowski
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mackiewicz
- Department of Cancer Immunology, University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
- Diagnostic and Immunology Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
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97
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Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells to Cell-Mediated Immune Responses. RESISTANCE TO TARGETED ANTI-CANCER THERAPEUTICS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17807-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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98
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Yin T, Shi P, Gou S, Shen Q, Wang C. Dendritic cells loaded with pancreatic Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) lysates induce antitumor immune killing effect in vitro. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114581. [PMID: 25521461 PMCID: PMC4270694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the cancer stem cells (CSCs) theory, malignant tumors may be heterogeneous in which a small population of CSCs drive the progression of cancer. Because of their intrinsic abilities, CSCs may survive a variety of treatments and then lead to therapeutic resistance and cancer recurrence. Pancreatic CSCs have been reported to be responsible for the malignant behaviors of pancreatic cancer, including suppression of immune protection. Thus, development of immune strategies to eradicate pancreatic CSCs may be of great value for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. In this study, we enriched pancreatic CSCs by culturing Panc-1 cells under sphere-forming conditions. Panc-1 CSCs expressed low levels of HLA-ABC and CD86, as measured by flow cytometry analysis. We further found that the Panc-1 CSCs modulate immunity by inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation which is promoted by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibodies. The monocyte derived dendritic cells (DCs) were charged with total lysates generated from Panc-1 CSCs obtained from tumor sphere culturing. After co-culturing with lymphocytes at different ratios, the Panc-1 CSCs lysates modified DC effectively promoted lymphocyte proliferation. The activating efficiency reached 72.4% and 74.7% at the ratios of 1∶10 and 1∶20 with lymphocytes. The activated lymphocytes secreted high levels of INF-γ and IL-2, which are strong antitumor cytokines. Moreover, Panc-1 CSCs lysates modified DC induced significant cytotoxic effects of lymphocytes on Panc-1 CSCs and parental Panc-1 cells, respectively, as shown by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Our study demonstrates that the development of CSCs-based vaccine is a promising strategy for treating pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yin
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (TY); (CW)
| | - Pengfei Shi
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Shanmiao Gou
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Chunyou Wang
- Pancreatic Disease Institute, Department of General Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei, P. R. China
- * E-mail: (TY); (CW)
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99
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Sundar SJ, Hsieh JK, Manjila S, Lathia JD, Sloan A. The role of cancer stem cells in glioblastoma. Neurosurg Focus 2014; 37:E6. [DOI: 10.3171/2014.9.focus14494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recurrence in glioblastoma is nearly universal, and its prognosis remains dismal despite significant advances in treatment over the past decade. Glioblastoma demonstrates considerable intratumoral phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity and contains a population of cancer stem cells that contributes to tumor propagation, maintenance, and treatment resistance. Cancer stem cells are functionally defined by their ability to self-renew and to differentiate, and they constitute the diverse hierarchy of cells composing a tumor. When xenografted into an appropriate host, they are capable of tumorigenesis. Given the critical role of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma, research into their molecular and phenotypic characteristics is a therapeutic priority. In this review, the authors discuss the evolution of the cancer stem cell model of tumorigenesis and describe the specific role of cancer stem cells in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma and their molecular and microenvironmental characteristics. They also discuss recent clinical investigations into targeted therapies against cancer stem cells in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason K. Hsieh
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
- 2Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
| | - Sunil Manjila
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center
| | - Justin D. Lathia
- 2Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine
- 4Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic; and
- 5Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Andrew Sloan
- 1Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
- 3Department of Neurological Surgery, University Hospitals Case Medical Center
- 5Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
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100
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Reardon DA, Freeman G, Wu C, Chiocca EA, Wucherpfennig KW, Wen PY, Fritsch EF, Curry WT, Sampson JH, Dranoff G. Immunotherapy advances for glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2014; 16:1441-58. [PMID: 25190673 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nou212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Survival for patients with glioblastoma, the most common high-grade primary CNS tumor, remains poor despite multiple therapeutic interventions including intensifying cytotoxic therapy, targeting dysregulated cell signaling pathways, and blocking angiogenesis. Exciting, durable clinical benefits have recently been demonstrated for a number of other challenging cancers using a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches. Much modern research confirms that the CNS is immunoactive rather than immunoprivileged. Preliminary results of clinical studies demonstrate that varied vaccine strategies have achieved encouraging evidence of clinical benefit for glioblastoma patients, although multiple variables will likely require systematic investigation before optimal outcomes are realized. Initial preclinical studies have also revealed promising results with other immunotherapies including cell-based approaches and immune checkpoint blockade. Clinical studies to evaluate a wide array of immune therapies for malignant glioma patients are being rapidly developed. Important considerations going forward include optimizing response assessment and identifiying correlative biomarkers for predict therapeutic benefit. Finally, the potential of complementary combinatorial immunotherapeutic regimens is highly exciting and warrants expedited investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Reardon
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W.); Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (G.F., C.W., K.W.W.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.A.C.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.Y.W.); Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (J.H.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (C.W., E.F.F., G.D.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.D.)
| | - Gordon Freeman
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W.); Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (G.F., C.W., K.W.W.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.A.C.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.Y.W.); Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (J.H.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (C.W., E.F.F., G.D.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.D.)
| | - Catherine Wu
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W.); Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (G.F., C.W., K.W.W.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.A.C.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.Y.W.); Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (J.H.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (C.W., E.F.F., G.D.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.D.)
| | - E Antonio Chiocca
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W.); Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (G.F., C.W., K.W.W.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.A.C.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.Y.W.); Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (J.H.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (C.W., E.F.F., G.D.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.D.)
| | - Kai W Wucherpfennig
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W.); Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (G.F., C.W., K.W.W.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.A.C.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.Y.W.); Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (J.H.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (C.W., E.F.F., G.D.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.D.)
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W.); Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (G.F., C.W., K.W.W.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.A.C.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.Y.W.); Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (J.H.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (C.W., E.F.F., G.D.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.D.)
| | - Edward F Fritsch
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W.); Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (G.F., C.W., K.W.W.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.A.C.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.Y.W.); Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (J.H.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (C.W., E.F.F., G.D.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.D.)
| | - William T Curry
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W.); Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (G.F., C.W., K.W.W.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.A.C.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.Y.W.); Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (J.H.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (C.W., E.F.F., G.D.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.D.)
| | - John H Sampson
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W.); Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (G.F., C.W., K.W.W.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.A.C.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.Y.W.); Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (J.H.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (C.W., E.F.F., G.D.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.D.)
| | - Glenn Dranoff
- Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W.); Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (G.F., C.W., K.W.W.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., C.W.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (E.A.C.); Division of Neuro-Oncology, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.Y.W.); Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina (J.H.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.T.C.); Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Vaccine Center, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women's Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts (C.W., E.F.F., G.D.); Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (G.D.)
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