51
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Molenaar TJM, Michon I, de Haas SAM, van Berkel TJC, Kuiper J, Biessen EAL. Uptake and processing of modified bacteriophage M13 in mice: implications for phage display. Virology 2002; 293:182-91. [PMID: 11853411 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Internalization and degradation of filamentous bacteriophage M13 by a specific target cell may have major consequences for the recovery of phage in in vivo biopanning of phage libraries. Therefore, we investigated the pharmacokinetics and processing of native and receptor-targeted phage in mice. (35)S-radiolabeled M13 was chemically modified by conjugation of either galactose (lacM13) or succinic acid groups (sucM13) to the coat protein of the phage to stimulate uptake by galactose recognizing hepatic receptors and scavenger receptors, respectively. Receptor-mediated endocytosis of modified phage reduced the plasma half-life of native M13 (t(1/2) = 4.5 h) to 18 min for lactosylated and 1.5 min for succinylated bacterophage. Internalization of sucM13 was complete within 30 min after injection and resulted in up to 5000-fold reduction of bioactive phage within 90 min. In conclusion, these data provide information on the in vivo behavior of wild-type and receptor-targeted M13, which has important implications for future in vivo phage display experiments and for the potential use of M13 as a viral gene delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J M Molenaar
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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52
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Solomon B. Immunotherapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. DNA Cell Biol 2001; 20:697-703. [PMID: 11788047 DOI: 10.1089/10445490152717550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathologic examination in Alzheimer's disease (AD) shows a significant correlation between beta-amyloid peptide (AbetaP) deposition and the clinical severity of dementia. Formation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) is a complex kinetic and thermodynamic process, dependent on peptide-peptide interactions that may be modulated by other proteins. We found that site-directed antibodies toward peptide EFRH sequences 3-6 of the N-terminal region of AbetaP suppress in vitro formation of Abeta and dissolve already-formed fibrillar amyloid. These so-called chaperone-like properties of monoclonal antibodies led to the development of a new immunologic approach to AD treatment. The immunization procedure, based on phages displaying the EFRH epitope as antigen, induced anti-AbetaP antibodies that recognized the whole AbetaP and exhibited antiaggregating properties similar to those of antibodies obtained by injection of Abeta fibrils. Production and performance of anti-beta-amyloid antibodies in the transgenic mouse model of AD showed that these antibodies may be delivered from the periphery to the central nervous system, preventing the formation of Abeta and dissolving already-present aggregates. Moreover, immunization with Abeta protected transgenic mice from the learning and age-related memory deficits that occur in AD. These data support the hypotheses that Abeta plays a central role in AD and that site-directed antibodies that modulate Abeta conformation may provide immunotherapy of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Solomon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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53
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Gorman JJ, McKimm-Breschkin JL, Norton RS, Barnham KJ. Antiviral activity and structural characteristics of the nonglycosylated central subdomain of human respiratory syncytial virus attachment (G) glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:38988-94. [PMID: 11487583 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m106288200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Segments of the cystine noose-containing nonglycosylated central subdomain, residues 149-197, of the attachment (G) glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) have been assessed for impact on the cytopathic effect (CPE) of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Nalpha-acetyl residues 149-197-amide (G149-197), G149-189, and G149-177 of the A2 strain of HRSV protected 50% of human epithelial HEp-2 cells from the CPE of the A2 strain at concentrations (IC(50)) between 5 and 80 microm. Cystine noose-containing peptides G171-197 and G173-197 did not inhibit the CPE even at concentrations above 150 microm. Systematic C- and N-terminal truncations from G149-189 and G149-177 and alanine substitutions within G154-177 demonstrated that residues 166-170 (EVFNF), within a sequence that is conserved in HRSV strains, were critical for inhibition. Concordantly, G154-177 of bovine RSV and of an antibody escape mutant of HRSV with residues 166-170 of QTLPY and EVSNP, respectively, were not inhibitory. Surprisingly, a variant of G154-177 with an E166A substitution had an IC(50) of 750 nm. NMR analysis demonstrated that G149-177 adopted a well-defined conformation in solution, clustered around F168 and F170. G154-170, particularly EVFNF, may be important in binding of RSV to host cells. These findings constitute a promising platform for the development of antiviral agents for RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Gorman
- Biomolecular Research Institute, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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54
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Wu SC, Lin CW. Neutralizing peptide ligands selected from phage-displayed libraries mimic the conformational epitope on domain III of the Japanese encephalitis virus envelope protein. Virus Res 2001; 76:59-69. [PMID: 11376846 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1702(01)00246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The envelope (E) protein of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) contains 500 amino acids with six "conserved" disulfide bonds to maintain its conformational structure. Neutralizing epitopes located on the E protein are mostly conformational dependent. In this study, we used phage-displayed 12-residue combinatorial peptide libraries to select high-affinity peptide ligands bound to monoclonal antibody E3.3. The specific peptide ligands presented on ten high-affinity phage clones displayed six different amino acid sequences, all showing a novel cis-proline turn structure. After being superimposed onto the best fit of the three-dimensional structure of JEV E protein, these peptide structures were mapped to a conformational region constituted by three continuous polypeptide segments (E307-E309, E327-E333, E386-E390) in domain III. Synthetic peptide ligands based on one peptide sequence (E18) were further investigated using alanine scanning within the cis-proline turn structure to demonstrate its unique molecular characteristics. Our results showed that three residues forming the novel cis-proline turn structure were all important in eliciting JEV-specific neutralizing antibodies in mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/chemistry
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/chemistry
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Epitope Mapping
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Immunization
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Mimicry
- Neutralization Tests
- Peptide Library
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/immunology
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Vero Cells
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Viral Plaque Assay
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Wu
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, 30013, Taiwan, Hsinchu, PR China
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55
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Irving MB, Pan O, Scott JK. Random-peptide libraries and antigen-fragment libraries for epitope mapping and the development of vaccines and diagnostics. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2001; 5:314-24. [PMID: 11479124 PMCID: PMC7129944 DOI: 10.1016/s1367-5931(00)00208-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Random peptide libraries and antigen-fragment libraries (also known as gene-fragment libraries) have been used to identify epitopes on protein antigens. These technologies promise to make significant contributions to diagnostic and vaccine development. Researchers in a number of labs have shown that phage selected from libraries with protective antibodies, raised against whole antigen, can be used as immunogens to stimulate antibody responses that bind native antigen and provide protection in vivo. Others have used the sera of patients with idiopathic diseases to screen libraries, and by this approach have identified candidate antigens involved in immune disease. These may prove useful for diagnosis and, possibly, in determining disease etiology.
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56
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Wan Y, Wu Y, Bian J, Wang XZ, Zhou W, Jia ZC, Tan Y, Zhou L. Induction of hepatitis B virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes response in vivo by filamentous phage display vaccine. Vaccine 2001; 19:2918-23. [PMID: 11282203 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(00)00561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ability of inducing MHC class I restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes response in vivo via recombinant filamentous phage was investigated. The recombinant filamentous phage particles that displayed the Hepatitis B virus epitope S(28--39) were injected into BALB/c (H-2d) mice without adjuvants. A MHC class I restricted HBs specific CTL response was found 8 days after injection. The potentiality of using the recombinant filamentous phage as anti-virus vaccine was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Wan
- The Institute of Immunology, The Third Military Medicine University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China.
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57
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Abstract
In recent years, the use of surface-display vectors for displaying polypeptides on the surface of bacteriophage and bacteria, combined with in vitro selection technologies, has transformed the way in which we generate and manipulate ligands, such as enzymes, antibodies and peptides. Phage display is based on expressing recombinant proteins or peptides fused to a phage coat protein. Bacterial display is based on expressing recombinant proteins fused to sorting signals that direct their incorporation on the cell surface. In both systems, the genetic information encoding for the displayed molecule is physically linked to its product via the displaying particle. Using these two complementary technologies, we are now able to design repertoires of ligands from scratch and use the power of affinity selection to select those ligands having the desired (biological) properties from a large excess of irrelevant ones. With phage display, tailor-made proteins (fused peptides, antibodies, enzymes, DNA-binding proteins) may be synthesized and selected to acquire the desired catalytic properties or affinity of binding and specificity for in vitro and in vivo diagnosis, for immunotherapy of human disease or for biocatalysis. Bacterial surface display has found a range of applications in the expression of various antigenic determinants, heterologous enzymes, single-chain antibodies, and combinatorial peptide libraries. This review explains the basis of phage and bacterial surface display and discusses the contributions made by these two leading technologies to biotechnological applications. This review focuses mainly on three areas where phage and cell display have had the greatest impact, namely, antibody engineering, enzyme technology and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Benhar
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Green Building, Room 202, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, Israel.
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58
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Frenkel D, Katz O, Solomon B. Immunization against Alzheimer's beta -amyloid plaques via EFRH phage administration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:11455-9. [PMID: 11027345 PMCID: PMC17221 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.97.21.11455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The epitope EFRH, corresponding to amino acids 3-6 within the human beta-amyloid peptide (AbetaP), acts as a regulatory site controlling both the formation and disaggregation process of the beta-amyloid fibrils (Abeta). Locking of this epitope by highly specific antibodies affects the dynamics of the entire AbetaP molecule, preventing self-aggregation as well as enabling resolubilization of already formed aggregates. Production of such antibodies by repeated injections of toxic human Abeta fibrils into transgenic mice suggests the feasibility of vaccination against Alzheimer's disease. Here, we report the development of an immunization procedure for the production of effective anti-aggregating beta-amyloid antibodies based on filamentous phages displaying the EFRH peptide as specific and nontoxic antigen. Effective autoimmune antibodies were obtained by EFRH phage administration in guinea pigs, which exhibit AbetaP identical to the human AbetaP region. Moreover, because of the high antigenicity of the phage, no adjuvant is required to obtain high affinity anti-aggregating IgG antibodies after a short immunization period of 3 weeks. Availability of such antibodies opens up possibilities for the development of an efficient and long-lasting vaccination for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Frenkel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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59
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Yu MW, Scott JK, Fournier A, Talbot PJ. Characterization of murine coronavirus neutralization epitopes with phage-displayed peptides. Virology 2000; 271:182-96. [PMID: 10814583 PMCID: PMC3987775 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2000] [Revised: 02/07/2000] [Accepted: 03/10/2000] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phage-displayed peptide libraries were used to map immunologically relevant epitopes on the surface (S) glycoprotein of a neurotropic murine coronavirus (MHV-A59). Three in vitro virus-neutralizing and in vivo protective mAbs against either continuous or discontinuous epitopes on the S glycoprotein were used to screen 12 different peptide libraries expressed on the pVIII major coat protein of the fd filamentous bacteriophage. Consensus sequences that matched short sequences within the S glycoprotein were identified. The sequence of a tight-binding, mAb-selected peptide suggested the location of a discontinuous epitope within the N-terminal S1 subunit. Several tightly binding phage were amplified and used directly as immunogens in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Partial protection of C57BL/6 mice against a lethal acute virus infection was achieved with a phage preparation that displayed a linear epitope. Protection correlated with the presence of sufficient levels of specific antiviral antibodies recognizing the same immunodominant domain and 13-mer peptide, located within the C-terminal S2 subunit, as the selecting mAb. Thus, the direct use of phage-displayed peptides to evaluate protective antiviral immune responses complements their use to characterize antibody-binding epitopes. This is the first evaluation of protective immunization induced by mAb-selected phage-displayed peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Yu
- Human Health Research Center, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, H7V 1B7, Canada
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60
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Manoutcharian K, Terrazas LI, Gevorkian G, Acero G, Petrossian P, Rodriguez M, Govezensky T. Phage-displayed T-cell epitope grafted into immunoglobulin heavy-chain complementarity-determining regions: an effective vaccine design tested in murine cysticercosis. Infect Immun 1999; 67:4764-70. [PMID: 10456929 PMCID: PMC96807 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.9.4764-4770.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A new type of immunogenic molecule was engineered by replacing all three complementarity-determining-region (CDR) loops of the human immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy-chain variable (V(H)) domain with the Taenia crassiceps epitope PT1 (PPPVDYLYQT) and by displaying this construct on the surfaces of M13 bacteriophage. When BALB/c mice were immunized with such phage particles (PIgphage), a strong protection against challenge infection in very susceptible female hosts was obtained. When specifically stimulated, the in vivo-primed CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells isolated from mice immunized with PT1, both as a free peptide and as the PIgphage construct, proliferated in vitro, indicating efficient epitope presentation by both major histocompatibility complex class II and class I molecules in the specifically antigen-pulsed macrophages used as antigen-presenting cells. These data demonstrate the immunogenic potential of recombinant phage particles displaying CDR epitope-grafted Ig V(H) domains and establish an alternative approach to the design of an effective subunit vaccine for prevention of cysticercosis. The key advantage of this type of immunogen is that no adjuvant is required for its application. The proposed strategy for immunogen construction is potentially suitable for use in any host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Manoutcharian
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, AP 70228, Mexico D.F., C.P. 04510, Mexico.
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61
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Abstract
Whatever strategy is adopted for the development of viral vectors for delivery of veterinary vaccines there are several key points to consider: (1) Will the vectored vaccine give a delivery advantage compared to what's already available? (2) Will the vectored vaccine give a manufacturing advantage compared to what's already available? (3) Will the vectored vaccine provide improved safety compared to what's already available? (5) Will the vectored vaccine increase the duration of immunity compared to what's already available? (6) Will the vectored vaccine be more convenient to store compared to what's already available? (7) Is the vectored vaccine compatible with other vaccines? If there is no other alternative available then the answer to these questions is easy. However, if there are alternative vaccines available then the answers to these questions become very important because the answers will determine whether a vectored vaccine is merely a good laboratory idea or a successful vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sheppard
- Animal Health Biological Discovery, Pfizer Central Research, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA
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