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Kolibachuk D, Miller A, Dennis D. Cloning, molecular analysis, and expression of the polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthase (phaC) gene from Chromobacterium violaceum. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:3561-5. [PMID: 10427049 PMCID: PMC91534 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.8.3561-3565.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthase gene from Chromobacterium violaceum (phaC(Cv)) was cloned and characterized. A 6.3-kb BamHI fragment was found to contain both phaC(Cv) and the polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA)-specific 3-ketothiolase (phaA(Cv)). Escherichia coli strains harboring this fragment produced significant levels of PHA synthase and 3-ketothiolase, as judged by their activities. While C. violaceum accumulated poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) or poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) when grown on a fatty acid carbon source, Klebsiella aerogenes and Ralstonia eutropha (formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus), harboring phaC(Cv), accumulated the above-mentioned polymers and, additionally, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) when even-chain-length fatty acids were utilized as the carbon source. This finding suggests that the metabolic environments of these organisms are sufficiently different to alter the product range of the C. violaceum PHA synthase. Neither recombinant E. coli nor recombinant Pseudomonas putida harboring phaC(Cv) accumulated significant levels of PHA. Sequence analysis of the phaC(Cv) product shows homology with several PHA synthases, most notably a 48% identity with that of Alcaligenes latus (GenBank accession no. AAD10274).
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kolibachuk
- Biology Department, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, USA
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53
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Saracovan I, Cox JK, Revol JF, Manley RSJ, Brown GR. Optically Active Polyethers. 3. On the Relationship between Main-Chain Chirality and the Lamellar Morphology of Solution-Grown Single Crystals. Macromolecules 1999. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971874h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Saracovan
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6, and Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7
| | - J. K. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6, and Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7
| | - J.-F. Revol
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6, and Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7
| | - R. St. J. Manley
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6, and Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7
| | - G. R. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2K6, and Pulp and Paper Research Centre, McGill University, 3420 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2A7
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54
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Braunegg G, Lefebvre G, Genser KF. Polyhydroxyalkanoates, biopolyesters from renewable resources: physiological and engineering aspects. J Biotechnol 1998; 65:127-61. [PMID: 9828458 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(98)00126-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polyhdroxyalkanoates (PHAs), stored as bacterial reserve materials for carbon and energy, are biodegradable substitutes to fossil fuel plastics that can be produced from renewable raw materials. PHAs can be produced under controlled conditions by biotechnological processes. By varying the producing strains, substrates and cosubstrates, a number of polyesters can be synthesized which differ in monomer composition. By this means, PHAs with tailored interesting physical features can be produced. All of them are completely degradable to carbon dioxide and water through natural microbiological mineralization. Consequently, neither their production nor their use or degradation have a negative ecological impact. After a historical review, possibilities for the synthesis of novel PHAs applying different micro-organisms are discussed, and pathways of PHA synthesis and degradation are shown in detail for important PHA producers. This is followed by a discussion of the physiological role of the accumulation product in different micro-organisms. Detection, analysis, and extraction methods of PHAs from microbial biomass are shown, in addition to methods for polyester characterization. Strategies for PHA production under discontinuous and continuous regimes are discussed in detail in addition to the use of different cheap carbon sources from the point of view of different PHA producing strains. An outlook on PHA production by transgenic plants closes the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Braunegg
- Institut für Biotechnologie, TU Graz, Austria
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Inoue Y. Biodegradable polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-6881(98)80029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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57
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Yamane T, Chen X, Ueda S. Growth-Associated Production of Poly(3-Hydroxyvalerate) from n-Pentanol by a Methylotrophic Bacterium, Paracoccus denitrificans. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:380-4. [PMID: 16535226 PMCID: PMC1388764 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.2.380-384.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccus denitrificans accumulated a polyester in its cells during growth on n-pentanol. The composition of the polyester varied during the cultivation: the level of the 3-hydroxyvalerate unit in the polyester increased, and eventually a homopolymeric poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) [P(3HV)] accumulated to an amount 22 to 24% of the cell dry weight. Growth-associated polyester synthesis was considerably affected by n-pentanol when its concentration was controlled at several levels. Maximum accumulation of the polyester was obtained at 0.02% (vol/vol). Physical and mechanical characteristics of the P(3HV) were determined and compared with those of other homo- and copolyesters. The P(3HV) was dextrorotatory and had number-averaged and weight-averaged molecular masses of 128,000 and 888,000 Da, respectively, with a rate of polydispersity of 6.93. The level of tensile strength of the P(3HV) was lower, and its extension to break was higher than that of the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) homopolyester.
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58
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sasikala
- Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad, India
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59
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Influence of hydrogen limitation on gaseous substrate utilization in autotrophic culture of Alcaligenes eutrophus ATCC 17697T. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0922-338x(96)83127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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60
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Shi F, Gross RA, Rutherford DR. Microbial Polyester Synthesis: Effects of Poly(ethylene glycol) on Product Composition, Repeat Unit Sequence, and End Group Structure†. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma950707j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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61
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Yamane T, Chen XF, Ueda S. Polyhydroxyalkanoate synthesis from alcohols during the growth ofParacoccus denitrificans. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb07991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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62
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Large-scale production of poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) by fermentation ofChromobacterium violaceum, processing, and characterization of the homopolyester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02068679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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63
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Jaeger KE, Steinbüchel A, Jendrossek D. Substrate specificities of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerases and lipases: bacterial lipases hydrolyze poly(omega-hydroxyalkanoates). Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:3113-8. [PMID: 7487042 PMCID: PMC167586 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.8.3113-3118.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The substrate specificities of extracellular lipases purified from Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Burkholderia cepacia (former Pseudomonas cepacia) and of extracellular polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) depolymerases purified from Comamonas sp., Pseudomonas lemoignei, and P. fluorescens GK13, as well as that of an esterase purified from P. fluorescens GK 13, to various polyesters and to lipase substrates were analyzed. All lipases and the esterase of P. fluorescens GK13 but none of the PHA depolymerases tested hydrolyzed triolein, thereby confirming a functional difference between lipases and PHA depolymerases. However, most lipases were able to hydrolyze polyesters consisting of an omega-hydroxyalkanoic acid such as poly(6-hydroxyhedxanoate) or poly(4-hydroxybutyrate). The dimeric ester of hydroxyhexanoate was the main product of enzymatic hydrolysis of polycaprolactone by P. aeruginosa lipase. Polyesters containing side chains in the polymer backbone such as poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) and other poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates) were not or were only slightly hydrolyzed by the lipases tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Jaeger
- Lehrstuhl für Biologie der Mikroorganismen der Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Germany
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64
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Accumulation of poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-co-3-hydroxyvaleric acid-co-4-hydroxyvaleric acid) by mutants and recombinant strains ofAlcaligenes eutrophus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02068468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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65
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66
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Jendrossek D, Frisse A, Behrends A, Andermann M, Kratzin HD, Stanislawski T, Schlegel HG. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the Pseudomonas lemoignei polyhydroxyalkanoate depolymerase system. J Bacteriol 1995; 177:596-607. [PMID: 7836292 PMCID: PMC176633 DOI: 10.1128/jb.177.3.596-607.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas lemoignei has five different polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) depolymerase genes (phaZ1 to phaZ5), which encode the extracellularly localized poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) depolymerases C, B, and D, poly(3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHV) depolymerase, and PHB depolymerase A, respectively. Four of the five genes (phaZ1 to phaZ4) have been cloned, and one of them (phaZ1) was studied in detail earlier (D. Jendrossek, B. Müller, and H. G. Schlegel, Eur. J. Biochem. 218:701-710, 1993). The fifth PHA depolymerase gene (phaZ5) was identified by colony hybridization of recombinant Escherichia coli clones with a phaZ5-specific oligonucleotide. The nucleotide sequence of a 3,704-bp EcoRI fragment was determined and found to contain two large open reading frames (ORFs) which coded for a polypeptide with significant similarities to glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenases of various sources (313 amino acids; M(r), 32,193) and for the precursor of PHB depolymerase A (PhaZ5; 433 amino acids; M(r), 44,906). The PHV depolymerase gene (phaZ4) was subcloned, and the nucleotide sequence of a 3,109-bp BamHI fragment was determined. Two large ORFs (ORF3 and ORF4) that represent putative coding regions were identified. The deduced amino acid sequence of ORF3 (134 amino acids; M(r), 14,686) revealed significant similarities to the branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (IlfE) of enterobacteria. ORF4 (1,712 bp) was identified as the precursor of a PHV depolymerase (567 amino acids; M(r), 59,947). Analysis of primary structures of the five PHA depolymerases of P. lemoignei and of the PHB depolymerases of Alcaligenes faecalis and Pseudomonas pickettii revealed homologies of 25 to 83% to each other and a domain structure: at their N termini, they have typical signal peptides of exoenzymes. The adjacent catalytic domains are characterized by several conserved amino acids that constitute putative catalytic triads which consist of the consensus sequence of serine-dependent hydrolases including the pentapeptide G-X-S-X-G, a conserved histidine and aspartate, and a conserved region resembling the oxyanion hole of lipases. C terminal of the catalytic domain an approximately 40-amino-acid-long threonine-rich region (22 to 27 threonine residues) is present in PhaZ1, PhaZ2, PhaZ3, and PhaZ5. Instead of the threonine-rich region PhaZ4 and the PHB depolymerases of A. faecalis and P. pickettii contain an approximately 90-amino-acid-long sequence resembling the fibronectin type III module of eucaryotic extracellular matrix proteins. The function of the fibronectin type III module in PHA depolymerases remains obscure. Two types of C-terminal sequences apparently represent substrate-binding sites; the PHB type is present in the PHB depolymerases of A. faecalis and P. pickettii and in PhaZ2, PhaZ3, and PhaZ5 and the PHV type is present in the PHV-hydrolyzing depolymerases (PhaZ4 and PhaZ1). phaZ1 was transferred to A. eutrophus H16 and JMP222. All transconjugants of both strains were able to grow with extracellular PHB as a carbon source and produced translucent halos on PHB-containing solid media. PhaZ1, PhaZ2, PhaZ4, and PhaZ5 were purified from P. lemoignei and from recombinant E. coli; the processing sites of the precursors in E. coli were the same as in P. lemoignei, and similar substrate specificities were determined for the wild-type and the recombinant proteins. All PHA depolymerases hydrolyzed PHB at high specific activities. PhaZ1 and PhaZ4 additionally cleaved PHV, and PhaZ4 hydrolyzed poly(4-hydroxybutyrate). None of the depolymerases was able to hydrolyze polyactide or PHA consisting of monomers with more than five carbon atoms. While the wild-type depolymerase proteins were glycosylated and found to contain glucose and N-acetylglucosamine, none of the recombinant proteins was glycosylated. PHB hydrolysis was dependent on divalent cations such as Ca2+ and was inhibited by the presence of EDTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jendrossek
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Georg-August-Universität zu Göttingen, Germany
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67
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Poirier Y, Nawrath C, Somerville C. Production of polyhydroxyalkanoates, a family of biodegradable plastics and elastomers, in bacteria and plants. BIO/TECHNOLOGY (NATURE PUBLISHING COMPANY) 1995; 13:142-50. [PMID: 9634754 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0295-142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to problems associated with plastic waste and its effect on the environment, there has been considerable interest in the development and production of biodegradable plastics. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters that accumulate as inclusions in a wide variety of bacteria. These bacterial polymers have properties ranging from stiff and brittle plastics to rubber-like materials. Because of their inherent biodegradability, PHAs are regarded as an attractive source of nonpolluting plastics and elastomers that can be used for specialty and commodity products. The possibility of producing PHAs in large scale and at a cost comparable to synthetic plastics has arisen from the demonstration of PHA accumulation in transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing the bacterial PHA biosynthetic genes. Synergism between knowledge of the enzymes and genes contributing to PHA synthesis in bacteria and engineering of plant metabolic pathways will be necessary for the development of crop plants that produce biodegradable plastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Poirier
- Carnegie Institution of Washington, Department of Plant Biology, Stanford, CA 94305-1297, USA
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68
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Lee SY, Chang HN. Production of poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid). ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995; 52:27-58. [PMID: 7484359 DOI: 10.1007/bfb0102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) [PHA] is accumulated by numerous microorganisms as an energy reserve material under unbalanced growth conditions in the presence of excess carbon source. In spite of being a good candidate for biodegradable thermoplastics, their high price compared with conventional plastics currently in use has limited their availability in a wide range of applications. With the aim of reducing the high production cost of PHA, much effort is currently being devoted to improve productivity by employing various microorganisms and by developing efficient culture techniques. Several processes recently developed and employed for the production of PHA by various bacteria are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Korea Advances Institute of Science and Technology, Daeduk Science Town, Taejon
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69
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Kaunzinger A, Podebrad F, Liske RÜD, Maas B, Dietrich A, Mosandl A. Stereochemical differentiation and simultaneous analysis of 3-, 4-, and 5-hydroxyalkanoic acids from biopolyesters by multidimensional gas chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jhrc.1240180111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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70
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Jackson
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
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71
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Application of recombinant gene technology for production of polyhydroxyalkanoic acids: Biosynthesis of poly(4-hydroxybutyric acid) homopolyester. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02074775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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72
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Pseudomonas lemoignei has five poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) (PHA) depolymerase genes: A comparative study of bacterial and eukaryotic PHA depolymerases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02074776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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73
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Jendrossek D, Müller B, Schlegel HG. Cloning and characterization of the poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid)-depolymerase gene locus, phaZ1, of Pseudomonas lemoignei and its gene product. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 218:701-10. [PMID: 8269961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Four different DNA fragments each coding for poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) depolymerase (phaZ1-phaZ4) were isolated in pUC plasmids from a genomic library of Pseudomonas lemoignei in Escherichia coli. All recombinant strains secreted a highly active poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) depolymerase and produced large translucent halos on an opaque medium containing poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) granules. One DNA region (phaZ1) was present in seven independently isolated clones. Three other cloned DNA fragments were different from phaZ1 and from each other (phaZ2-phaZ4). In phaZ1, an open-reading frame of 1245 bp was identified from the nucleotide sequence of a 5435-bp MboI fragment (57 mol G + C/100 mol) of this region and encoded a novel poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) depolymerase of P. lemoignei, poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) depolymerase C. A leader-sequence peptidase-cleavage site was predicted from the deduced amino acid sequence between Ala37 and Leu38. The calculated relative molecular masses of the precursor and the putative mature protein were 43468 and 39581, respectively. The polypeptide contains a lipase consensus sequence (Gly-Xaa-Ser-Xaa-Gly) and an unusually high proportion of threonine residues (22 of 36 amino acids) near the C-terminus. The N-terminus of the deduced amino acid sequence of PhaZ1 differed from that of the purified poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) depolymerases A, B and the poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) depolymerase of P. lemoignei. The phaZ1 gene product, poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid) depolymerase C, was partially purified from recombinant E. coli (pUC91::phaZ1). The purified protein was specific for poly(hydroxyalkanoic acid) consisting of monomers of four or five carbon atoms and for p-nithrophenylbutyrate as substrates. The polymer-hydrolyzing activity, but not the p-nitrophenylate esterase activity, was inhibited by complex media such as Luria-Bertani medium and by soluble E. coli proteins. The enzyme protein did not cross-react with antibodies raised against purified poly(3-hydroxyvaleric acid) depolymerase of P. lemoignei.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jendrossek
- Institut für Mikrobiologie, Universität Göttingen, Germany
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