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Abstract
This Review provides a general understanding of paper spray-MS, including the methodology and theory associated with a number of different related applications. This method has become a direct sampling/ionization method for mass spectrometric analysis at ambient conditions and, as a result, it has greatly simplified and increased the speed of mass-spectrum analysis. It has now become an increasingly popular and important method for MS. The first part of this review discusses the fundamentals of paper spray. Some modifications are also reviewed, including nib-assisted paper spray, droplet monitoring, high-throughput paper spray, leaf spray, tissue spray and wooden tip spray. The second part focuses on recent applications, including the analysis of DBS, foodstuffs, drugs and oil. These studies show that paper spray-MS has great potential for use as a fast sampling ionization method, and for the direct analysis of biological and chemical samples at ambient conditions.
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52
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Li M, Zhang J, Jiang J, Zhang J, Gao J, Qiao X. Rapid, in situ detection of cocaine residues based on paper spray ionization coupled with ion mobility spectrometry. Analyst 2014; 139:1687-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an02198j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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53
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Venter AR, Douglass KA, Shelley JT, Hasman G, Honarvar E. Mechanisms of real-time, proximal sample processing during ambient ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2013; 86:233-49. [PMID: 24308499 DOI: 10.1021/ac4038569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre R Venter
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University , Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008-5413, United States
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54
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Ren Y, Liu J, Li L, McLuckey MN, Ouyang Z. Direct Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Untreated Samples of Ultralow Amounts Using Extraction Nano-Electrospray. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2013; 5:10.1039/C3AY41149D. [PMID: 24312137 PMCID: PMC3845969 DOI: 10.1039/c3ay41149d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Direct mass spectrometry analysis of untreated samples of volumes as low as 0.2 µL were achieved using fast extraction and nanoESI (electrospray ionization) in a combined fashion. The analytes in dried samples on paper substrates were extracted by organic solvent in a nanoESI tube and ionized with a high voltage applied for generating a spray. The ionization source produced stable signals for different atmospheric pressure interfaces of triple quadrupole instruments. Analysis time more than 20 minutes were available with 10 µL solvent consumed for the entire analysis process. The performance in qualitative and quantitative analysis was characterized with a wide variety of samples. Limits of detection as low as 0.1 ng/mL (corresponding to an absolute amount of 0.05 pg) were obtained for analysis of atrazine in river water, thiabendazole in orange homogenate, and methamphetamine in blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ren
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue, West Lafayette, IN 47906
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55
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Ren Y, Wang H, Liu J, Zhang Z, McLuckey MN, Ouyang Z. Analysis of Biological Samples Using Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry: An Investigation of Impacts by the Substrates, Solvents and Elution Methods. Chromatographia 2013; 76:1339-1346. [PMID: 24072932 PMCID: PMC3780451 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2458-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paper spray has been developed as a fast sampling ionization method for direct analysis of raw biological and chemical samples using mass spectrometry (MS). Quantitation of therapeutic drugs in blood samples at high accuracy has also been achieved using paper spray MS without traditional sample preparation or chromatographic separation. The paper spray ionization is a process integrated with a fast extraction of the analyte from the raw sample by a solvent, the transport of the extracted analytes on the paper, and a spray ionization at the tip of the paper substrate with a high voltage applied. In this study, the influence on the analytical performance by the solvent-substrate systems and the selection of the elution methods was investigated. The protein hemoglobin could be observed from fresh blood samples on silanized paper or from dried blood spots on silica-coated paper. The on-paper separation of the chemicals during the paper spray was characterized through the analysis of a mixture of the methyl violet 2B and methylene blue. The mode of applying the spray solvent was found to have a significant impact on the separation. The results in this study led to a better understanding of the analyte elution, on-paper separation, as well as the ionization processes of the paper spray. This study also help to establish a guideline for optimizing the analytical performance of paper spray for direct analysis of target analytes using mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ren
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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56
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State-of-the-art dried blood spot analysis: an overview of recent advances and future trends. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2187-208. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spots have become a popular method in a variety of micro blood-sampling techniques in the life sciences sector, consequently competing with the field of conventional, invasive blood sampling by venepuncture. Dried blood spots are widely applied in numerous bioanalytical assays and have gained a significant role in the screening of inherited metabolic diseases, in PK and PD modeling; in the treatment and diagnosis of infectious diseases; and in therapeutic drug monitoring. Recent technological developments such as automation, online extraction, mass spectrometric direct analysis and also conventional dried blood spot bioanalysis, as well as future developments in dried blood spot bioanalysis are highlighted and presented in this article.
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57
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Su Y, Wang H, Liu J, Wei P, Cooks RG, Zheng O. Quantitative paper spray mass spectrometry analysis of drugs of abuse. Analyst 2013; 138:4443-7. [PMID: 23774310 PMCID: PMC3732448 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00934c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An ambient method for rapid monitoring and quantitation of drugs of abuse in dried blood spots was developed using paper spray tandem mass spectrometry (PS-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Su
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - He Wang
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jiangjiang Liu
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Pu Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
- Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ouyang Zheng
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, 206 South Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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58
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Identification and assay of underivatized urinary acylcarnitines by paper spray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8267-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7232-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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59
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Jingjing Z, Jie J, Xiaolin Q. Development of an ion mobility spectrometer with a paper spray ionization source. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:065103. [PMID: 23822374 DOI: 10.1063/1.4807746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Paper spray (PS) ionization is a recently developed ion source that has been used to analyze samples in their native environments at ambient pressure without requiring sample preparation or pre-separation. The design of an ion mobility spectrometer (IMS) coupled with PS ionization can help expand IMS applications to on-site detection of complex liquid samples. We report a paper spray ionization ion mobility spectrometer prototype that consists of a PS source and an ion mobility spectrometer optimized using a numerical simulation. The performance of the design was evaluated by measuring 2, 6-di-tert-butylpyridine (2, 6-DtBP). The mobility spectra of the 2, 6-DtBP exhibited a single-product ion peak with reduced mobility calculated at 1.42 cm(2)∕(V s) and a linear response of 0.1-10 μg∕ml, with an estimated detection limit of 0.05 μg∕ml. The Relative Standard Deviation for 1 μg∕ml was 5.7% over 11 measurements. The highest resolving power (47) was measured for 2, 6-DtBP. Based on these preliminary results, the present PSIMS design is expected to become a tool of choice for the rapid analysis of complex liquid samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Jingjing
- School of Information and Electrical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, 2 West Wenhua Road, Weihai 264209, People's Republic of China
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Newborn screening of phenylketonuria using direct analysis in real time (DART) mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:3159-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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61
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamen A. Demirev
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel,
Maryland 20723, United States
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62
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Oradu SA, Cooks RG. Multistep Mass Spectrometry Methodology for Direct Characterization of Polar Lipids in Green Microalgae using Paper Spray Ionization. Anal Chem 2012. [PMID: 23181824 DOI: 10.1021/ac301709r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheran A. Oradu
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United
States
| | - R. Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United
States
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