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Nfor BK, Hylkema NN, Wiedhaup KR, Verhaert PDEM, van der Wielen LAM, Ottens M. High-throughput protein precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography: salt effects and thermodynamic interrelation. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8958-73. [PMID: 21868020 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Revised: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salt-induced protein precipitation and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) are two widely used methods for protein purification. In this study, salt effects in protein precipitation and HIC were investigated for a broad combination of proteins, salts and HIC resins. Interrelation between the critical thermodynamic salting out parameters in both techniques was equally investigated. Protein precipitation data were obtained by a high-throughput technique employing 96-well microtitre plates and robotic liquid handling technology. For the same protein-salt combinations, isocratic HIC experiments were performed using two or three different commercially available stationary phases-Phenyl Sepharose low sub, Butyl Sepharose and Resource Phenyl. In general, similar salt effects and deviations from the lyotropic series were observed in both separation methods, for example, the reverse Hofmeister effect reported for lysozyme below its isoelectric point and at low salt concentrations. The salting out constant could be expressed in terms of the preferential interaction parameter in protein precipitation, showing that the former is, in effect, the net result of preferential interaction of a protein with water molecules and salt ions in its vicinity. However, no general quantitative interrelation was found between salting out parameters or the number of released water molecules in protein precipitation and HIC. In other words, protein solubility and HIC retention factor could not be quantitatively interrelated, although for some proteins, regular trends were observed across the different resins and salt types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beckley K Nfor
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628 BC, Delft, The Netherlands
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52
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Increased expression, folding and enzyme reaction rate of recombinant human insulin by selecting appropriate leader peptide. J Biotechnol 2011; 151:350-6. [PMID: 21219941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 12/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Five new expression vectors for recombinant human insulin production (pPT-B5Kpi, pPT-T10Rpi, pPT-T13Rpi, pPT-H27Rpi, pPT-B5Rpi), which have different sizes and leader peptide structure, were constructed and compared based on their expression level, yields of S-sulfonated preproinsulin (SSPPI) and folded proinsulin and enzymatic conversion rate. The ranking of expression level of the five fused proinsulins was H27R≫T10R > B5K >T13R≈B5R. In particular, the expression level of H27R was more than double (60-70%) the level of the other fused proinsulins, and this high expression level led to large amounts of SSPPI, folded proinsulin and insulin. Changes to the leader peptide structure affected not only protein expression level, but also refolding yield because the leader peptide affects protein conformation and hydrophobicity. The refolding yield of H27R was 85% at 500L pilot scale. This high refolding yield was caused by the hydrophilic character of H27R. However, the β-mercaptoethanol concentration needed for refolding and the pH required to precipitate impurities after refolding had to be changed for high refolding yield. To avoid using CNBr, which is used to cleave fusion proteins, we used lysine and arginine linkers to connect the fusion protein and proinsulin. This fusion protein could be simultaneously cleaved by trypsin during enzymatic conversion to eliminate the C-peptide. The length and kind of leader peptide did not affect the enzyme reaction rate. Only the leader peptide linker connecting the B-chain influenced enzyme reaction rate. By testing several leader peptides, we constructed a new strain with 30% increased productivity based on expression level, refolding yield and enzyme reaction.
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53
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Production of recombinant proteins and metabolites in yeasts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:939-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-3019-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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54
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de Carvalho CCCR. Enzymatic and whole cell catalysis: finding new strategies for old processes. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 29:75-83. [PMID: 20837129 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The use of enzymes and whole bacterial cells has allowed the production of a plethora of compounds that have been used for centuries in foods and beverages. However, only recently we have been able to master techniques that allow the design and development of new biocatalysts with high stability and productivity. Rational redesign and directed evolution have lead to engineered enzymes with new characteristics whilst the understanding of adaptation mechanisms in bacterial cells has allowed their use under new operational conditions. Bacteria able to thrive under the most extreme conditions have also provided new and extraordinary catalytic processes. In this review, the new tools available for the improvement of biocatalysts are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla C C R de Carvalho
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre for Biological and Chemical Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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55
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Application of simple fed-batch technique to high-level secretory production of insulin precursor using Pichia pastoris with subsequent purification and conversion to human insulin. Microb Cell Fact 2010; 9:31. [PMID: 20462406 PMCID: PMC2882349 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2859-9-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of diabetes is predicted to rise significantly in the coming decades. A recent analysis projects that by the year 2030 there will be ~366 million diabetics around the world, leading to an increased demand for inexpensive insulin to make this life-saving drug also affordable for resource poor countries. Results A synthetic insulin precursor (IP)-encoding gene, codon-optimized for expression in P. pastoris, was cloned in frame with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae α-factor secretory signal and integrated into the genome of P. pastoris strain X-33. The strain was grown to high-cell density in a batch procedure using a defined medium with low salt and high glycerol concentrations. Following batch growth, production of IP was carried out at methanol concentrations of 2 g L-1, which were kept constant throughout the remaining production phase. This robust feeding strategy led to the secretion of ~3 gram IP per liter of culture broth (corresponding to almost 4 gram IP per liter of cell-free culture supernatant). Using immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) as a novel approach for IP purification, 95% of the secreted product was recovered with a purity of 96% from the clarified culture supernatant. Finally, the purified IP was trypsin digested, transpeptidated, deprotected and further purified leading to ~1.5 g of 99% pure recombinant human insulin per liter of culture broth. Conclusions A simple two-phase cultivation process composed of a glycerol batch and a constant methanol fed-batch phase recently developed for the intracellular production of the Hepatitis B surface antigen was adapted to secretory IP production. Compared to the highest previously reported value, this approach resulted in an ~2 fold enhancement of IP production using Pichia based expression systems, thus significantly increasing the efficiency of insulin manufacture.
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56
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Abstract
Patients with diabetes and renal failure may already be receiving biosimilar epoetin and may receive biosimilar insulin in the near future. Because these biosimilar pharmaceuticals (or follow-on biologics) are complex protein molecules manufactured in lengthy and inherently variable processes involving living organisms, they have the potential to induce an immunogenic, rather than a therapeutic, response. This response is dependent as much on the method of manufacture and formulation, as on the protein itself. Apparently small and innocuous differences in manufacture and formulation can lead to unforeseen clinical consequences. This article discusses two case studies illustrating this principle, that of three insulin formulations which were physicochemically similar to comparator insulins, but with pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles sufficiently different to have potentially serious clinical consequences and that of Eprex, for which an apparently minor change in one formulation caused an upsurge of cases of pure red cell aplasia which resulted in fatalities or complete transfusion dependence. Comprehensive and rigorous testing and long-term pharmacovigilance programmes are essential to detect and forestall such consequences.
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57
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Vasileiou Z, Barlos KK, Gatos D, Adermann K, Deraison C, Barlos K. Synthesis of the proteinase inhibitor LEKTI domain 6 by the fragment condensation method and regioselective disulfide bond formation. Biopolymers 2010; 94:339-49. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.21376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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58
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Wiendahl M, Völker C, Husemann I, Krarup J, Staby A, Scholl S, Hubbuch J. A novel method to evaluate protein solubility using a high throughput screening approach. Chem Eng Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2009.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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59
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Mason C, Manzotti E. Revolutionary therapies for diabetes – catalysts for change. Regen Med 2009; 4:143-6. [DOI: 10.2217/17460751.4.2.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Mason
- Advanced Centre for Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Elisa Manzotti
- Future Medicine Ltd, Unitec House, 2 Albert Place, Finchley Central, London, N3 1QB, UK
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60
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Velkova A, Tatarek-Nossol M, Andreetto E, Kapurniotu A. Exploiting cross-amyloid interactions to inhibit protein aggregation but not function: nanomolar affinity inhibition of insulin aggregation by an IAPP mimic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:7114-8. [PMID: 18688904 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Velkova
- Laboratory of Peptide Biochemistry, Center for Integrated Protein Science München, Technische Universität München, An der Saatzucht 5, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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Velkova A, Tatarek-Nossol M, Andreetto E, Kapurniotu A. Amyloid-Kreuzwechselwirkung zur Inhibierung der Proteinaggregation, nicht aber der Proteinfunktion: Inhibierung der Insulinaggregation im nanomolaren Bereich durch ein IAPP-Mimetikum. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200801499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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62
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Al-Tabakha MM, Arida AI. Recent challenges in insulin delivery systems: a review. Indian J Pharm Sci 2008; 70:278-86. [PMID: 20046733 PMCID: PMC2792528 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.42968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively, a large percentage of world population is affected by diabetes mellitus, out of which approximately 5-10% with type 1 diabetes while the remaining 90% with type 2. Insulin administration is essential for type 1 patients while it is required at later stage by the patients of type 2. Current insulin delivery systems are available as transdermal injections which may be considered as invasive. Several non-invasive approaches for insulin delivery are being pursued by pharmaceutical companies to reduce the pain, and hypoglycemic incidences associated with injections in order to improve patient compliance. While any new insulin delivery system requires health authorities' approval, to provide long term safety profile and insuring patients' acceptance. The inhalation delivery system Exubera((R)) has already become clinically available in the United States and Europe for patients with diabetes as non-invasive delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. M. Al-Tabakha
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University of Science and Technology Network, P.O. Box 2202, Al-Fujairah, UAE
| | - A. I. Arida
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O.Box 1, Postal Code 19392, Jordan
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63
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Kopchick JJ, Sackmann-Sala L, Ding J. Primer: molecular tools used for the understanding of endocrinology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 3:355-68. [PMID: 17377618 DOI: 10.1038/ncpendmet0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2006] [Accepted: 11/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Molecular techniques have had and are continuing to have a strong effect on clinical research and on diagnosis and screening of many endocrine disorders. To undertake research and interpret the results of others, it is important to know how and when to use molecular techniques such as Southern, northern and western blotting and the polymerase chain reaction. Knowledge of the human genome and how genes translate into proteins is required for a full understanding of the burgeoning fields of genomics and proteomics. Genetic manipulation of experimental species, which uses transgenic and gene-knockout technology, has led to important advances in determining the relationship between genes and their encoded proteins' function in the intact organism. This article describes these aspects of molecular biology, and gives specific examples of how they can be applied to clinical endocrinology and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, OH 45701, USA.
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64
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Malik A, Jenzsch M, Lübbert A, Rudolph R, Söhling B. Periplasmic production of native human proinsulin as a fusion to E. coli ecotin. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 55:100-11. [PMID: 17509894 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Native proinsulin belongs to the class of the difficult-to-express proteins in Escherichia coli. Problems mainly arise due to its small size, a high proteolytic decay, and the necessity to form a native disulfide pattern. In the present study, human proinsulin was produced in the periplasm of E. coli as a fusion to ecotin, which is a small periplasmic protein of 16 kDa encoded by the host, containing one disulfide bond. The fusion protein was secreted to the periplasm and native proinsulin was determined by ELISA. Cultivation parameters were studied in parallel batch mode fermentations using E. coli BL21(DE3)Gold as a host. After improvement of fed-batch high density fermentation conditions, 153 mg fusion protein corresponding to 51.5mg native proinsulin was obtained per L. Proteins were extracted from the periplasm by osmotic shock treatment. The fusion protein was purified in one step by ecotin affinity chromatography on immobilized trypsinogen. After thrombin cleavage of the fusion protein, the products were separated by Ni-NTA chromatography. Proinsulin was quantified by ELISA and characterized by mass spectrometry. To evaluate the influence of periplasmic proteases, the amount of ecotin-proinsulin was determined in E. coli BL21(DE3)Gold and in a periplasmic protease deficient strain, E. coli SF120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajamaluddin Malik
- Institute for Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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Walsh G. Protein engineering: Case studies of commercialized engineered products. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2007; 35:2-8. [PMID: 21591049 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Programs in biochemistry invariably encompass the principles of protein engineering. Students often display increased understanding and enthusiasm when theoretical concepts are underpinned by practical example. Herein are presented five case studies, each focusing upon a commercial protein product engineered to enhance its application-relevant functionality. The case studies may be incorporated into a standard lecture series detailing protein engineering or may form the basis of a class-led post-lecture series discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Walsh
- Industrial Biochemistry Program, Chemical and Environmental Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick City, Ireland.
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Walsh G, Jefferis R. Post-translational modifications in the context of therapeutic proteins. Nat Biotechnol 2006; 24:1241-52. [PMID: 17033665 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The majority of protein-based biopharmaceuticals approved or in clinical trials bear some form of post-translational modification (PTM), which can profoundly affect protein properties relevant to their therapeutic application. Whereas glycosylation represents the most common modification, additional PTMs, including carboxylation, hydroxylation, sulfation and amidation, are characteristic of some products. The relationship between structure and function is understood for many PTMs but remains incomplete for others, particularly in the case of complex PTMs, such as glycosylation. A better understanding of such structural-functional relationships will facilitate the development of second-generation products displaying a PTM profile engineered to optimize therapeutic usefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Walsh
- Industrial Biochemistry Program, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick City, Ireland.
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67
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Abstract
The rate of biopharmaceutical approvals has leveled off, but some milestones bode well for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Walsh
- Industrial Biochemistry Programme, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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68
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van de Weert M, Jorgensen L, Horn Moeller E, Frokjaer S. Factors of importance for a successful delivery system for proteins. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2005; 2:1029-37. [PMID: 16296807 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2.6.1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Protein pharmaceuticals have matured into an important class of drugs, now comprising one in three novel drugs introduced on the market. However, significant gains are still to be made in reducing the costs of production, ensuring proper pharmacokinetics and efficacy, increasing patient compliance and convenience, and reducing side effects such as immunogenicity. This review summarises these issues and provides recent examples of methods to reduce costs, alter pharmacokinetics and increase patient compliance. It also discusses the increasing interest in understanding immunogenicity in order to prevent failure of the protein drug or serious life-threatening side effects due to autoimmunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco van de Weert
- The Danish University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomacromolecules Group, Department of Pharmaceutics and Analytical Chemistry, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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69
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Walsh G. Biopharmaceuticals: recent approvals and likely directions. Trends Biotechnol 2005; 23:553-8. [PMID: 16051388 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2005.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2005] [Revised: 05/25/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Some 160 biopharmaceuticals have now gained medical approval and several hundred are in the pipeline. Most are protein-based, although two nucleic acid-based products are now on the US/European market. An increasing proportion of approvals are engineered in some way and advances in alternative production systems and delivery methods will also likely impact upon the approvals profile over the remainder of this decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Walsh
- Industrial Biochemistry Program, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick City, Ireland.
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