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Belhocine TZ, Prato FS. Transbilayer phospholipids molecular imaging. EJNMMI Res 2011; 1:17. [PMID: 22214386 PMCID: PMC3251038 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-1-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear medicine has become a key part of molecular imaging. In the present review article, we focus on the transbilayer phospholipids as exquisite targets for radiolabelled probes in molecular imaging. Asymmetry of phospholipid distribution is a characteristic of mammalian cell membranes. Phosphatidylcholine and sphyngomyelin cholinophospholipids are primarily located within the external leaflet of the cell membrane. Phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine aminophospholipids, and also phosphatidylinositol are primarily located within the internal leaflet of the cell membrane. New radiolabelled tracers have been designed in preclinical and clinical research for PET-CT and SPECT-CT molecular imaging of transbilayer phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Z Belhocine
- Department of Medical Imaging, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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Marysael T, Ni Y, Lerut E, de Witte P. Influence of the vascular damaging agents DMXAA and ZD6126 on hypericin distribution and accumulation in RIF-1 tumors. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1619-27. [PMID: 21858709 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-011-1032-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the influence of two types of vascular damaging agents (VDAs) (DMXAA vs. ZD6126) and sequence of administration (VDA 24 h before HYP vs. HYP 1 h before VDA) to evaluate the effect on hypericin (HYP) accumulation and distribution in necrotic tumors. METHODS Frozen sections of dorsally inoculated RIF-1 tumors were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and H&E stained for histological evaluation. The localization of HYP was assessed both qualitatively and semi-quantitatively in necrotic tumor, viable tumor, or nontarget host tissue. RESULTS Whereas the type of VDA did not influence HYP accumulation and distribution, a clear advantage could be seen when administering VDA 24 h before HYP compared to HYP 1 h before VDA, pointing toward the absence of a "trapping" mechanism. In DMXAA-treated and not in ZD6126-treated tumors, spotty fluorescence was observed which is likely to be a consequence of neutrophil phagocytosis. Dexamethasone treatment neither did influence this phenomenon nor did change HYP uptake in necrotic tumor. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that HYP accumulation is optimal when it is administered after VDA injection. We also found that HYP accumulation in necrosis is not changed when using VDAs with different working mechanisms. This insight provides a rationale for tumor necrosis therapy (TNT) using iodine-131-labeled hypericin ([(131)I]-HYP) in combination with VDAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Marysael
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Biologie, Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen, K. U. Leuven, Herestraat 49-Bus 824, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Li J, Sun Z, Zhang J, Shao H, Cona MM, Wang H, Marysael T, Chen F, Prinsen K, Zhou L, Huang D, Nuyts J, Yu J, Meng B, Bormans G, Fang Z, de Witte P, Li Y, Verbruggen A, Wang X, Mortelmans L, Xu K, Marchal G, Ni Y. A dual-targeting anticancer approach: soil and seed principle. Radiology 2011; 260:799-807. [PMID: 21712473 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.11102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To test the hypothesis that targeting the microenvironment (soil) may effectively kill cancer cells (seeds) through a small-molecular weight sequential dual-targeting theragnostic strategy, or dual-targeting approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS With approval from the institutional animal care and use committee, 24 rats were implanted with 48 liver rhabdomyosarcomas (R1). First, the vascular-disrupting agent combretastatin A4 phosphate (CA4P) was injected at a dose of 10 mg/kg to cause tumor necrosis, which became a secondary target. Then, the necrosis-avid agent hypericin was radiolabeled with iodine 131 to form (131)I-hypericin, which was injected at 300 MBq/kg 24 hours after injection of CA4P. Both molecules have small molecular weight, are naturally or synthetically derivable, are intravenously injectable, and are of unique targetablities. The tumor response in the dual-targeting group was compared with that in vehicle-control and single-targeting (CA4P or (131)I-hypericin) groups with in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and scintigrams and ex vivo gamma counting, autoradiography, and histologic analysis. Tumor volumes, tumor doubling time (TDT), and radiobiodistribution were analyzed with statistical software. P values below .05 were considered to indicate a significant difference. RESULTS Eight days after treatment, the tumor volume of rhabdomyosarcoma in the vehicle-control group was double that in both single-targeting groups (P < .001) and was five times that in the dual-targeting group (P < .0001), without treatment-related animal death. The TDT was significantly longer in the dual-targeting group (P < .0001). Necrosis appeared as hot spots on scintigrams, corresponding to 3.13% of the injected dose of (131)I-hypericin per gram of tissue (interquartile range, 2.92%-3.97%) and a target-to-liver ratio of 20. The dose was estimated to be 100 times the cumulative dose of 50 Gy needed for radiotherapeutic response. Thus, accumulated (131)I-hypericin from CA4P-induced necrosis killed residual cancer cells with ionizing radiation and inhibited tumor regrowth. CONCLUSION This dual-targeting approach may be a simple and workable solution for cancer treatment and deserves further exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Li
- Department of Radiology, University of Leuven, Campus Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Chen F. Feng Chen's work on translational and clinical imaging. World J Radiol 2011; 3:120-4. [PMID: 21532873 PMCID: PMC3084436 DOI: 10.4329/wjr.v3.i4.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dr. Feng Chen is a chief medical doctor and the vice chairman of the Department of Radiology in Zhong Da Hospital at Southeast University, Nanjing, China and a senior researcher in the Department of Radiology at the Catholic University of Leuven, Belgium. His main areas of interest are translational imaging research including stroke, tumor angiogenesis, assessment of therapeutic response in solid tumors, and magnetic resonance contrast media. Dr. Feng Chen has published 44 scientific papers in peer-reviewed international journals. He and his colleagues have developed an imaging platform which includes animal models, animal preparations and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) protocols for translational animal imaging research using clinical machines. His MRI findings on rodent stroke are considered to "serve as a model for future laboratory investigations of treatment of acute stroke and unify the approaches developed for clinical studies". He and his colleagues have introduced a novel liver tumor model in rodents, in which a series of studies concerning the antitumor activity of vascular disrupting agents have been successively conducted and assessed by in vivo MRI, especially by diffusion weighted imaging as an imaging biomarker. His goal is to provide valuable references for clinical practice and to contribute to the translation of animal imaging research into patient applications.
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Song S, Xiong C, Zhou M, Lu W, Huang Q, Ku G, Zhao J, Flores LG, Ni Y, Li C. Small-animal PET of tumor damage induced by photothermal ablation with 64Cu-bis-DOTA-hypericin. J Nucl Med 2011; 52:792-9. [PMID: 21498539 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.110.086116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential application of small-molecular-weight (64)Cu-labeled bis-DOTA-hypericin in the noninvasive assessment of response to photothermal ablation therapy. METHODS Bis-DOTA-hypericin was labeled with (64)Cu with high efficiency (>95% without purification). Nine mice bearing subcutaneous human mammary BT474 tumors were used. Five mice were injected intratumorally with semiconductor CuS nanoparticles, followed by near-infrared laser irradiation 24 h later (12 W/cm(2) for 3 min), and 4 mice were not treated (control group). All mice were intravenously injected with (64)Cu-bis-DOTA-hypericin (24 h after laser treatment in treated mice). Small-animal PET images were acquired at 2, 6, and 24 h after radiotracer injection. All mice were killed immediately after the imaging session for biodistribution and histology study. In vitro cell uptake and surface plasmon resonance studies were performed to validate the small-animal PET results. RESULTS (64)Cu-bis-DOTA-hypericin uptake was significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group. The percentage injected dose per gram of tissue in the treated and control groups was 1.72 ± 0.43 and 0.76 ± 0.19, respectively (P = 0.017), at 24 h after injection. Autoradiography and histology results were consistent with selective uptake of the radiotracer in the necrotic zone of the tumor induced by photothermal ablation therapy. In vitro results showed that treated BT474 cells had a higher uptake of (64)Cu-bis-DOTA-hypericin than nontreated cells. Surface plasmon resonance study showed that bis-DOTA-hypericin had higher binding affinity to phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine than to phosphatidylcholine. CONCLUSION (64)Cu-bis-DOTA-hypericin has a potential to image thermal therapy-induced tumor cell damage. The affinity of (64)Cu-bis-DOTA-hypericin for injured tissues may be attributed to the breakdown of the cell membrane and exposure of phosphatidylserine or phosphatidylethanolamine to the radiotracer, which binds selectively to these phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoli Song
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Small-animal SPECT and SPECT/CT: application in cardiovascular research. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2010; 37:1766-77. [PMID: 20069298 PMCID: PMC2918793 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1321-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical cardiovascular research using noninvasive radionuclide and hybrid imaging systems has been extensively developed in recent years. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is based on the molecular tracer principle and is an established tool in noninvasive imaging. SPECT uses gamma cameras and collimators to form projection data that are used to estimate (dynamic) 3-D tracer distributions in vivo. Recent developments in multipinhole collimation and advanced image reconstruction have led to sub-millimetre and sub-half-millimetre resolution SPECT in rats and mice, respectively. In this article we review applications of microSPECT in cardiovascular research in which information about the function and pathology of the myocardium, vessels and neurons is obtained. We give examples on how diagnostic tracers, new therapeutic interventions, pre- and postcardiovascular event prognosis, and functional and pathophysiological heart conditions can be explored by microSPECT, using small-animal models of cardiovascular disease.
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De Saint-Hubert M, Prinsen K, Mortelmans L, Verbruggen A, Mottaghy FM. Molecular imaging of cell death. Methods 2009; 48:178-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2009.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Fonge H, Van de Putte M, Huyghe D, Bormans G, Ni Y, de Witte P, Verbruggen A. Evaluation of tumor affinity of mono-[(123)I]iodohypericin and mono-[(123)I]iodoprotohypericin in a mouse model with a RIF-1 tumor. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2008; 2:113-9. [PMID: 17546702 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this study we have compared the tumour-seeking properties of mono-[(123)I]iodoprotohypericin and mono-[(123)I]iodohypericin in C3H mice with a subcutaneous radiation-induced fibrosarcoma-1 tumor. After intravenous injection, both tracers were rapidly cleared from all organs and were retained by the tumors. There was no significant difference in tumor uptake of the two tracers at all studied time points (p > 0.05). To study the plausible mechanism of hypericin and mono-iodohypericin uptake in tumor, their plasma binding profile was investigated. Both agents show high affinity for low-density lipoproteins and to a lesser extent high-density lipoproteins and other heavy proteins. Mono-[(123)I]iodohypericin appears to be more promising as a tumor diagnostic agent, given its faster clearance from all organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey Fonge
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 821, B-3000, Leuven
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Van de Putte M, Wang H, Chen F, de Witte PA, Ni Y. Hypericin as a marker for determination of tissue viability after intratumoral ethanol injection in a murine liver tumor model. Acad Radiol 2008; 15:107-13. [PMID: 18078913 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2007.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES In this preclinical proof-of-principle study, the necrosis avid agent hypericin was investigated as a potential early indicator for therapeutic response after ethanol-mediated chemical ablation in murine liver tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven mice bearing intrahepatic radiation-induced fibrosarcoma-1 tumors were intravenously injected with hypericin 1 hour before (n = 3) or 24 hours after (n = 4) intratumoral ethanol injection. Mice were euthanized 24 hours after hypericin injection and, taking advantage of the fluorescent property of the compound, the excised livers were investigated qualitatively and quantitatively by means of fluoromacroscopic and fluoromicroscopic examinations, colocalized with conventional histomorphology. RESULTS Significant differences in hypericin fluorescence were found in necrosis, viable tumor and normal liver tissue in decreasing order (P < .05) (ie, in necrosis, mean fluorescence densities were about 4.5 times higher than in viable tumor and approximately 14 times higher than in normal liver). When hypericin was injected 1 hour before, maximal blood concentrations were achieved at the time of ethanol treatment, so that on ablation an outstanding extravasation took place in the entire necrotic area in comparison with accumulation of hypericin only at the peripheral zone of necrosis when it was injected 24 hours after ablation. CONCLUSIONS Hypericin specifically enhanced the imaging contrast between necrotic and viable tissues and nonspecifically distinguished viable tumor from normal liver. Injection of hypericin shortly before ablation is more favorable than after ablation, because it circumvents difficulties with no-entry zones for hypericin and requires shorter intervals between ethanol ablation and imaging.
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Fonge H, Jin L, Wang H, Bormans G, Ni Y, Verbruggen A. Synthesis and preliminary biological evaluation of a99mTc-labeled hypericin derivative as a necrosis avid imaging agent. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Fonge H, Chitneni SK, Lixin J, Vunckx K, Prinsen K, Nuyts J, Mortelmans L, Bormans G, Ni Y, Verbruggen A. Necrosis Avidity of 99mTc(CO)3-Labeled Pamoic acid Derivatives: Synthesis and Preliminary Biological Evaluation in Animal Models of Necrosis. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1924-34. [DOI: 10.1021/bc700236j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey Fonge
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 821, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Satish K. Chitneni
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 821, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jin Lixin
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 821, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Vunckx
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 821, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristof Prinsen
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 821, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Johan Nuyts
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 821, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Luc Mortelmans
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 821, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Bormans
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 821, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yicheng Ni
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 821, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alfons Verbruggen
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, Herestraat 49, Box 821, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium, Departments of Nuclear Medicine and Radiology, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Herestraat 49, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Fonge H, Jin L, Wang H, Ni Y, Bormans G, Verbruggen A. Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of mono-[123I]iodohypericin monocarboxylic acid as a necrosis avid imaging agent. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:4001-5. [PMID: 17507220 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypericin monocarboxylic acid was synthesized in an overall yield of 25% in four steps and radiolabelled with iodine-123 in good yield (>75%). The resulting mono-[(123)I]iodohypericin monocarboxylic acid was evaluated in normal mice and in rats with ethanol induced liver necrosis. In this model, tracer concentration in necrotic liver tissue was 14 times higher than in the viable liver tissue as quantified by autoradiography at 24h post injection. The results indicate the feasibility of visualization of necrotic tissue with the novel tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humphrey Fonge
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, K.U. Leuven, BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Jin J, Teng G, Feng Y, Wu Y, Jin Q, Wang Y, Wang Z, Lu Q, Jiang Y, Wang S, Chen F, Marchal G, Ni Y. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acute Reperfused Myocardial Infarction: Intraindividual Comparison of ECIII-60 and Gd-DTPA in a Swine Model. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007; 30:248-56. [PMID: 17216375 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-006-0004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare a necrosis-avid contrast agent (NACA) bis-Gd-DTPA-pamoic acid derivative (ECIII-60) after intracoronary delivery with an extracellular agent Gd-DTPA after intravenous injection on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a swine model of acute reperfused myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS Eight pigs underwent 90 min of transcatheter coronary balloon occlusion and 60 min of reperfusion. After intravenous injection of Gd-DTPA at a dose of 0.2 mmol/kg, all pigs were scanned with T1-weighted MRI until the delayed enhancement of MI disappeared. Then they were intracoronarily infused with ECIII-60 at 0.0025 mmol/kg and imaged for 5 hr. Signal intensity, infarct-over-normal contrast ratio and relative infarct size were quantified, compared, and correlated with the results of postmortem MRI and triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) histochemical staining. RESULTS A contrast ratio over 3.0 was induced by both Gd-DTPA and ECIII-60. However, while the delayed enhancement with Gd-DTPA virtually vanished in 1 hr, ECIII-60 at an 80x smaller dose depicted the MI accurately over 5 hr as proven by ex vivo MRI and TTC staining. CONCLUSION Both Gd-DTPA and ECIII-60 strongly enhanced acute MI. Comparing with fading contrast in a narrow time window with intravenous Gd-DTPA, intracoronary ECIII-60 persistently demarcated the acute MI, indicating a potential method for postprocedural assessment of myocardial viability after coronary interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyang Jin
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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