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Brown CJM, Codd R. Directing macrocyclic architecture using iron(III)-, gallium(III)-, or zirconium(IV)-assisted ring closure of linear dimeric endo-hydroxamic acid ligands. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 216:111337. [PMID: 33360106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dimeric hydroxamic acid macrocycles are a subclass of bacterial siderophores produced for iron acquisition. Limited yields from natural sources provides the impetus to develop synthetic routes to improve access to these compounds, which have potential utility in metal ion binding applications in the environment and medicine. This work has examined the role of metal ions in forming pre-complexes with linear endo-hydroxamic acid (endo-HXA) ligands bearing terminal amine and carboxylic acid groups optimally configured for in situ ring closure reactions. The 1:1 reaction between Fe(III) and the dimeric endo-HXA ligand 5-((5-(5-((5-aminopentyl)(hydroxy)amino)-5-oxopentanamido)pentyl)(hydroxy)amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid (PPH-PPH) (1) formed the pre-complex (PC) [Fe(PP-PP)-PC]+ with in situ amide coupling generating the macrocycle (MC) [Fe(PP)2-MC]+ and, following Fe(III) removal, the apo-macrocycle 1,13-dihydroxy-1,7,13,19-tetraazacyclotetracosane-2,6,14,18-tetraone (PPH)2-MC (2). The 1:2 reaction system between Fe(III) and the monomeric endo-HXA ligand 5-((5-aminopentyl)(hydroxy)amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid (PPH) gave significantly less [Fe(PP)2-MC]+ than the former system, due to the requirement to form two rather than one amide bond(s). The 1:1 Ga(III):1 system yielded [Ga(PP-PP)-PC]+ and [Ga(PP)2-MC]+. Neither [Zr(PP-PP)-PC]2+ nor [Zr(PP)2-MC]2+ was detected in the 1:1 Zr(IV):1 system. Instead, the Zr(IV) system showed the formation of a 1:2 Zr(IV):1 pre-complex [Zr(PP-PP)2-PC], which following in situ amide bond forming chemistry, generated two Zr(IV) macrocyclic complexes with distinct architectures: a dimer-of-dimers complex [Zr((PP)2)2-MC] and an end-to-end macrocycle [Zr(PP)4-MC]. The formation of [Fe(PP)2-MC]+, [Ga(PP)2-MC]+ or [Zr((PP)2)2-MC] was confirmed from reconstitution experiments with 2. The work has shown that the choice of metal ion in metal-assisted ring closure reactions directs the assembly of macrocyclic complexes with distinct architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J M Brown
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology), New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Rachel Codd
- The University of Sydney, School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology), New South Wales 2006, Australia.
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van Dongen GAMS, Beaino W, Windhorst AD, Zwezerijnen GJC, Oprea-Lager DE, Hendrikse NH, van Kuijk C, Boellaard R, Huisman MC, Vugts DJ. The Role of 89Zr-Immuno-PET in Navigating and Derisking the Development of Biopharmaceuticals. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:438-445. [PMID: 33277395 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.119.239558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of molecular drivers of disease and the compelling rise of biotherapeutics have impacted clinical care but have also come with challenges. Such therapeutics include peptides, monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments and nontraditional binding scaffolds, activatable antibodies, bispecific antibodies, immunocytokines, antibody-drug conjugates, enzymes, polynucleotides, and therapeutic cells, as well as alternative drug carriers such as nanoparticles. Drug development is expensive, attrition rates are high, and efficacy rates are lower than desired. Almost all these drugs, which in general have a long residence time in the body, can stably be labeled with 89Zr for whole-body PET imaging and quantification. Although not restricted to monoclonal antibodies, this approach is called 89Zr-immuno-PET. This review summarizes the state of the art of the technical aspects of 89Zr-immuno-PET and illustrates why it has potential for steering the design, development, and application of biologic drugs. Appealing showcases are discussed to illustrate what can be learned with this emerging technology during preclinical and especially clinical studies about biologic drug formats and disease targets. In addition, an overview of ongoing and completed clinical trials is provided. Although 89Zr-immuno-PET is a young tool in drug development, its application is rapidly expanding, with first clinical experiences giving insight on why certain drug-target combinations might have better perspectives than others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus A M S van Dongen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wissam Beaino
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert D Windhorst
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben J C Zwezerijnen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela E Oprea-Lager
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Harry Hendrikse
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van Kuijk
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Boellaard
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc C Huisman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Vugts
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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