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Mazurskyy A, Howitt J. Initiation and Transmission of α-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson's Disease. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:10.1007/s11064-019-02896-0. [PMID: 31713092 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the accumulation of aggregated forms of α-synuclein in the body. The location for the initiation of misfolded forms of α-synuclein is now a contentious issue, what was once thought to be a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) now appears to involve multiple organs in the body. In particular, the two regions in the body where the nervous system is exposed to the environment, the olfactory bulb and the enteric nervous system, are now thought to play an important role in the initial phase of the disease. Epidemiological studies point to the gastrointestinal tract, including the appendix, as a potential site for the misfolding and transmission of α-synuclein, with the vagus nerve providing a conduit between the gut and brain. A growing body of animal studies also support this pathway, implicating the transmission of pathological α-synuclein from outside the CNS in the development of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Mazurskyy
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jason Howitt
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Mercado G, Brundin P. Lots of Movement in Gut and Parkinson's Research. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:687-689. [PMID: 31473011 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A new mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) demonstrates α-synuclein pathology spreading from the gut to the brain via the vagus nerve (Kim et al., Neuron, 2019). The pathology is associated with motor and non-motor behavioral deficits in wild-type mice. These findings support the idea that the gut could be a starting point for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Mercado
- Center for Neurodegenerative Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Patrik Brundin
- Center for Neurodegenerative Sciences, Van Andel Research Institute, 333 Bostwick Avenue NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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Watts JC. Calling α-synuclein a prion is scientifically justifiable. Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:505-508. [PMID: 31407029 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joel C Watts
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Krembil Discovery Tower, Rm. 4KD481, 60 Leonard Ave., Toronto, ON, M5T 0S8, Canada.
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Leak RK, Frosch MP, Beach TG, Halliday GM. Alpha-synuclein: prion or prion-like? Acta Neuropathol 2019; 138:509-514. [PMID: 31407028 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-019-02057-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rehana K Leak
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, 407 Mellon Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15282, USA.
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Thomas G Beach
- Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, 10515, USA
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre and Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
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Nicot S, Verchère J, Bélondrade M, Mayran C, Bétemps D, Bougard D, Baron T. Seeded propagation of α-synuclein aggregation in mouse brain using protein misfolding cyclic amplification. FASEB J 2019; 33:12073-12086. [PMID: 31370680 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900354r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
α-Synuclein (α-syn) protein aggregation is associated with several neurodegenerative disorders collectively referred to as synucleinopathies, including Parkinson's disease. We used protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) to study α-syn aggregation in brain homogenates of wild-type or transgenic mice expressing normal (D line) or A53T mutant (M83 line) human α-syn. We found that sonication-incubation cycles of M83 mouse brain gradually produce large quantities of SDS-resistant α-syn aggregates, involving both human and mouse proteins. These PMCA products, containing partially proteinase K-resistant α-syn species, are competent to accelerate the onset of neurologic symptoms after intracerebral inoculation to young M83 mice and to seed aggregate formation of α-syn following PMCA, including in D and wild-type mouse brain substrates. PMCA seeding activity in the M83 diseased brain correlates positively with regions mostly targeted by the α-syn pathology in this model. Our data indicate that similar to prions, PMCA can reproduce some characteristics of α-syn aggregation and seeded propagation in vitro in a complex milieu. This opens new opportunities for the molecular study of synucleinopathies.-Nicot, S., Verchère, J., Bélondrade, M., Mayran, C., Bétemps, D., Bougard, D., Baron, T. Seeded propagation of α-synuclein aggregation in mouse brain using protein misfolding cyclic amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nicot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Verchère
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Maxime Bélondrade
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Charly Mayran
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dominique Bétemps
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Daisy Bougard
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, Etablissement Français du Sang, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Baron
- French Agency for Food, Environmental, and Occupational Health and Safety (ANSES), University of Lyon, Lyon, France
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