51
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Photodynamic therapy as an alternative to antibiotic therapy for the treatment of infected leg ulcers. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 23:132-143. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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52
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Can red-light 5-aminolevulinic photodynamic therapy cure port wine stains on comb animal model? Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 22:253-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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53
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Cieplik F, Deng D, Crielaard W, Buchalla W, Hellwig E, Al-Ahmad A, Maisch T. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy - what we know and what we don't. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:571-589. [PMID: 29749263 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1467876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 454] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Considering increasing number of pathogens resistant towards commonly used antibiotics as well as antiseptics, there is a pressing need for antimicrobial approaches that are capable of inactivating pathogens efficiently without the risk of inducing resistances. In this regard, an alternative approach is the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). The antimicrobial effect of aPDT is based on the principle that visible light activates a per se non-toxic molecule, the so-called photosensitizer (PS), resulting in generation of reactive oxygen species that kill bacteria unselectively via an oxidative burst. During the last 10-20 years, there has been extensive in vitro research on novel PS as well as light sources, which is now to be translated into clinics. In this review, we aim to provide an overview about the history of aPDT, its fundamental photochemical and photophysical mechanisms as well as photosensitizers and light sources that are currently applied for aPDT in vitro. Furthermore, the potential of resistances towards aPDT is extensively discussed and implications for proper comparison of in vitro studies regarding aPDT as well as for potential application fields in clinical practice are given. Overall, this review shall provide an outlook on future research directions needed for successful translation of promising in vitro results in aPDT towards clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Cieplik
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany.,b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dongmei Deng
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wim Crielaard
- b Department of Preventive Dentistry , Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang Buchalla
- a Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
| | - Elmar Hellwig
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Ali Al-Ahmad
- c Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Medicine , Center for Dental Medicine, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Tim Maisch
- d Department of Dermatology , University Medical Center Regensburg , Regensburg , Germany
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Pérez-Laguna V, García-Malinis AJ, Aspiroz C, Rezusta A, Gilaberte Y. Antimicrobial effects of photodynamic therapy. GIORN ITAL DERMAT V 2018; 153:833-846. [PMID: 29683289 DOI: 10.23736/s0392-0488.18.06007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The microorganisms that cause infections are increasing their resistance to antibiotics. In this context, alternative treatments are necessary. The antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is a therapeutic modality based on photosensitizing molecules that end up generating reactive oxygen species that induce the destruction of the target cells when are irradiated with light of a suitable wavelength and at a proper dose. The cells targeted by aPDT are all types of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi and parasites) including viruses and has been proven effective against representative members of all of them. In the field of dermatology, aPDT has been tested with promising results in different infections such as chronic ulcers, acne, onychomycosis and other cutaneous mycoses, as well as in leishmaniasis. Therefore, it is presented as a possible treatment option against the agents that cause skin and/or mucous infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carmen Aspiroz
- Unit of Microbiology, Hospital Royo Villanova, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Antonio Rezusta
- IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain - .,Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
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55
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Beneficial Role of Low-Intensity Laser Irradiation on Neural β-tubulin III Protein Expression in Human Bone Marrow Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2018; 14:585-598. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-017-9796-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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56
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Nesi-Reis V, Lera-Nonose DSSL, Oyama J, Silva-Lalucci MPP, Demarchi IG, Aristides SMA, Teixeira JJV, Silveira TGV, Lonardoni MVC. Contribution of photodynamic therapy in wound healing: A systematic review. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 21:294-305. [PMID: 29289704 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We researched articles that used photodynamic therapy (PDT) for skin wound healing in humans. METHODS The systematic review was conducted through scientific articles that investigated the action of PDT on wound healing in humans, published from July 2005 to March 2017, in the data bases PubMed and LILACS. RESULTS The main types of wound described in selected articles in this review were chronic ulcer and non-melanoma skin cancer. For accomplishing the PDT, second generation of photosensitizing agents with laser or light emitting diode were used. The studies demonstrated that PDT contribute in several ways to the wound healing process: leading to cellular death; reducing or increasing inflammation; stimulating fibroblasts proliferation and, consequently, of collagen and elastin; raising transforming growth factor beta and metalloproteinases. Based on this, PDT provided good results in wound healing process, acting in several steps and accelerating tissue repair. CONCLUSIONS PDT improved healing in many wound models in humans, revealing itself as a promising therapeutic modality for stimulating wound healing and remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Nesi-Reis
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Jully Oyama
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Physiopathology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Marielle Priscila Paula Silva-Lalucci
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Physiopathology, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Departament of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Mara Alessi Aristides
- Departament of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira
- Departament of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Gomes Verzignassi Silveira
- Departament of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Maria Valdrinez Campana Lonardoni
- Departament of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo, 5790, Jardim Universitário, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
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57
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Grandi V, Bacci S, Corsi A, Sessa M, Puliti E, Murciano N, Scavone F, Cappugi P, Pimpinelli N. ALA-PDT exerts beneficial effects on chronic venous ulcers by inducing changes in inflammatory microenvironment, especially through increased TGF-beta release: A pilot clinical and translational study. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2017; 21:252-256. [PMID: 29277361 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A cohort of 19 patients affected by chronic venous ulcers was recruited from our centre. A 4-mm punch biopsy from wound bed was taken before application of ALA 20% gel and repeated one hour after the first PDT irradiation. We observed a significant and progressive reduction of wounds mean volumes right after three ALA-PDT sessions (once per week; 4479.9 +/- 345.5 mm3 vs 34599 +/- 190.3 mm3, p < .01). On immunofluorescence staining from biopsy specimens, we observed a change in all tested stains of post treatment specimens compared to pre-treatment ones. An increase of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (from 699 +/- 22 cells/0.018 mm2 to 1369 +/- 27 cells/0.018 mm2, p < .0001); MHC-II expression (260.39 +/- 99.7 Red, Green, Blue [RGB 0-255] to 370.2 +/- 162.6 RGB (0-255), p < .01), TNF-alpha positive mast cells expression (49 +/- 0.3 cells/0.018 mm2 to 69 +/- 0.4 cells/0.018 mm2, p < .001), TGF-beta expression (59.89 +/- 23.2 RGB (0-255)/cell vs 137.39 +/- 56.6 RGB (0-255)/cell, p < .01) and CD4+/CD25+ Treg cells (39 +/- 1 cells/0.018 mm2 vs 209 +/- 10 cells/0.018 mm2, p < .001) was observed. An increase of TGF-beta was correlated in a statistical significant manner with a reduction of wounds' mean volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vieri Grandi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine - Division of Dermatology, University of Florence, Italy.
| | - Stefano Bacci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embriology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Emergency Unit, S. Maria Nuova Hospital, Tuscany Center Health District, Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio Sessa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology "L. Donatelli", University of Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Puliti
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embriology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Murciano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embriology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Scavone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Unit of Histology and Embriology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Pietro Cappugi
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine - Division of Dermatology, University of Florence, Italy
| | - Nicola Pimpinelli
- Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine - Division of Dermatology, University of Florence, Italy
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58
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Geralde MC, Leite IS, Inada NM, Salina ACG, Medeiros AI, Kuebler WM, Kurachi C, Bagnato VS. Pneumonia treatment by photodynamic therapy with extracorporeal illumination - an experimental model. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/5/e13190. [PMID: 28292878 PMCID: PMC5350187 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity/mortality, mainly because of the increasing rate of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is emerging as a promising approach, as effects are based on oxidative stress, preventing microorganism resistance. In two previous studies, the in vitro inactivation of Streptococcus pneumoniae using indocyanine green (ICG) and infrared light source was a success killing 5 log10 colony-forming units (CFU/mL) with only 10 μmol/L ICG. In this work, a proof-of-principle protocol was designed to treat lung infections by PDT using extracorporeal illumination with a 780 nm laser device and also ICG as photosensitizer. Hairless mice were infected with S. pneumoniae and PDT was performed two days after infection. For control groups, CFU recovery ranged between 103-104/mouse. For PDT group, however, no bacteria were recovered in 80% of the animals. Based on this result, animal survival was evaluated separately over 50 days. No deaths occurred in PDT group, whereas 60% of the control group died. Our results indicate that extracorporeal PDT has the potential for pneumonia treatment, and pulmonary decontamination with PDT may be used as a single therapy or as an antibiotics adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Geralde
- University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil .,Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Keenan Research Centre of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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59
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Morand A, Morand JJ. [Pseudomonas aeruginosa in dermatology]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2017; 144:666-675. [PMID: 28778416 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a ubiquitous Gram-negative bacillus characterized by its greenish color and sweetish smell, is at the origin of potentially severe forms of dermatosis, such as ecthyma gangrenosum which marks immunosuppression or reveals blood-poisoning, especially in children. It frequently colonizes chronic wounds and serious burns, and spongiotic or acantholytic dermatosis, especially when severe or localized in skinfolds. It requires special care because of its high resistance to antibiotics and antiseptics. It can also involve folliculitis favored by water sports or a nail disorder (chloronychia).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Morand
- Service de spécialités pédiatriques et de médecine infantile, hôpital de la Timone, CHU de Marseille, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13385 Marseille cedex 05, France
| | - J-J Morand
- Service de dermatologie, hôpital d'instruction des armées Sainte-Anne, 83800 Toulon, France.
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60
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Aspiroz C, Sevil M, Toyas C, Gilaberte Y. Terapia fotodinámica con azul de metileno en úlceras cutáneas infectadas con Pseudomonas aeruginosa y Fusarium spp. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2017; 108:e45-e48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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61
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Aspiroz C, Sevil M, Toyas C, Gilaberte Y. Photodynamic Therapy With Methylene Blue for Skin Ulcers Infected With Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Fusarium spp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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62
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Weston CE, Krämer A, Colin F, Yildiz Ö, Baud MGJ, Meyer-Almes FJ, Fuchter MJ. Toward Photopharmacological Antimicrobial Chemotherapy Using Photoswitchable Amidohydrolase Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2017; 3:152-161. [PMID: 27756124 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.6b00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photopharmacological agents exhibit light-dependent biological activity and may have potential in the development of new antimicrobial agents/modalities. Amidohydrolase enzymes homologous to the well-known human histone deacetylases (HDACs) are present in bacteria, including resistant organisms responsible for a significant number of hospital-acquired infections and deaths. We report photopharmacological inhibitors of these enzymes, using two classes of photoswitches embedded in the inhibitor pharmacophore: azobenzenes and arylazopyrazoles. Although both classes of inhibitor show excellent inhibitory activity (nM IC50 values) of the target enzymes and promising differential activity of the switchable E- and Z-isomeric forms, the arylazopyrazoles exhibit better intrinsic photoswitch performance (more complete switching, longer thermal lifetime of the Z-isomer). We also report protein-ligand crystal structures of the E-isomers of both an azobenzene and an arylazopyrazole inhibitor, bound to bacterial histone deacetylase-like amidohydrolases (HDAHs). These structures not only uncover interactions important for inhibitor binding but also reveal conformational differences between the two photoswitch inhibitor classes. As such, our data may pave the way for the design of improved photopharmacological agents targeting the HDAC superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Weston
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Krämer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and
Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Haardtring 100, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Felix Colin
- Department of Chemical Engineering and
Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Haardtring 100, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Özkan Yildiz
- Department
of Structural Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics, Max von
Laue Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias G. J. Baud
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Franz-Josef Meyer-Almes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and
Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Haardtring 100, 64295 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Matthew J. Fuchter
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Pourhajibagher M, Kazemian H, Chiniforush N, Bahador A. Evaluation of photodynamic therapy effect along with colistin on pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Laser Ther 2017; 26:97-103. [PMID: 28785129 DOI: 10.5978/islsm.17-or-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pandrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (PDRAB) are including colistin resistant starins (CoRAB) which cause infections potentially untreatable infections. Recently, incidence of these strains are increasing worldwide. Therefore, new approaches, methods and strategies are urgently needed for treatment and eradication of infections due to PDRAB. So the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in combination treatment with colistin against PDRAB. MATERIALS AND METHODS PDRAB which was isolated from burn patients was used as a test strain. PDT carried out in which toluidine blue O (TBO) and light-emitting diode (LED) were used as photosensitizer and radiation source, respectively. Then, the effect of PDT plus colistin was evaluated on CoRAB and the colony-forming units of each tested groups calculated. Finally, confirmation of antibacterial activity of combination therapy was carried out using scanning electron microscope. RESULTS PDT declined bacterial count in comparing with control group by 83.7% of killing percentage, in other words, less than one log reduction. While PDT in combination with colistin showed high synergetic effect against A. baumannii in all concentrations of colistin tested by 100% of killing percentage with 9-log reduction. CONCLUSIONS According to our results, PDT alone couldn't eliminate all of the treated bacterial cells. But when combined with colistin, it killed all of the treated bacterial cells in all tested concentrations. Also PDT decreased the minimal inhibitory concentration of colistin against PDRAB by more than 11 fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Pourhajibagher
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Laser Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Kazemian
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Chiniforush
- Laser Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Laser Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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64
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de Jesus PDCC, Saeki SIN, Tedesco AC. An ex vivo study of photobiostimulation in the treatment of skin pathologies. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1189-1198. [PMID: 26992152 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201500288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and low level laser therapy (LLLT) may mutually improve the outcomes on the healing process of chronic wounds and other skin pathologies, through processes known to stimulate the proliferation of dermal cellular structures, as well as antimicrobial application. This study proposes the use of nanoemulsion containing aluminium phthalocyanine chloride (ClAlPc) as photosensitizer (PS), to establish the most appropriate protocol for photostimulation in human skin biopsies, associated to type I collagen and elastin production. The combined effect of PS and light (diode laser at 670 nm) at three different doses is compared to the effect of light itself at doses of 70, 140 and 700 mJ ċ cm-2 , 7 and 14 days after irradiation. Histological analysis reveals the increase in collagen and elastin, higher than 20%, 14 days after treatment with PS and light at 140 mJ ċ cm-2 . Higher doses of light promote an inhibitory effect, leading to tissue degradation. In addition, the expression levels of the enzymes MMP-2 and MMP-9 (Gelatinases A and B - participant in various processes including tumoral progression and wound healing) are detected by gelatin zymography, reinforcing the efficacy of the combined treatment with PS and light at the intermediate dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila da Costa C de Jesus
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology, Tissue Engineering and Photoprocesses, University of Sao Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Ikeda N Saeki
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology, Tissue Engineering and Photoprocesses, University of Sao Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Antonio Claudio Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Nanotechnology, Tissue Engineering and Photoprocesses, University of Sao Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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65
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Photodynamic inactivation of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by chlorin e6 and red light (λ=670nm). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2016; 162:340-347. [PMID: 27419618 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDR-SA) are a frequent cause of antibiotic treatment refractory bacterial corneal infections. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is being discussed as a putative treatment option to cure this type of bacterial infection. Here we tested the in vitro susceptibility of a set of 12 clinically derived MDR-SA isolates with differing genetic backgrounds and antibiotic resistance profiles against photodynamic inactivation (PDI) by the porphyrin chlorin e6 (Ce6) and red light (λ=670nm). All tested clinical isolates displayed a 5-log10 reduction in viable cells by Ce6 and red light, when cells were preincubated with the photosensitizer at concentrations ≥128μM for 30min in the dark, and a subsequent irradiation with light at λ=670nm (power density: 31mW/cm(2), absorbed dose: 18,6J/cm(2)) was applied. Similarly, cells of the laboratory strain Newman required the same Ce6 pre-incubation and light dose for a 5-log10 reduction in cell viability. Inactivation of crtM in strain Newman, which interferes with pigment production in S. aureus, rendered the mutant more susceptible to this PDT procedure, indicating that the level of resistance of S. aureus to this therapy form is affected by ability of the pathogen to produce the carotenoid pigment staphyloxanthin. Incubation of freshly explanted porcine corneas with a 0.5% Ce6 gel demonstrated that the photosensitizer can diffuse into and accumulate within the stroma of the cornea in concentrations found to be sufficient to yield a 5-log10 reduction of the S. aureus cell pool in vitro. These data suggest that PDI with Ce6 and red light might be a promising new option for the treatment of MDR-SA induced corneal infections.
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Antimicrobial photodynamic effect of phenothiazinic photosensitizers in formulations with ethanol on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2015; 13:291-296. [PMID: 26315922 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DATA Methylene blue (MB) and toluidine blue (TB) are recognized as safe photosensitizers (Ps) for use in humans. The clinical effectiveness of the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with MB and TB needs to be optimized, and ethanol can increase their antimicrobial effect. Formulations of MB and TB containing ethanol were evaluated for their ability to produce singlet oxygen and their antibacterial effect on Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. METHODS Photoactivated formulations were prepared by diluting the Ps (250 μM) in buffered water (pH 5.6, sodium acetate/acetic acid), 10% ethanol (buffer: ethanol, 90:10), or 20% ethanol (buffer: ethanol, 80:20). Biofilms also were exposed to the buffer, 10% ethanol, or 20% ethanol without photoactivation. Untreated biofilm was considered the control group. The production of singlet oxygen in the formulations was measured based on the photo-oxidation of 1,3-diphenylisobenzofuran. The photo-oxidation and CFU (log10) data were evaluated by two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's tests. RESULTS In all the formulations, compared to TB, MB showed higher production of singlet oxygen. In the absence of photoactivation, neither the buffer nor the 10% ethanol solution showed any antimicrobial effect, while the 20% ethanol solution significantly reduced bacterial viability (P=0.009). With photoactivation, only the formulations containing MB and both 10% and 20% ethanol solutions significantly reduced the viability of P. aeruginosa biofilms when compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS MB formulations containing ethanol enhanced the antimicrobial effect of the photodynamic therapy against P. aeruginosa biofilms in vitro.
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