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Tsuchiya Y, Ijichi T, Goto K. Effect of sprint training on resting serum irisin concentration - Sprint training once daily vs. twice every other day. Metabolism 2016; 65:492-5. [PMID: 26975541 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise twice every other day has been shown to lead to increasing peroxisome proliferator receptor γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) expression (up-stream factor of irisin) via lowered muscle glycogen level during second of exercise compared with exercise once daily. This study determined the influence of 4weeks of sprint training (training once daily vs. twice every other day) on the serum irisin concentration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty healthy males (20.9±1.3years) were assigned randomly to either the SINGLE or REPEATED group (n=10 per group). The subjects in the SINGLE group participated in a sprint training session once daily (5days per week), whereas those in the REPEATED group performed two consecutive training sessions on the same day with a 1-h rest between sessions (2-3days per week). Both groups completed 20 training sessions over 4weeks. Each training session consisted of three consecutive 30-s maximal pedaling exercises with a 10-min rest between sets. Blood samples were collected before and after training period (48h after completing the last training session). RESULTS The serum irisin concentration decreased significantly after training in each group (SINGLE, 338.5±77.8 to 207.6±64.6ng/mL; REPEATED, 329.5±83.9 to 234.2±72.8ng/mL, p<0.05). The plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration tended to be lower after training in both groups (main effect for period, p=0.054). However, there was no significant difference in the serum irisin or plasma IL-6 concentration between groups after training. The serum high-molecular-weight adiponectin concentration did not change significantly after training in either group. CONCLUSION Sprint training for 4weeks significantly decreased the resting serum irisin concentration, despite different training programs (training once daily vs. twice every other day).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ijichi
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kazushige Goto
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
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Onyango IG, Dennis J, Khan SM. Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease and the Rationale for Bioenergetics Based Therapies. Aging Dis 2016; 7:201-14. [PMID: 27114851 PMCID: PMC4809610 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2015.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of cholinergic neurons, leading to the onset of severe behavioral, motor and cognitive impairments. It is a pressing public health problem with no effective treatment. Existing therapies only provide symptomatic relief without being able to prevent, stop or reverse the pathologic process. While the molecular basis underlying this multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder remains a significant challenge, mitochondrial dysfunction appears to be a critical factor in the pathogenesis of this disease. It is therefore important to target mitochondrial dysfunction in the prodromal phase of AD to slow or prevent the neurodegenerative process and restore neuronal function. In this review, we discuss mechanisms of action and translational potential of current mitochondrial and bioenergetic therapeutics for AD including: mitochondrial enhancers to potentiate energy production; antioxidants to scavenge reactive oxygen species and reduce oxidative damage; glucose metabolism and substrate supply; and candidates that target apoptotic and mitophagy pathways to remove damaged mitochondria. While mitochondrial therapeutic strategies have shown promise at the preclinical stage, there has been little progress in clinical trials thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G Onyango
- Gencia Biotechnology, 706 B Forest St, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Jameel Dennis
- Gencia Biotechnology, 706 B Forest St, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Shaharyah M Khan
- Gencia Biotechnology, 706 B Forest St, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
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Knuiman P, Hopman MTE, Mensink M. Glycogen availability and skeletal muscle adaptations with endurance and resistance exercise. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2015; 12:59. [PMID: 26697098 PMCID: PMC4687103 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-015-0055-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that glycogen depletion affects endurance exercise performance negatively. Moreover, numerous studies have demonstrated that post-exercise carbohydrate ingestion improves exercise recovery by increasing glycogen resynthesis. However, recent research into the effects of glycogen availability sheds new light on the role of the widely accepted energy source for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) resynthesis during endurance exercise. Indeed, several studies showed that endurance training with low glycogen availability leads to similar and sometimes even better adaptations and performance compared to performing endurance training sessions with replenished glycogen stores. In the case of resistance exercise, a few studies have been performed on the role of glycogen availability on the early post-exercise anabolic response. However, the effects of low glycogen availability on phenotypic adaptations and performance following prolonged resistance exercise remains unclear to date. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the effects of glycogen availability on skeletal muscle adaptations for both endurance and resistance exercise. Furthermore, it describes the role of glycogen availability when both exercise modes are performed concurrently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim Knuiman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria T E Hopman
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands ; Radboud University, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Department of Physiology, Geert Grooteplein-West 32, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Mensink
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Bomenweg 4, 6703 HD Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Chen Z, Luo J, Ma L, Wang H, Cao W, Xu H, Zhu J, Sun Y, Li J, Yao D, Kang K, Gou D. MiR130b-Regulation of PPARγ Coactivator- 1α Suppresses Fat Metabolism in Goat Mammary Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142809. [PMID: 26579707 PMCID: PMC4651502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fat metabolism is a complicated process regulated by a series of factors. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of negative regulator of proteins and play crucial roles in many biological processes; including fat metabolism. Although there have been some researches indicating that miRNAs could influence the milk fat metabolism through targeting some factors, little is known about the effect of miRNAs on goat milk fat metabolism. Here we utilized an improved miRNA detection assay, S-Poly-(T), to profile the expression of miRNAs in the goat mammary gland in different periods, and found that miR-130b was abundantly and differentially expressed in goat mammary gland. Additionally, overexpressing miR-130b impaired adipogenesis while inhibiting miR-130b enhanced adipogenesis in goat mammary epithelial cells. Utilizing 3'-UTR assay and Western Blot analusis, the protein peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1α (PGC1α), a major regulator of fat metabolism, was demonstrated to be a potential target of miR-130b. Interestingly, miR-130b potently repressed PGC1α expression by targeting both the PGC1α mRNA coding and 3' untranslated regions. These findings have some insight of miR-130b in mediating adipocyte differentiation by repressing PGC1α expression and this contributes to further understanding about the functional significance of miRNAs in milk fat synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Chen
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - LiuAn Ma
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - WenTing Cao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - HuiFei Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - JiangJiang Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - YuTing Sun
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - DaWei Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kang Kang
- College of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Deming Gou
- College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangzhou, China
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Payne BAI, Chinnery PF. Mitochondrial dysfunction in aging: Much progress but many unresolved questions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:1347-53. [PMID: 26050973 PMCID: PMC4580208 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The free radical theory of aging is almost 60 years old. As mitochondria are the principle source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), this hypothesis suggested a central role for the mitochondrion in normal mammalian aging. In recent years, however, much work has questioned the importance of mitochondrial ROS in driving aging. Conversely new evidence points to other facets of mitochondrial dysfunction which may nevertheless suggest the mitochondrion retains a critical role at the center of a complex web of processes leading to cellular and organismal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan A I Payne
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Patrick F Chinnery
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, UK.
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Kasper AM, Cocking S, Cockayne M, Barnard M, Tench J, Parker L, McAndrew J, Langan-Evans C, Close GL, Morton JP. Carbohydrate mouth rinse and caffeine improves high-intensity interval running capacity when carbohydrate restricted. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 16:560-8. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1041063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Peake JM, Markworth JF, Nosaka K, Raastad T, Wadley GD, Coffey VG. Modulating exercise-induced hormesis: Does less equal more? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:172-89. [PMID: 25977451 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01055.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormesis encompasses the notion that low levels of stress stimulate or upregulate existing cellular and molecular pathways that improve the capacity of cells and organisms to withstand greater stress. This notion underlies much of what we know about how exercise conditions the body and induces long-term adaptations. During exercise, the body is exposed to various forms of stress, including thermal, metabolic, hypoxic, oxidative, and mechanical stress. These stressors activate biochemical messengers, which in turn activate various signaling pathways that regulate gene expression and adaptive responses. Historically, antioxidant supplements, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and cryotherapy have been favored to attenuate or counteract exercise-induced oxidative stress and inflammation. However, reactive oxygen species and inflammatory mediators are key signaling molecules in muscle, and such strategies may mitigate adaptations to exercise. Conversely, withholding dietary carbohydrate and restricting muscle blood flow during exercise may augment adaptations to exercise. In this review article, we combine, integrate, and apply knowledge about the fundamental mechanisms of exercise adaptation. We also critically evaluate the rationale for using interventions that target these mechanisms under the overarching concept of hormesis. There is currently insufficient evidence to establish whether these treatments exert dose-dependent effects on muscle adaptation. However, there appears to be some dissociation between the biochemical/molecular effects and functional/performance outcomes of some of these treatments. Although several of these treatments influence common kinases, transcription factors, and proteins, it remains to be determined if these interventions complement or negate each other, and whether such effects are strong enough to influence adaptations to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sports Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia;
| | | | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Centre for Exercise and Sports Science Research, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Australia
| | | | - Glenn D Wadley
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Center for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vernon G Coffey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; and Bond Institute of Health and Sport and Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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Hawley JA, Morton JP. Ramping up the signal: promoting endurance training adaptation in skeletal muscle by nutritional manipulation. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2015; 41:608-13. [PMID: 25142094 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle results from the cumulative effect of transient increases in mRNA transcripts encoding mitochondrial proteins in response to repeated exercise sessions. This process requires the coordinated expression of both nuclear and mitochondrial (mt) DNA genomes and is regulated, for the most part, by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α. Several other exercise-inducible proteins also play important roles in promoting an endurance phenotype, including AMP-activated protein kinase, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and tumour suppressor protein p53. Commencing endurance-based exercise with low muscle glycogen availability results in greater activation of many of these signalling proteins compared with when the same exercise is undertaken with normal glycogen concentration, suggesting that nutrient availability is a potent signal that can modulate the acute cellular responses to a single bout of exercise. When exercise sessions are repeated in the face of low glycogen availability (i.e. chronic training), the phenotypic adaptations resulting from such interventions are also augmented.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hawley
- Exercise & Nutrition Research Group, School of Exercise Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia; Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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60
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Jensen L, Gejl KD, Ørtenblad N, Nielsen JL, Bech RD, Nygaard T, Sahlin K, Frandsen U. Carbohydrate restricted recovery from long term endurance exercise does not affect gene responses involved in mitochondrial biogenesis in highly trained athletes. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/2/e12184. [PMID: 25677542 PMCID: PMC4393183 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim was to determine if the metabolic adaptations, particularly PGC-1α and downstream metabolic genes were affected by restricting CHO following an endurance exercise bout in trained endurance athletes. A second aim was to compare baseline expression level of these genes to untrained. Elite endurance athletes (VO2max 66 ± 2 mL·kg(-1)·min(-1), n = 15) completed 4 h cycling at ~56% VO2max. During the first 4 h recovery subjects were provided with either CHO or only H2O and thereafter both groups received CHO. Muscle biopsies were collected before, after, and 4 and 24 h after exercise. Also, resting biopsies were collected from untrained subjects (n = 8). Exercise decreased glycogen by 67.7 ± 4.0% (from 699 ± 26.1 to 239 ± 29.5 mmol·kg(-1)·dw(-1)) with no difference between groups. Whereas 4 h of recovery with CHO partly replenished glycogen, the H2O group remained at post exercise level; nevertheless, the gene expression was not different between groups. Glycogen and most gene expression levels returned to baseline by 24 h in both CHO and H2O. Baseline mRNA expression of NRF-1, COX-IV, GLUT4 and PPAR-α gene targets were higher in trained compared to untrained. Additionally, the proportion of type I muscle fibers positively correlated with baseline mRNA for PGC-1α, TFAM, NRF-1, COX-IV, PPAR-α, and GLUT4 for both trained and untrained. CHO restriction during recovery from glycogen depleting exercise does not improve the mRNA response of markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Further, baseline gene expression of key metabolic pathways is higher in trained than untrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Jensen
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Institute of Clinical Research, Clinical Pathology, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kasper D Gejl
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Jakob L Nielsen
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rune D Bech
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Tobias Nygaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kent Sahlin
- The Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, GIH, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Frandsen
- Institute of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Resistance exercise with low glycogen increases p53 phosphorylation and PGC-1α mRNA in skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1185-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Interference between concurrent resistance and endurance exercise: molecular bases and the role of individual training variables. Sports Med 2014; 44:743-62. [PMID: 24728927 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Concurrent training is defined as simultaneously incorporating both resistance and endurance exercise within a periodized training regime. Despite the potential additive benefits of combining these divergent exercise modes with regards to disease prevention and athletic performance, current evidence suggests that this approach may attenuate gains in muscle mass, strength, and power compared with undertaking resistance training alone. This has been variously described as the interference effect or concurrent training effect. In recent years, understanding of the molecular mechanisms mediating training adaptation in skeletal muscle has emerged and provided potential mechanistic insight into the concurrent training effect. Although it appears that various molecular signaling responses induced in skeletal muscle by endurance exercise can inhibit pathways regulating protein synthesis and stimulate protein breakdown, human studies to date have not observed such molecular 'interference' following acute concurrent exercise that might explain compromised muscle hypertrophy following concurrent training. However, given the multitude of potential concurrent training variables and the limitations of existing evidence, the potential roles of individual training variables in acute and chronic interference are not fully elucidated. The present review explores current evidence for the molecular basis of the specificity of training adaptation and the concurrent interference phenomenon. Additionally, insights provided by molecular and performance-based concurrent training studies regarding the role of individual training variables (i.e., within-session exercise order, between-mode recovery, endurance training volume, intensity, and modality) in the concurrent interference effect are discussed, along with the limitations of our current understanding of this complex paradigm.
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Strobel NA, Matsumoto A, Peake JM, Marsh SA, Peternelj TT, Briskey D, Fassett RG, Coombes JS, Wadley GD. Altering the redox state of skeletal muscle by glutathione depletion increases the exercise-activation of PGC-1α. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/12/e12224. [PMID: 25538148 PMCID: PMC4332207 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between markers of mitochondrial biogenesis, cell signaling, and antioxidant enzymes by depleting skeletal muscle glutathione with diethyl maleate (DEM) which resulted in a demonstrable increase in oxidative stress during exercise. Animals were divided into six groups: (1) sedentary control rats; (2) sedentary rats + DEM; (3) exercise control rats euthanized immediately after exercise; (4) exercise rats + DEM; (5) exercise control rats euthanized 4 h after exercise; and (6) exercise rats + DEM euthanized 4 h after exercise. Exercising animals ran on the treadmill at a 10% gradient at 20 m/min for the first 30 min. The speed was then increased every 10 min by 1.6 m/min until exhaustion. There was a reduction in total glutathione in the skeletal muscle of DEM treated animals compared to the control animals (P < 0.05). Within the control group, total glutathione was higher in the sedentary group compared to after exercise (P < 0.05). DEM treatment also significantly increased oxidative stress, as measured by increased plasma F2–isoprostanes (P < 0.05). Exercising animals given DEM showed a significantly greater increase in peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ coactivator‐1α (PGC–1α) mRNA compared to the control animals that were exercised (P < 0.05). This study provides novel evidence that by lowering the endogenous antioxidant glutathione in skeletal muscle and inducing oxidative stress through exercise, PGC‐1α gene expression was augmented. These findings further highlight the important role of exercise induced oxidative stress in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis. A number of studies have attempted to elucidate mechanisms for the role of exercise‐induced reactive oxygen species in cell signalling and mitochondrial biogenesis including inhibiting reactive oxygen species production, either by enzymatic inhibitors such as the treatment of allopurinol, or through antioxidant supplementation. Our study is the first to investigate the relationship among mitochondrial biogenesis, cell signalling, and antioxidant enzymes by depleting skeletal muscle glutathione with diethyl maleate (DEM) which resulted in a demonstrable increase in oxidative stress during exercise. The major outcome of our study was that by reducing endogenous antioxidant glutathione content, there was impaired capacity for skeletal muscle to neutralize oxidative stress during exercise, resulting in greater PGC‐1α gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Strobel
- Exercise and Oxidative Stress Research Group, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aya Matsumoto
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan A Marsh
- College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, USA
| | - Tina-Tinkara Peternelj
- Exercise and Oxidative Stress Research Group, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Briskey
- Exercise and Oxidative Stress Research Group, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Robert G Fassett
- Exercise and Oxidative Stress Research Group, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- Exercise and Oxidative Stress Research Group, School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Glenn D Wadley
- Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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Leucine-enriched protein feeding does not impair exercise-induced free fatty acid availability and lipid oxidation: beneficial implications for training in carbohydrate-restricted states. Amino Acids 2014; 47:407-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1876-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Facteurs influençant la prescription d’activités physiques dans la prise en charge thérapeutique du patient diabétique de type 2. NUTR CLIN METAB 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nupar.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bartlett JD, Hawley JA, Morton JP. Carbohydrate availability and exercise training adaptation: too much of a good thing? Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:3-12. [PMID: 24942068 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.920926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Traditional nutritional approaches to endurance training have typically promoted high carbohydrate (CHO) availability before, during and after training sessions to ensure adequate muscle substrate to meet the demands of high daily training intensities and volumes. However, during the past decade, data from our laboratories and others have demonstrated that deliberately training in conditions of reduced CHO availability can promote training-induced adaptations of human skeletal muscle (i.e. increased maximal mitochondrial enzyme activities and/or mitochondrial content, increased rates of lipid oxidation and, in some instances, improved exercise capacity). Such data have led to the concept of 'training low, but competing high' whereby selected training sessions are completed in conditions of reduced CHO availability (so as to promote training adaptation), but CHO reserves are restored immediately prior to an important competition. The augmented training response observed with training-low strategies is likely regulated by enhanced activation of key cell signalling kinases (e.g. AMPK, p38MAPK), transcription factors (e.g. p53, PPARδ) and transcriptional co-activators (e.g. PGC-1α), such that a co-ordinated up-regulation of both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes occurs. Although the optimal practical strategies to train low are not currently known, consuming additional caffeine, protein, and practising CHO mouth-rinsing before and/or during training may help to rescue the reduced training intensities that typically occur when 'training low', in addition to preventing protein breakdown and maintaining optimal immune function. Finally, athletes should practise 'train-low' workouts in conjunction with sessions undertaken with normal or high CHO availability so that their capacity to oxidise CHO is not blunted on race day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Bartlett
- a Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences , Liverpool John Moores University , Liverpool , UK
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Chistiakov DA, Sobenin IA, Revin VV, Orekhov AN, Bobryshev YV. Mitochondrial aging and age-related dysfunction of mitochondria. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:238463. [PMID: 24818134 PMCID: PMC4003832 DOI: 10.1155/2014/238463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes in mitochondria are associated with decline in mitochondrial function. With advanced age, mitochondrial DNA volume, integrity and functionality decrease due to accumulation of mutations and oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). In aged subjects, mitochondria are characterized by impaired function such as lowered oxidative capacity, reduced oxidative phosphorylation, decreased ATP production, significant increase in ROS generation, and diminished antioxidant defense. Mitochondrial biogenesis declines with age due to alterations in mitochondrial dynamics and inhibition of mitophagy, an autophagy process that removes dysfunctional mitochondria. Age-dependent abnormalities in mitochondrial quality control further weaken and impair mitochondrial function. In aged tissues, enhanced mitochondria-mediated apoptosis contributes to an increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells. However, implementation of strategies such as caloric restriction and regular physical training may delay mitochondrial aging and attenuate the age-related phenotype in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A. Chistiakov
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Igor A. Sobenin
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow 121552, Russia
- Laboratory of Cellular Mechanisms of Atherogenesis, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia
| | - Victor V. Revin
- Biological Faculty, N.P. Ogaryov Mordovian State University, Saransk 430005, Russia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular Mechanisms of Atherogenesis, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia
- Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 143025, Russia
| | - Yuri V. Bobryshev
- Biological Faculty, N.P. Ogaryov Mordovian State University, Saransk 430005, Russia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
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