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Gold DA, Runnegar B, Gehling JG, Jacobs DK. Ancestral state reconstruction of ontogeny supports a bilaterian affinity for
Dickinsonia. Evol Dev 2015; 17:315-24. [DOI: 10.1111/ede.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David A. Gold
- Department of EarthAtmosphericand Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of Technology77 Massachusetts AvenueCambridgeMA 02139USA
| | - Bruce Runnegar
- Department of EarthPlanetaryand Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095‐1567USA
| | - James G. Gehling
- South Australia Museum and the Sprigg Geobiology CentreUniversity of Adelaide, North TerraceAdelaideSouth Australia 5000Australia
| | - David K. Jacobs
- Department of EarthPlanetaryand Space SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095‐1567USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCA 90095USA
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Abstract
The non-bilaterian animals comprise organisms in the phyla Porifera, Cnidaria, Ctenophora and Placozoa. These early-diverging phyla are pivotal to understanding the evolution of bilaterian animals. After the exponential increase in research in evolutionary development (evo-devo) in the last two decades, these organisms are again in the spotlight of evolutionary biology. In this work, I briefly review some aspects of the developmental biology of nonbilaterians that contribute to understanding the evolution of development and of the metazoans. The evolution of the developmental genetic toolkit, embryonic polarization, the origin of gastrulation and mesodermal cells, and the origin of neural cells are discussed. The possibility that germline and stem cell lineages have the same origin is also examined. Although a considerable number of non-bilaterian species are already being investigated, the use of species belonging to different branches of non-bilaterian lineages and functional experimentation with gene manipulation in the majority of the non-bilaterian lineages will be necessary for further progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Lanna
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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Gold DA, Nakanishi N, Hensley NM, Cozzolino K, Tabatabaee M, Martin M, Hartenstein V, Jacobs DK. Structural and Developmental Disparity in the Tentacles of the Moon Jellyfish Aurelia sp.1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134741. [PMID: 26241309 PMCID: PMC4524682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tentacles armed with stinging cells (cnidocytes) are a defining trait of the cnidarians, a phylum that includes sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, and hydras. While cnidarian tentacles are generally characterized as structures evolved for feeding and defense, significant variation exists between the tentacles of different species, and within the same species across different life stages and/or body regions. Such diversity suggests cryptic distinctions exist in tentacle function. In this paper, we use confocal and transmission electron microscopy to contrast the structure and development of tentacles in the moon jellyfish, Aurelia species 1. We show that polyp oral tentacles and medusa marginal tentacles display markedly different cellular and muscular architecture, as well as distinct patterns of cellular proliferation during growth. Many structural differences between these tentacle types may reflect biomechanical solutions to different feeding strategies, although further work would be required for a precise mechanistic understanding. However, differences in cell proliferation dynamics suggests that the two tentacle forms lack a conserved mechanism of development, challenging the textbook-notion that cnidarian tentacles can be homologized into a conserved bauplan.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Gold
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nagayasu Nakanishi
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholai M. Hensley
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kira Cozzolino
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mariam Tabatabaee
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michelle Martin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Volker Hartenstein
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David K. Jacobs
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biolology. University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
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Siebert S, Goetz FE, Church SH, Bhattacharyya P, Zapata F, Haddock SHD, Dunn CW. Stem cells in Nanomia bijuga (Siphonophora), a colonial animal with localized growth zones. EvoDevo 2015; 6:22. [PMID: 26090088 PMCID: PMC4471933 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0018-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Siphonophores (Hydrozoa) have unparalleled colony-level complexity, precision of colony organization, and functional specialization between zooids (i.e., the units that make up colonies). Previous work has shown that, unlike other colonial animals, most growth in siphonophores is restricted to one or two well-defined growth zones that are the sites of both elongation and zooid budding. It remained unknown, however, how this unique colony growth and development is realized at the cellular level. RESULTS To understand the colony-level growth and development of siphonophores at the cellular level, we characterize the distribution of proliferating cells and interstitial stem cells (i-cells) in the siphonophore Nanomia bijuga. Within the colony, we find evidence that i-cells are present at the tip of the horn, the structure within the growth zone that gives rise to new zooids. Co-localized gene expression of vasa-1, pl10, piwi, nanos-1, and nanos-2 suggests that i-cells persist in the youngest zooid buds and that i-cells become progressively restricted to specific regions within the zooids until they are mostly absent from the oldest zooids. The examined genes remain expressed in gametogenic regions. No evidence for i-cells is found in the stem between maturing zooids. Domains of high cell proliferation include regions where the examined genes are expressed, but also include some areas in which the examined genes were not expressed such as the stem within the growth zones. Cell proliferation in regions devoid of vasa-1, pl10, piwi, nanos-1, and nanos-2 expression indicates the presence of mitotically active epithelial cell lineages and, potentially, progenitor cell populations. CONCLUSIONS We provide the first evidence for i-cells in a siphonophore. Our findings suggest maintenance of i-cell populations at the sites of growth zones and that these sites are the main source of i-cells. This restriction of stem cells to particular regions in the colony, in combination with localized budding and spatial patterning during pro-bud subdivision, may play a major role in facilitating the precision of siphonophore growth. Spatially restricted maintenance of i-cells in mature zooids and absence of i-cells along the stem may explain the reduced developmental plasticity in older parts of the colony.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Siebert
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St. Box GW, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Freya E Goetz
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, 20004 Washington USA
| | - Samuel H Church
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St. Box GW, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Pathikrit Bhattacharyya
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St. Box GW, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | - Felipe Zapata
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St. Box GW, Providence, RI 02912 USA
| | | | - Casey W Dunn
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, 80 Waterman St. Box GW, Providence, RI 02912 USA
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55
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Helm RR, Tiozzo S, Lilley MKS, Lombard F, Dunn CW. Comparative muscle development of scyphozoan jellyfish with simple and complex life cycles. EvoDevo 2015; 6:11. [PMID: 25932322 PMCID: PMC4415277 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Simple life cycles arise from complex life cycles when one or more developmental stages are lost. This raises a fundamental question - how can an intermediate stage, such as a larva, be removed, and development still produce a normal adult? To address this question, we examined the development in several species of pelagiid jellyfish. Most members of Pelagiidae have a complex life cycle with a sessile polyp that gives rise to ephyrae (juvenile medusae); but one species within Pelagiidae, Pelagia noctiluca, spends its whole life in the water column, developing from a larva directly into an ephyra. In many complex life cycles, adult features develop from cell populations that remain quiescent in larvae, and this is known as life cycle compartmentalization and may facilitate the evolution of direct life cycles. A second type of metamorphic processes, known as remodeling, occurs when adult features are formed through modification of already differentiated larval structures. We examined muscle morphology to determine which of these alternatives may be present in Pelagiidae. Results We first examined the structure and development of polyp and ephyra musculature in Chrysaora quinquecirrha, a close relative of P. noctiluca with a complex life cycle. Using phallotoxin staining and confocal microscopy, we verified that polyps have four to six cord muscles that persist in strobilae and discovered that cord muscles is physically separated from ephyra muscle. When cord muscle is removed from ephyra segments, normal ephyra muscle still develops. This suggests that polyp cord muscle is not necessary for ephyra muscle formation. We also found no evidence of polyp-like muscle in P. noctiluca. In both species, we discovered that ephyra muscle arises de novo in a similar manner, regardless of the life cycle. Conclusions The separate origins of polyp and ephyra muscle in C. quinquecirrha and the absence of polyp-like muscle in P. noctiluca suggest that polyp muscle is not remodeled to form ephyra muscle in Pelagiidae. Life cycle stages in Scyphozoa may instead be compartmentalized. Because polyp muscle is not directly remodeled, this may have facilitated the loss of the polyp stage in the evolution of P. noctiluca. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13227-015-0005-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca R Helm
- Brown University, 80 Waterman St. Box GW, Providence, 02912 RI USA
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Observatoire Océanographique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Martin K S Lilley
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France ; Current address: School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS UK
| | - Fabien Lombard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7093, LOV, Observatoire Océanologique, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France
| | - Casey W Dunn
- Brown University, 80 Waterman St. Box GW, Providence, 02912 RI USA
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Abstract
The POU genes represent a diverse class of animal-specific transcription factors that play important roles in neurogenesis, pluripotency, and cell-type specification. Although previous attempts have been made to reconstruct the evolution of the POU class, these studies have been limited by a small number of representative taxa, and a lack of sequences from basally branching organisms. In this study, we performed comparative analyses on available genomes and sequences recovered through "gene fishing" to better resolve the topology of the POU gene tree. We then used ancestral state reconstruction to map the most likely changes in amino acid evolution for the conserved domains. Our work suggests that four of the six POU families evolved before the last common ancestor of living animals-doubling previous estimates-and were followed by extensive clade-specific gene loss. Amino acid changes are distributed unequally across the gene tree, consistent with a neofunctionalization model of protein evolution. We consider our results in the context of early animal evolution, and the role of POU5 genes in maintaining stem cell pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Gold
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Ruth D Gates
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - David K Jacobs
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of California, Los Angeles
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Gurska D, Garm A. Cell proliferation in cubozoan jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora and Alatina moseri. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102628. [PMID: 25047715 PMCID: PMC4105575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cubozoans (box jellyfish) undergo remarkable body reorganization throughout their life cycle when, first, they metamorphose from swimming larvae to sessile polyps, and second, through the metamorphosis from sessile polyps to free swimming medusae. In the latter they develop complex structures like the central nervous system (CNS) and visual organs. In the present study several aspects of cell proliferation at different stages of the life cycle of the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora and Alatina moseri have been examined through in vivo labeling of cells in the synthetic phase (S phase) of the cell cycle. Proliferation zones were found in metamorphosing polyps, as well as in juvenile medusae, where both the rhopalia and pedalia have enhanced rates of proliferation. The results also indicate a rather fast cell turnover in the rhopalia including the rhopalial nervous system (RNS). Moreover, T. cystophora showed diurnal pattern of cell proliferation in certain body parts of the medusa, with higher proliferation rates at nighttime. This is true for two areas in close connection with the CNS: the stalk base and the rhopalia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Gurska
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Garm
- Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Petralia RS, Mattson MP, Yao PJ. Aging and longevity in the simplest animals and the quest for immortality. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 16:66-82. [PMID: 24910306 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the examples of great longevity and potential immortality in the earliest animal types and contrast and compare these to humans and other higher animals. We start by discussing aging in single-celled organisms such as yeast and ciliates, and the idea of the immortal cell clone. Then we describe how these cell clones could become organized into colonies of different cell types that lead to multicellular animal life. We survey aging and longevity in all of the basal metazoan groups including ctenophores (comb jellies), sponges, placozoans, cnidarians (hydras, jellyfish, corals and sea anemones) and myxozoans. Then we move to the simplest bilaterian animals (with a head, three body cell layers, and bilateral symmetry), the two phyla of flatworms. A key determinant of longevity and immortality in most of these simple animals is the large numbers of pluripotent stem cells that underlie the remarkable abilities of these animals to regenerate and rejuvenate themselves. Finally, we discuss briefly the evolution of the higher bilaterians and how longevity was reduced and immortality lost due to attainment of greater body complexity and cell cycle strategies that protect these complex organisms from developing tumors. We also briefly consider how the evolution of multiple aging-related mechanisms/pathways hinders our ability to understand and modify the aging process in higher organisms.
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Babonis LS, Martindale MQ. Old cell, new trick? Cnidocytes as a model for the evolution of novelty. Integr Comp Biol 2014; 54:714-22. [PMID: 24771087 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icu027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how new cell types arise is critical for understanding the evolution of organismal complexity. Questions of this nature, however, can be difficult to answer due to the challenge associated with defining the identity of a truly novel cell. Cnidarians (anemones, jellies, and their allies) provide a unique opportunity to investigate the molecular regulation and development of cell-novelty because they possess a cell that is unique to the cnidarian lineage and that also has a very well-characterized phenotype: the cnidocyte (stinging cell). Because cnidocytes are thought to differentiate from the cell lineage that also gives rise to neurons, cnidocytes can be expected to express many of the same genes expressed in their neural "sister" cells. Conversely, only cnidocytes posses a cnidocyst (the explosive organelle that gives cnidocytes their sting); therefore, those genes or gene-regulatory relationships required for the development of the cnidocyst can be expected to be expressed uniquely (or in unique combination) in cnidocytes. This system provides an important opportunity to: (1) construct the gene-regulatory network (GRN) underlying the differentiation of cnidocytes, (2) assess the relative contributions of both conserved and derived genes in the cnidocyte GRN, and (3) test hypotheses about the role of novel regulatory relationships in the generation of novel cell types. In this review, we summarize common challenges to studying the evolution of novelty, introduce the utility of cnidocyte differentiation in the model cnidarian, Nematostella vectensis, as a means of overcoming these challenges, and describe an experimental approach that leverages comparative tissue-specific transcriptomics to generate hypotheses about the GRNs underlying the acquisition of the cnidocyte identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie S Babonis
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 N Oceanshore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
| | - Mark Q Martindale
- Whitney Laboratory for Marine Bioscience, University of Florida, 9505 N Oceanshore Blvd, St. Augustine, FL 32080, USA
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Posterior elongation in the annelid Platynereis dumerilii involves stem cells molecularly related to primordial germ cells. Dev Biol 2013; 382:246-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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61
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Stem cells in the context of evolution and development. Dev Genes Evol 2012; 223:1-3. [PMID: 23223955 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-012-0430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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