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Morgan-Richards M, Vilcot M, Trewick SA. Lack of assortative mating might explain reduced phenotypic differentiation where two grasshopper species meet. J Evol Biol 2021; 35:509-519. [PMID: 34091960 PMCID: PMC9290589 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hybridization is an evolutionary process with wide‐ranging potential outcomes, from providing populations with important genetic variation for adaptation to being a substantial fitness cost leading to extinction. Here, we focussed on putative hybridization between two morphologically distinct species of New Zealand grasshopper. We collected Phaulacridium marginale and Phaulacridium otagoense specimens from a region where mitochondrial introgression had been detected and where their habitat has been modified by introduced mammals eating the natural vegetation and by the colonization of many non‐native plant species. In contrast to observations in the 1970s, our sampling of wild pairs of grasshoppers in copula provided no evidence of assortative mating with respect to species. Geometric morphometrics on pronotum shape of individuals from areas of sympatry detected phenotypically intermediate specimens (putative hybrids), and the distribution of phenotypes in most areas of sympatry was found to be unimodal. These results suggest that hybridization associated with anthropogenic habitat changes has led to these closely related species forming a hybrid swarm, with random mating. Without evidence of hybrid disadvantage, we suggest a novel hybrid lineage might eventually result from the merging of these two species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maurine Vilcot
- Wildlife & Ecology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Steven A Trewick
- Wildlife & Ecology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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52
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Plum F, Labonte D. scAnt-an open-source platform for the creation of 3D models of arthropods (and other small objects). PeerJ 2021; 9:e11155. [PMID: 33954036 PMCID: PMC8048404 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present scAnt, an open-source platform for the creation of digital 3D models of arthropods and small objects. scAnt consists of a scanner and a Graphical User Interface, and enables the automated generation of Extended Depth Of Field images from multiple perspectives. These images are then masked with a novel automatic routine which combines random forest-based edge-detection, adaptive thresholding and connected component labelling. The masked images can then be processed further with a photogrammetry software package of choice, including open-source options such as Meshroom, to create high-quality, textured 3D models. We demonstrate how these 3D models can be rigged to enable realistic digital specimen posing, and introduce a novel simple yet effective method to include semi-realistic representations of approximately planar and transparent structures such as wings. As a result of the exclusive reliance on generic hardware components, rapid prototyping and open-source software, scAnt costs only a fraction of available comparable systems. The resulting accessibility of scAnt will (i) drive the development of novel and powerful methods for machine learning-driven behavioural studies, leveraging synthetic data; (ii) increase accuracy in comparative morphometric studies as well as extend the available parameter space with area and volume measurements; (iii) inspire novel forms of outreach; and (iv) aid in the digitisation efforts currently underway in several major natural history collections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Plum
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David Labonte
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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53
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Unger CM, Devine J, Hallgrímsson B, Rolian C. Selection for increased tibia length in mice alters skull shape through parallel changes in developmental mechanisms. eLife 2021; 10:67612. [PMID: 33899741 PMCID: PMC8118654 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bones in the vertebrate cranial base and limb skeleton grow by endochondral ossification, under the control of growth plates. Mechanisms of endochondral ossification are conserved across growth plates, which increases covariation in size and shape among bones, and in turn may lead to correlated changes in skeletal traits not under direct selection. We used micro-CT and geometric morphometrics to characterize shape changes in the cranium of the Longshanks mouse, which was selectively bred for longer tibiae. We show that Longshanks skulls became longer, flatter, and narrower in a stepwise process. Moreover, we show that these morphological changes likely resulted from developmental changes in the growth plates of the Longshanks cranial base, mirroring changes observed in its tibia. Thus, indirect and non-adaptive morphological changes can occur due to developmental overlap among distant skeletal elements, with important implications for interpreting the evolutionary history of vertebrate skeletal form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colton M Unger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Canada
| | - Jay Devine
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Campbell Rolian
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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54
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On the Misidentification of Species: Sampling Error in Primates and Other Mammals Using Geometric Morphometrics in More Than 4000 Individuals. Evol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-021-09531-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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55
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Vilaseca C, Méndez MA, Pinto CF, Lemic D, Benítez HA. Unraveling the Morphological Variation of Triatoma infestans in the Peridomestic Habitats of Chuquisaca Bolivia: A Geometric Morphometric Approach. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12020185. [PMID: 33671621 PMCID: PMC7926573 DOI: 10.3390/insects12020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Morphometrics has been used on Triatomines, a well-known phenotypically variable insect, to understand the process of morphological plasticity and infer the changes of this phenomenon. The following research was carried out in two regions of the inter-Andean valleys and two Chaco regions of Chuquisaca-Bolivia. Triatoma infestans adults were collected from the peridomestic (pens and chicken coops) along a geographic gradient in order to evaluate the morphological differentiation between groups and their pattern of sexual shape dimorphism. Geometric morphometric methods were applied on the wings and heads of T. infestans. The main findings include that we proved sexual dimorphism in heads and wings, determined the impact of environmental factors on size and shape and validated the impact of nutrition on head shape variation. These results show that geometric morphometric procedures can be used to provide key insight into the biological adaptation of T. infestans on different biotic (nutrition) and abiotic (environment) conditions, which could serve in understanding and evaluating infestation processes and further vector control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Vilaseca
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Sucre, Bolivia; (C.V.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Marco A. Méndez
- Laboratorio de Genética y Evolución, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 6640022, Chile;
| | - Carlos F. Pinto
- Laboratorio de Ecología Química, Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Sucre, Bolivia; (C.V.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Darija Lemic
- Department of Agricultural Zoology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Svetošimunska 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Hugo A. Benítez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile
- Correspondence:
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56
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Introduced predator elicits population-specific responses from prey. Biol Invasions 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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57
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Evin A, Bonhomme V, Claude J. Optimizing digitalization effort in morphometrics. Biol Methods Protoc 2020; 5:bpaa023. [PMID: 33324759 PMCID: PMC7723759 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying phenotypes is a common practice for addressing questions regarding morphological variation. The time dedicated to data acquisition can vary greatly depending on methods and on the required quantity of information. Optimizing digitization effort can be done either by pooling datasets among users, by automatizing data collection, or by reducing the number of measurements. Pooling datasets among users is not without risk since potential errors arising from multiple operators in data acquisition prevent combining morphometric datasets. We present an analytical workflow to estimate within and among operator biases and to assess whether morphometric datasets can be pooled. We show that pooling and sharing data requires careful examination of the errors occurring during data acquisition, that the choice of morphometric approach influences amount of error, and that in some cases pooling data should be avoided. The demonstration is based on a worked example (Sus scrofa teeth) using a combinations of 18 morphometric approaches and datasets for which we identified and quantified several potential sources of errors in the workflow. We show that it is possible to estimate the analytical power of a study using a small subset of data to select the best morphometric protocol and to optimize the number of variables necessary for analysis. In particular, we focus on semi-landmarks, which often produce an inflation of variables in contrast to the number of available observations use in statistical testing. We show how the workflow can be used for optimizing digitization efforts and provide recommendations for best practices in error management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allowen Evin
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-Montpellier, UMR 5554-ISEM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, CC065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Vincent Bonhomme
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-Montpellier, UMR 5554-ISEM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, CC065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Julien Claude
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-Montpellier, UMR 5554-ISEM, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, IRD, EPHE, 2 place Eugène Bataillon, CC065, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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58
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Macumber AL, Roe HM, Prentice SV, Sayer CD, Bennion H, Salgado J. Freshwater Testate Amoebae (Arcellinida) Response to Eutrophication as Revealed by Test Size and Shape Indices. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.568904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the potential for applying traits-based approaches to freshwater testate amoeba, a diverse protist group that are abundant in lakes and are valuable ecological indicators. We investigated the efficacy of geometric morphometric analysis to define Arcellinida test size and shape indices that could summarize freshwater testate amoeba community dynamics along a temporal gradient of eutrophication in Loch Leven, Scotland (United Kingdom). A cluster analysis of test size and shape indices yielded three clusters, each dominated by a single shape: elongate, spherical and ovoid. When plotted stratigraphically, we observed increases in spherical tests, decreases in elongate tests and shrinking of test size coeval with eutrophication in Loch Leven. Decreases in the elongate cluster may reflect benthic conditions with reduced oxygen levels, while increases in the spherical cluster are likely associated with an expanding macrophyte community that promoted pelagic and epibiotic life habits. Shrinking of test size may be a stress response to eutrophication and/or warming temperatures. Tracking community dynamics using test size and shape indices was found to be as effective as using species-based approaches to summarize key palaeolimnological changes, with the added benefits of being free from taxonomic bias and error. The approach thus shows significant potential for future studies of aquatic community change in nutrient impacted lakes.
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59
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Berio F, Evin A, Goudemand N, Debiais‐Thibaud M. The intraspecific diversity of tooth morphology in the large-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus stellaris: insights into the ontogenetic cues driving sexual dimorphism. J Anat 2020; 237:960-978. [PMID: 32667054 PMCID: PMC7542197 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Teeth in sharks are shed and replaced throughout their lifetime. Morphological dental changes through ontogeny have been identified in several species and have been correlated with shifts in diet and the acquisition of sexual maturity. However, these changes were rarely quantified in detail along multiple ontogenetic stages, which makes it difficult to infer the developmental processes responsible for the observed plasticity. In this work, we use micro-computed tomography and 3D geometric morphometrics to describe and analyze the tooth size and shape diversity across three ontogenetic stages (hatchling, juvenile, and sexually mature) in the large-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758). We first describe the intra-individual variation of tooth form for each sex at each ontogenetic stage. We provide a tooth morphospace for palatoquadrate and Meckelian teeth and identify dental features, such as relative size and number of cusps, involved in the range of variation of the observed morphologies. We then use these shape data to draw developmental trajectories between ontogenetic stages and for each tooth position within the jaw to characterize ontogenetic patterns of sexual dimorphism. We highlight the emergence of gynandric heterodonty between the juvenile and mature ontogenetic stages, with mature females having tooth morphologies more similar to juveniles' than mature males that display regression in the number of accessory cusps. From these data, we speculate on the developmental processes that could account for such developmental plasticity in S. stellaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidji Berio
- CNRS, IRD, EPHEUMR5554Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, ISEMUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonInstitut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de LyonUMR 5242Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Univ. LyonLyonFrance
| | - Allowen Evin
- CNRS, IRD, EPHEUMR5554Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, ISEMUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
| | - Nicolas Goudemand
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueÉcole Normale Supérieure de LyonInstitut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de LyonUMR 5242Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1Univ. LyonLyonFrance
| | - Mélanie Debiais‐Thibaud
- CNRS, IRD, EPHEUMR5554Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution de Montpellier, ISEMUniversité de MontpellierMontpellierFrance
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60
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How Exactly Did the Nose Get That Long? A Critical Rethinking of the Pinocchio Effect and How Shape Changes Relate to Landmarks. Evol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-020-09520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractThe Pinocchio effect has long been discussed in the literature on geometric morphometrics. It denotes the observation that Procrustes superimposition tends to distribute shape changes over many landmarks, even though a different superimposition may exist for the same landmark configurations that concentrates changes in just one or a few landmarks. This is widely seen as a flaw of Procrustes methods. Visualizations illustrating the Pinocchio effect use a comparison of the same pair of shapes superimposed in two different ways: in a resistant-fit superimposition that concentrates the shape difference in just one or a few landmarks, and in Procrustes superimposition, which distributes differences over most or all landmarks. Because these superimpositions differ only in the non-shape aspects of size, position and orientation, they are equivalent from the perspective of shape analysis. Simulation studies of the Pinocchio effect usually generate data, either single pairs or larger samples of landmark configurations, in a particular superimposition so that differences occur mostly or exclusively at just one or a few landmarks, but no steps are taken to remove variation from size, position and orientation. When these configurations are then compared with Procrustes-superimposed data, differences appear and are attributed to the Pinocchio effect. Overall, it is ironic that all manifestations of the Pinocchio effect in one way or another rely on differences in the non-shape properties of position and orientation. Rigorous thinking about shape variation and careful choice of visualization methods can prevent confusion over this issue.
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61
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Marcy AE, Guillerme T, Sherratt E, Rowe KC, Phillips MJ, Weisbecker V. Australian Rodents Reveal Conserved Cranial Evolutionary Allometry across 10 Million Years of Murid Evolution. Am Nat 2020; 196:755-768. [PMID: 33211559 DOI: 10.1086/711398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAmong vertebrates, placental mammals are particularly variable in the covariance between cranial shape and body size (allometry), with rodents being a major exception. Australian murid rodents allow an assessment of the cause of this anomaly because they radiated on an ecologically diverse continent notably lacking other terrestrial placentals. Here, we use 3D geometric morphometrics to quantify species-level and evolutionary allometries in 38 species (317 crania) from all Australian murid genera. We ask whether ecological opportunity resulted in greater allometric diversity compared with other rodents or whether conserved allometry suggests intrinsic constraints and/or stabilizing selection. We also assess whether cranial shape variation follows the proposed rule of craniofacial evolutionary allometry (CREA), whereby larger species have relatively longer snouts and smaller braincases. To ensure we could differentiate parallel versus nonparallel species-level allometric slopes, we compared the slopes of rarefied samples across all clades. We found exceedingly conserved allometry and CREA-like patterns across the 10-million-year split between Mus and Australian murids. This could support both intrinsic-constraint and stabilizing-selection hypotheses for conserved allometry. Large-bodied frugivores evolved faster than other species along the allometric trajectory, which could suggest stabilizing selection on the shape of the masticatory apparatus as body size changes.
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62
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Vasil’ev AG, Vasil’eva IA, Gorodilova YV, Chibiryak MV. Coupled Chronographic Variation of Morphofunctional Traits in Cenopopulations of Two Sympatric Rodent Species. RUSS J ECOL+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413620040128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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63
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Effect of altitude on wing metric variation of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in a region of the Colombian Central Andes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228975. [PMID: 32817690 PMCID: PMC7440630 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In mosquitoes of medical importance, wing shape and size can vary with altitude, an aspect that can influence dispersion and, consequently, their vector capacity. Using geometric morphometry analysis, Aedes aegypti wing size and shape variation of males and females was studied in four altitudes in the second-smallest department in Colombia: 1,200 m (Tebaida), 1,400 m (Armenia), 1,500 m (Calarcá), and 1,700 m (Filandia). Wing shape in males (P < 0.001) and females (P < 0.001) was significantly different through the altitudinal gradient; in turn, wing size in males followed the altitudinal gradient males (R2 = 0.04946, P = 0.0002), females (R2 = 0.0011, P = 0.46). Wing allometry for males (P < 0.001) and females (P < 0.001) was significant. Likewise, the shape and size of the wings of males (P < 0.001) and females (P < 0.001) had significant fluctuating asymmetry. It is concluded that, in a small scale with an altitudinal variation of 500 meters, it is detected that the size and shape of the wings varied in A. aegypti, main vector the agents that cause dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. The fluctuating asymmetry is present in the individuals studied and could be associated with environmental effects caused by vector control campaigns present in some sampling locations.
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64
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Feiner N, Jackson IS, Munch KL, Radersma R, Uller T. Plasticity and evolutionary convergence in the locomotor skeleton of Greater Antillean Anolis lizards. eLife 2020; 9:57468. [PMID: 32788040 PMCID: PMC7508556 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasticity can put evolution on repeat if development causes species to generate similar morphologies in similar environments. Anolis lizards offer the opportunity to put this role of developmental plasticity to the test. Following colonization of the four Greater Antillean islands, Anolis lizards independently and repeatedly evolved six ecomorphs adapted to manoeuvring different microhabitats. By quantifying the morphology of the locomotor skeleton of 95 species, we demonstrate that ecomorphs on different islands have diverged along similar trajectories. However, microhabitat-induced morphological plasticity differed between species and did not consistently improve individual locomotor performance. Consistent with this decoupling between morphological plasticity and locomotor performance, highly plastic features did not show greater evolvability, and plastic responses to microhabitat were poorly aligned with evolutionary divergence between ecomorphs. The locomotor skeleton of Anolis may have evolved within a subset of possible morphologies that are highly accessible through genetic change, enabling adaptive convergence independently of plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kirke L Munch
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart TAS, Australia
| | | | - Tobias Uller
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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65
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Wasiljew BD, Pfaender J, Wipfler B, Utama IV, Herder F. Do we need the third dimension? Quantifying the effect of the z-axis in 3D geometric morphometrics based on sailfin silversides (Telmatherinidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:537-545. [PMID: 32447773 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of the third dimension in geometric morphometrics (GM) using sailfin silversides (Telmatherinidae) from the Malili Lakes of Sulawesi (Indonesia). The three morphospecies of the monophyletic "roundfin" radiation are laterally compressed and vary in shape traits. The results of 2D and 3D GM were compared and quantified to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of both methods for closely related species and their sexes. This approach focused on the head because it is far more complex and three-dimensionally structured than the trunk or the caudal region. The results revealed no significant benefit concerning repeatability and measurement error in 3D GM compared to 2D GM. The z-axis contributed substantially to the variance of the 3D data set but was irrelevant for discrimination of species and sexes in the approach. Limited gain in information was contrasted by substantially higher effort for 3D compared to the 2D analyses. The study concluded that 2D GM is the more efficient shape analysis approach for discriminating roundfins. Broader studies are needed to test which of the two methods is more efficient in distinguishing laterally compressed fishes in general. For future studies, due to the high investment required, this study recommends carefully evaluating the necessity of 3D GM. If in doubt, this study suggests testing for congruence between 2D and 3D GM with a subsample and consequently applying 2D GM in the case of high congruence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Wasiljew
- Sektion Ichthyologie, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jobst Pfaender
- Ichthyologie, Naturkundemuseum Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wipfler
- Sektion Ichthyologie, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ilham Vemandra Utama
- Ichthyology Laboratory, Division of Zoology, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Fabian Herder
- Sektion Ichthyologie, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
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Vrdoljak J, Sanchez KI, Arreola-Ramos R, Diaz Huesa EG, Villagra A, Avila LJ, Morando M. Testing repeatability, measurement error and species differentiation when using geometric morphometrics on complex shapes: a case study of Patagonian lizards of the genus Liolaemus (Squamata: Liolaemini). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The repeatability of findings is the key factor behind scientific reliability, and the failure to reproduce scientific findings has been termed the ‘replication crisis’. Geometric morphometrics is an established tool in evolutionary biology. However, different operators (and/or different methods) could act as large sources of variation in the data obtained. Here, we investigated inter-operator error in geometric morphometric protocols on complex shapes of Liolaemus lizards, as well as measurement error in three taxa varying in their difficulty of digitalization. We also examined the potential for these protocols to discriminate among complex shapes in closely related species. We found a wide range of inter-operator error, contributing between 19.5% and 60% to the total variation. Moreover, measurement error increased with the complexity of the quantified shape. All protocols were able to discriminate between species, but the use of more landmarks did not imply better performance. We present evidence that complex shapes reduce repeatability, highlighting the need to explore different sources of variation that could lead to such low repeatability. Lastly, we suggest some recommendations to improve the repeatability and reliability of geometric morphometrics results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vrdoljak
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPEEC-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Kevin Imanol Sanchez
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPEEC-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Roberto Arreola-Ramos
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPEEC-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Emilce Guadalupe Diaz Huesa
- Instituto de Diversidad y Evolución Austral, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IDEAUS-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Villagra
- Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco (UNPSJB), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Luciano Javier Avila
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPEEC-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Mariana Morando
- Instituto Patagónico para el Estudio de los Ecosistemas Continentales, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (IPEEC-CONICET), Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
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Benítez HA, Sukhodolskaya RA, Órdenes-Clavería R, Avtaeva TA, Kushalieva SA, Saveliev AA. Measuring the Inter and Intraspecific Sexual Shape Dimorphism and Body Shape Variation in Generalist Ground Beetles in Russia. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11060361. [PMID: 32531974 PMCID: PMC7349662 DOI: 10.3390/insects11060361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ground beetles in multiple species vary greatly in the expression of the shape on sexual traits, resulting in a sexual shape dimorphism as a consequence of sexual selection differences. The present research focuses on the study of inter and intrasexual sexual shape dimorphism of two generalist genera of ground beetles Pterostichus and Carabus. Geometric morphometric methods were applied to five generalist species of ground beetles Carabus exaratus, C. granulatus, Pterostichus melanarius, P. niger, and P. oblongopunctatus and several multivariate analyses were applied for two different traits, abdomen and elytra. Three of the five species analyzed showed high levels of sex-based shape dimorphism. However, the most generalist species, P. melanarius and P. oblongopunctatus, did not evidence shape-based sexual dimorphism differentiation in both of the analyzed traits, as statistically confirmed based on the permutation of pairwise comparison of the Mahalanobis distances of a sex–species classifier. It is generally known that environmental stress in natural populations can affect the fitness expression, principally related to sexual fecundity, being that this pattern is more evident in non-generalist species. In our results, the contrary pattern was found, with the absence of sexual shape dimorphism for two of the three generalist species analyzed. On the other hand, the interspecies shape variation was clearly identified using principal component analysis of both of the analyzed traits. Finally, this research is the first to analyze the relationship between sexual shape dimorphism in Russian ground beetles, evidencing the lack of understanding of the mechanism underlying the sexual dimorphism, especially in species living in extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo A. Benítez
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-978895630
| | - Raisa A. Sukhodolskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Mineral Resource Management Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan Republic, Tatarstan, Kazan 420000, Russia;
| | - Rodrigo Órdenes-Clavería
- Laboratorio de Ecología y Morfometría Evolutiva, Centro de Investigación de Estudios Avanzados del Maule, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca 3466706, Chile;
| | - Tamara A. Avtaeva
- Kh. Ibragimov Complex Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Grozny 364014, Russia;
| | - Shapaat A. Kushalieva
- Department of Biology and Methods of Teaching (Head), Chechen State Pedagogical University, Grozny 364014, Russia;
| | - Anatoly A. Saveliev
- Department of Ecosystem Modeling, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, Kazan 420000, Russia;
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68
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Bertsatos A, Chovalopoulou ME, Brůžek J, Bejdová Š. Advanced procedures for skull sex estimation using sexually dimorphic morphometric features. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:1927-1937. [PMID: 32504147 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces an automated method for estimating sex from cranial sex diagnostic traits by extracting and evaluating specialized morphometric features from the glabella, the supraorbital ridge, the occipital protuberance, and the mastoid process. The proposed method was developed and evaluated using two European population samples, a Czech sample comprising 170 crania reconstructed from anonymized CT scans and a Greek sample of 156 crania from the Athens Collection. It is based on a fully automatic algorithm applied on 3D models for extracting sex diagnostic morphometric features which are further processed by computer vision and machine learning algorithms. Classification accuracy was evaluated in a population specific and a population generic 2-way cross-validation scheme. Population-specific accuracy for individual morphometric features ranged from 78.5 to 96.7%, whereas population generic correct classification ranged from 71.7 to 90.8%. Combining all sex diagnostic traits in multi-feature sex estimation yielded correct classification performance in excess of 91% for the entire sample, whereas the sex of about three fourths of the sample could be determined with 100% accuracy according to posterior probability estimates. The proposed method provides an efficient and reliable way to estimate sex from cranial remains, and it offers significant advantages over existing methods. The proposed method can be readily implemented with the skullanalyzer computer program and the estimate_sex.m GNU Octave function, which are freely available under a suitable license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bertsatos
- Department of Animal and Human Physiology, Faculty of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR 157 01, Athens, Greece.
| | - Maria-Eleni Chovalopoulou
- Science and Technology in Archaeology and Culture Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Aglantzia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Bejdová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
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69
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Assessment of Shape Variation Patterns in Triatoma infestans (Klug 1834) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Triatominae): A First Report in Populations from Bolivia. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11050274. [PMID: 32365855 PMCID: PMC7290822 DOI: 10.3390/insects11050274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The morphological variations of four populations of geographically isolated Triatoma infestans located in the area of inter-Andean valleys and Chaco of Chuquisaca, Bolivia, were evaluated. Fifty-three females and sixty-one males were collected in the peri-domicile and analyzed with geometric morphometrics tools to study the patterns of the head and wing shape variation. The principal component analysis and canonical variate analysis revealed morphological variations between the populations studied, which were then confirmed by the permutation test of the differences between populations using Mahalanobis and Procustes distances. The multivariate regression analysis shows that the centroid size influences the shape of the heads and wings. T. infestans of the inter-Andean valleys are longer in the head and wings compared to the population of the Chaco. We propose that the geometric shape variation may be explained by geographical changes in climatic conditions, peri-domiciliar habitats, food source quality, and the use of insecticides.
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70
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Bertin A, Damiens G, Castillo D, Figueroa R, Minier C, Gouin N. Developmental instability is associated with estrogenic endocrine disruption in the Chilean native fish species, Trichomycterus areolatus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136638. [PMID: 31982740 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are widespread contaminants that alter the normal functioning of the endocrine system. While they cause dysfunctions in essential biological processes, it is unclear whether EDCs also impact developmental stability. In the present study, we investigated the occurrence of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds in a small watershed of south-central Chile impacted by anthropogenic activities. Then, we assessed their relationship with internal levels of estrogenic active compounds and fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a proxy of developmental stability in organisms with bilateral symmetry, in a native fish species (Trichomycterus areolatus). Yeast estrogenic screen assays were performed to measure estrogenic activity in river sediments and in male fish tissues collected from 17 sites along the Chillán watershed, and geometric morphometrics used to estimate fluctuating asymmetry based on the shapes of 248 fish skulls. Estrogenic activity was detected both in sediments and male fish tissues at concentrations of up to 1005 ng and 83 ng 17β-estradiol equivalent/kg dw, respectively. No significant correlation was found between the two. However, fish tissue estrogenicity, water temperature and dissolved oxygen explained >80% of the FA population variation. By showing a significant relationship between estrogenic activity and FA of T. areolatus, our results indicate that developmental stability can be altered by estrogenic endocrine disruption, and that FA can be a useful indicator of sub-lethal stress in T. areolatus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angéline Bertin
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile.
| | - Gautier Damiens
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile
| | - Daniela Castillo
- Programa de doctorado en Energía, Agua y Medio Ambiente, Universidad de La Serena, Benavente 980, La Serena, Chile.
| | - Ricardo Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Centro EULA-Chile, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Christophe Minier
- UMR-I 02 SEBIO - Stress Environnementaux et BIOsurveillance des milieu aquatiques, Université du Havre, 25 rue Philippe Lebon, BP1123, 76063 Le Havre cedex, France.
| | - Nicolas Gouin
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Raúl Bitrán 1305, La Serena, Chile; Instituto de Investigación Multidisciplinar en Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile.
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71
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Agbolade O, Nazri A, Yaakob R, Ghani AA, Cheah YK. Morphometric approach to 3D soft-tissue craniofacial analysis and classification of ethnicity, sex, and age. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228402. [PMID: 32271782 PMCID: PMC7145022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The application of three-dimensional scan models offers a useful resource for studying craniofacial variation. The complex mathematical analysis for facial point acquisition in three-dimensional models has made many craniofacial assessments laborious. Method This study investigates three-dimensional (3D) soft-tissue craniofacial variation, with relation to ethnicity, sex and age variables in British and Irish white Europeans. This utilizes a geometric morphometric approach on a subsampled dataset comprising 292 scans, taken from a Liverpool-York Head Model database. Shape variation and analysis of each variable are tested using 20 anchor anatomical landmarks and 480 sliding semi-landmarks. Results Significant ethnicity, sex, and age differences are observed for measurement covering major aspects of the craniofacial shape. The ethnicity shows subtle significant differences compared to sex and age; even though it presents the lowest classification accuracy. The magnitude of dimorphism in sex is revealed in the facial, nasal and crania measurement. Significant shape differences are also seen at each age group, with some distinct dimorphic features present in the age groups. Conclusions The patterns of shape variation show that white British individuals have a more rounded head shape, whereas white Irish individuals have a narrower head shape. White British persons also demonstrate higher classification accuracy. Regarding sex patterns, males are relatively larger than females, especially in the mouth and nasal regions. Females presented with higher classification accuracy than males. The differences in the chin, mouth, nose, crania, and forehead emerge from different growth rates between the groups. Classification accuracy is best for children and senior adult age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Agbolade
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azree Nazri
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
- * E-mail:
| | - Razali Yaakob
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Azim Ghani
- Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Kqueen Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
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72
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Cardini A. Modern morphometrics and the study of population differences: Good data behind clever analyses and cool pictures? Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 303:2747-2765. [PMID: 32220106 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The study of phenotypic variation in time and space is central to evolutionary biology. Modern geometric morphometrics is the leading family of methods for the quantitative analysis of biological forms. This set of techniques relies heavily on technological innovation for data acquisition, often in the form of 2D or 3D digital images, and on powerful multivariate statistical tools for their analysis. However, neither the most sophisticated device for computerized imaging nor the best statistical test can produce accurate, robust and reproducible results, if it is not based on really good samples and an appropriate use of the 'measurements' extracted from the data. Using examples mostly from my own work on mammal craniofacial variation and museum specimens, I will show how easy it is to forget these most basic assumptions, while focusing heavily on analytical and visualization methods, and much less on the data that generate potentially powerful analyses and visually appealing diagrams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.,School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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73
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Fox NS, Veneracion JJ, Blois JL. Are geometric morphometric analyses replicable? Evaluating landmark measurement error and its impact on extant and fossil Microtus classification. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3260-3275. [PMID: 32273985 PMCID: PMC7140992 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Geometric morphometric analyses are frequently employed to quantify biological shape and shape variation. Despite the popularity of this technique, quantification of measurement error in geometric morphometric datasets and its impact on statistical results is seldom assessed in the literature. Here, we evaluate error on 2D landmark coordinate configurations of the lower first molar of five North American Microtus (vole) species. We acquired data from the same specimens several times to quantify error from four data acquisition sources: specimen presentation, imaging devices, interobserver variation, and intraobserver variation. We then evaluated the impact of those errors on linear discriminant analysis-based classifications of the five species using recent specimens of known species affinity and fossil specimens of unknown species affinity. Results indicate that data acquisition error can be substantial, sometimes explaining >30% of the total variation among datasets. Comparisons of datasets digitized by different individuals exhibit the greatest discrepancies in landmark precision, and comparison of datasets photographed from different presentation angles yields the greatest discrepancies in species classification results. All error sources impact statistical classification to some extent. For example, no two landmark dataset replicates exhibit the same predicted group memberships of recent or fossil specimens. Our findings emphasize the need to mitigate error as much as possible during geometric morphometric data collection. Though the impact of measurement error on statistical fidelity is likely analysis-specific, we recommend that all geometric morphometric studies standardize specimen imaging equipment, specimen presentations (if analyses are 2D), and landmark digitizers to reduce error and subsequent analytical misinterpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel S. Fox
- Environmental Systems Graduate GroupUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCAUSA
| | - Joseph J. Veneracion
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCAUSA
| | - Jessica L. Blois
- Department of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaMercedCAUSA
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74
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White JD, Ortega-Castrillon A, Virgo C, Indencleef K, Hoskens H, Shriver MD, Claes P. Sources of variation in the 3dMDface and Vectra H1 3D facial imaging systems. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4443. [PMID: 32157192 PMCID: PMC7064576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61333-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As technology advances and collaborations grow, our ability to finely quantify and explore morphological variation in 3D structures can enable important discoveries and insights into clinical, evolutionary, and genetic questions. However, it is critical to explore and understand the relative contribution of potential sources of error to the structures under study. In this study, we isolated the level of error in 3D facial images attributable to four sources, using the 3dMDface and Vectra H1 camera systems. When the two camera systems are used separately to image human participants, this analysis finds an upper bound of error potentially introduced by the use of the 3dMDface or Vectra H1 camera systems, in conjunction with the MeshMonk registration toolbox, at 0.44 mm and 0.40 mm, respectively. For studies using both camera systems, this upper bound increases to 0.85 mm, on average, and there are systematic differences in the representation of the eyelids, nostrils, and mouth by the two camera systems. Our results highlight the need for careful assessment of potential sources of error in 3D images, both in terms of magnitude and position, especially when dealing with very small measurements or performing many tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D White
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.
| | - Alejandra Ortega-Castrillon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ciara Virgo
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Karlijne Indencleef
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hanne Hoskens
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mark D Shriver
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Peter Claes
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ESAT/PSI, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Medical Imaging Research Center, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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75
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Does sediment composition sort kinorhynch communities? An ecomorphological approach through geometric morphometrics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2603. [PMID: 32054942 PMCID: PMC7018755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecomorphology studies the relationship between organisms' morphology and environment features. To better understand whether the shape of the body and the appendages involved in the movement is correlated to sediment composition in meiofaunal organisms, we study the evolved morphological adaptations to environment in selected taxa of the phylum Kinorhyncha: the allomalorhagid families Dracoderidae and Pycnophyidae, and the cyclorhagid genus Echinoderes. The selected taxa include the most diverse groups of Kinorhyncha worldwide, representing the 75.5% of the total phylum diversity. Widened, plump bodies and lateral terminal spines may be adaptive for species living in coarse, more heterogeneous sediments, as they could maintain a more powerful musculature to actively displace the sediment grains applying a greater force. Conversely, slender, vermiform bodies and lateral terminal spines would represent an adaptation of species inhabiting fine, more homogeneous sediments where there would not be much need to exert a high force to displace the sediment particles, and a more vermiform shape would even favour the burrowing of the animal through the smaller interstices. The studied kinorhynch taxa would also be adapted to the higher velocity of the sea-water and the intense erosion and transportation of heterogeneous sediments by possessing more robust bodies, avoiding getting laid off substratum under these conditions. These findings provide evolutionary evidence that body shape in the studied kinorhynch groups is adapted to environment.
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76
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Cardini A, Chiapelli M. How flat can a horse be? Exploring 2D approximations of 3D crania in equids. ZOOLOGY 2020; 139:125746. [PMID: 32086141 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2020.125746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative analyses of morphological variation using geometric morphometrics are often performed on 2D photos of 3D structures. It is generally assumed that the error due to the flattening of the third dimension is negligible. However, despite hundreds of 2D studies, few have actually tested this assumption and none has done it on large animals, such as those typically classified as megafauna. We explore this issue in living equids, focusing on ventral cranial variation at both micro- and macro-evolutionary levels. By comparing 2D and 3D data, we found that size is well approximated, whereas shape is more strongly impacted by 2D inaccuracies, as it is especially evident in intra-specific analyses. The 2D approximation improves when shape differences are larger, as in macroevolution, but even at this level precise inter-individual similarity relationships are altered. Despite this, main patterns of sex, species and allometric variation in 2D were the same as in 3D, thus suggesting that 2D may be a source of 'noise' that does not mask the main signal in the data. However, the picture that emerges from this and other recent studies on 2D approximation of 3D structures is complex and any generalization premature. Morphometricians should therefore test the appropriateness of 2D using preliminary investigations in relation to the specific study questions in their own samples. We discuss whether this might be feasible using a reduced landmark configuration and smaller samples, which would save time and money. In an exploratory analysis, we found that in equids results seem robust to sampling, but become less precise and, with fewer landmarks, may slightly overestimate 2D inaccuracies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy; Centre for Forensic Anatomy and Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
| | - Marika Chiapelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 103, 41125, Modena, Italy
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77
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Agbolade O, Nazri A, Yaakob R, Ghani AAA, Cheah YK. Landmark-based homologous multi-point warping approach to 3D facial recognition using multiple datasets. PeerJ Comput Sci 2020; 6:e249. [PMID: 33816901 PMCID: PMC7924716 DOI: 10.7717/peerj-cs.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, neuroscientists and psychophysicists have been asking whether data acquisition for facial analysis should be performed holistically or with local feature analysis. This has led to various advanced methods of face recognition being proposed, and especially techniques using facial landmarks. The current facial landmark methods in 3D involve a mathematically complex and time-consuming workflow involving semi-landmark sliding tasks. This paper proposes a homologous multi-point warping for 3D facial landmarking, which is verified experimentally on each of the target objects in a given dataset using 500 landmarks (16 anatomical fixed points and 484 sliding semi-landmarks). This is achieved by building a template mesh as a reference object and applying this template to each of the targets in three datasets using an artificial deformation approach. The semi-landmarks are subjected to sliding along tangents to the curves or surfaces until the bending energy between a template and a target form is minimal. The results indicate that our method can be used to investigate shape variation for multiple datasets when implemented on three databases (Stirling, FRGC and Bosphorus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olalekan Agbolade
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azree Nazri
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Razali Yaakob
- Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Azim Abd Ghani
- Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science & IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yoke Kqueen Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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78
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Bartoš O, Röslein J, Kotusz J, Paces J, Pekárik L, Petrtýl M, Halačka K, Štefková Kašparová E, Mendel J, Boroń A, Juchno D, Leska A, Jablonska O, Benes V, Šídová M, Janko K. The Legacy of Sexual Ancestors in Phenotypic Variability, Gene Expression, and Homoeolog Regulation of Asexual Hybrids and Polyploids. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:1902-1920. [PMID: 31077330 PMCID: PMC6735777 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hybridization and polyploidization are important evolutionary processes whose impacts range from the alteration of gene expression and phenotypic variation to the triggering of asexual reproduction. We investigated fishes of the Cobitis taenia-elongatoides hybrid complex, which allowed us to disentangle the direct effects of both processes, due to the co-occurrence of parental species with their diploid and triploid hybrids. Employing morphological, ecological, and RNAseq approaches, we investigated the molecular determinants of hybrid and polyploid forms. In contrast with other studies, hybridization and polyploidy induced relatively very little transgressivity. Instead, Cobitis hybrids appeared intermediate with a clear effect of genomic dosing when triploids expressed higher similarity to the parent contributing two genome sets. This dosage effect was symmetric in the germline (oocyte gene expression), interestingly though, we observed an overall bias toward C. taenia in somatic tissues and traits. At the level of individual genes, expression-level dominance vastly prevailed over additivity or transgressivity. Also, trans-regulation of gene expression was less efficient in diploid hybrids than in triploids, where the expression modulation of homoeologs derived from the "haploid" parent was stronger than those derived from the "diploid" parent. Our findings suggest that the apparent intermediacy of hybrid phenotypes results from the combination of individual genes with dominant expression rather than from simple additivity. The efficiency of cross-talk between trans-regulatory elements further appears dosage dependent. Important effects of polyploidization may thus stem from changes in relative concentrations of trans-regulatory elements and their binding sites between hybridizing genomes. Links between gene regulation and asexuality are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldřich Bartoš
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Röslein
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kotusz
- Museum of Natural History, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Paces
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic.,Institute of Molecular Genetics, Laboratory of Genomics and Bioinformatics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Pekárik
- Plant Science and Biodiversity Center, Institute of Botany, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Faculty of Education, Trnava University, Trnava, Slovakia
| | - Miloslav Petrtýl
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic.,Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Halačka
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Štefková Kašparová
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Mendel
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alicja Boroń
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dorota Juchno
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Anna Leska
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Olga Jablonska
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Monika Šídová
- Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences - BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Janko
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Libechov, Czech Republic.,Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
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79
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3-Dimensional facial expression recognition in human using multi-points warping. BMC Bioinformatics 2019; 20:619. [PMID: 31791234 PMCID: PMC6889223 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-019-3153-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Expression in H-sapiens plays a remarkable role when it comes to social communication. The identification of this expression by human beings is relatively easy and accurate. However, achieving the same result in 3D by machine remains a challenge in computer vision. This is due to the current challenges facing facial data acquisition in 3D; such as lack of homology and complex mathematical analysis for facial point digitization. This study proposes facial expression recognition in human with the application of Multi-points Warping for 3D facial landmark by building a template mesh as a reference object. This template mesh is thereby applied to each of the target mesh on Stirling/ESRC and Bosphorus datasets. The semi-landmarks are allowed to slide along tangents to the curves and surfaces until the bending energy between a template and a target form is minimal and localization error is assessed using Procrustes ANOVA. By using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for feature selection, classification is done using Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA). Result The localization error is validated on the two datasets with superior performance over the state-of-the-art methods and variation in the expression is visualized using Principal Components (PCs). The deformations show various expression regions in the faces. The results indicate that Sad expression has the lowest recognition accuracy on both datasets. The classifier achieved a recognition accuracy of 99.58 and 99.32% on Stirling/ESRC and Bosphorus, respectively. Conclusion The results demonstrate that the method is robust and in agreement with the state-of-the-art results.
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80
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Ridel AF, Demeter F, Galland M, L'abbé EN, Vandermeulen D, Oettlé AC. Automatic landmarking as a convenient prerequisite for geometric morphometrics. Validation on cone beam computed tomography (CBCT)- based shape analysis of the nasal complex. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 306:110095. [PMID: 31841934 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Manual landmarking is used in several manual and semi-automated prediction guidelines for approximation of the nose. The manual placement of landmarks may, however, render the analysis less repeatable due to observer subjectivity and, consequently, have an impact on the accuracy of the human facial approximation. In order to address this subjectivity and thereby improve facial approximations, we are developing an automated three-dimensional (3D) method based on an automatic dense landmarking procedure using non-rigid surface registration. The aim of this study was to validate the automatic landmarking method by comparing the intra-observer errors (INTRA-OE) and inter-observer errors (INTER-OE) between automatic and manual landmarking. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of adult South Africans were selected from the Oral and Dental Hospital, University of Pretoria, South Africa. In this study, the validation of the automatic landmarking was performed on 20 3D surfaces. INTRA-OE and INTER-OE were analyzed by registering 41 craniometric landmarks from 10 hard-tissue surfaces and 21 capulometric landmarks from 10 soft-tissue surfaces of the same individuals. Absolute precision of the landmark positioning (both on the samples as well as the template) was assessed by calculating the measurement error (ME) for each landmark over different observers. Systematic error (bias) and relative random error (precision) was further quantified through repeated measures ANOVA (ANOVA-RM). The analysis showed that the random component of the ME in landmark positioning between the automatic observations were on average on par with the manual observations, except for the soft-tissue landmarks where automatic landmarking showed lower ME compared to manual landmarking. No bias was observed within the craniometric landmarking methods, but some bias was observed for capulometric landmarking. In conclusion, this research provides a first validation of the precision and accuracy of the automatic placement of landmarks on 3D hard- and soft-tissue surfaces and demonstrates its utilization as a convenient prerequisite for geometric morphometrics based shape analysis of the nasal complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Ridel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - F Demeter
- Lundbeck Foundation GeoGenetics Centre, Globe Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Musée De l'Homme, UMR7206, 17 Place Du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France.
| | - M Galland
- Musée De l'Homme, UMR7206, 17 Place Du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris, France.
| | - E N L'abbé
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - D Vandermeulen
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Center for Processing Speech and Images (PSI), Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), KU Leuven, Belgium.
| | - A C Oettlé
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa.
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81
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Toneva D, Nikolova S, Georgiev I, Lazarov N. Impact of Resolution and Texture of Laser Scanning Generated Three‐Dimensional Models on Landmark Identification. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 303:1950-1965. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Toneva
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with MuseumBulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Silviya Nikolova
- Department of Anthropology and Anatomy, Institute of Experimental Morphology, Pathology and Anthropology with MuseumBulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Georgiev
- Department of Scientific Computations, Institute of Information and Communication TechnologiesBulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
- Department of Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Analysis, Institute of Mathematics and InformaticsBulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai Lazarov
- Department of Anatomy and HistologyMedical University of Sofia Sofia Bulgaria
- Department of Synaptic Signaling and Communications, Institute of NeurobiologyBulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia Bulgaria
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82
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Djurakic MR, Milankov VR. The utility of plastron shape for uncovering cryptic diversity in Hermann's tortoise. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. R. Djurakic
- Department of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
| | - V. R. Milankov
- Department of Biology and Ecology Faculty of Sciences University of Novi Sad Novi Sad Serbia
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83
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Fruciano C, Schmidt D, Ramírez Sanchez MM, Morek W, Avila Valle Z, Talijančić I, Pecoraro C, Schermann Legionnet A. Tissue preservation can affect geometric morphometric analyses: a case study using fish body shape. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In geometric morphometrics, the extent of variation attributable to non-biological causes (i.e. measurement error) is sometimes overlooked. The effects of this variation on downstream statistical analyses are also largely unknown. In particular, it is unclear whether specimen preservation induces substantial variation in shape and whether such variation affects downstream statistical inference. Using a combination of empirical fish body shape data and realistic simulations, we show that preservation introduces substantial artefactual variation and significant non-random error (i.e. bias). Most changes in shape occur when fresh fish are frozen and thawed, whereas a smaller change in shape is observed when frozen and thawed fish are fixed in formalin and transferred to ethanol. Surprisingly, we also show that, in our case, preservation produces only minor effects on three downstream analyses of shape variation: classification using canonical variate analysis, permutation tests of differences in means and computations of differences in mean shape between groups. Even mixing of differently preserved specimens has a relatively small effect on downstream analyses. However, we suggest that mixing fish with different preservation should still be avoided and discuss the conditions in which this practice might be justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmelo Fruciano
- Institut de Biologie de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Dominik Schmidt
- Department of Modeling and Systems Analysis, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Marcia Maria Ramírez Sanchez
- Laboratorio de Biometría y Biología Pesquera, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Witold Morek
- Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zamira Avila Valle
- Laboratorio de Biometría y Biología Pesquera, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Mexico City, Mexico
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84
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van der Merwe J, van den Heever DJ, Erasmus P. Variability, agreement and reliability of MRI knee landmarks. J Biomech 2019; 95:109309. [PMID: 31439332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Surface mesh reconstructions of bones are often required to define landmark-based coordinate systems, regions of interest and morphological features when studying the soft tissues of the knee from MRI scans. This study reports the variability, agreement and reliability of osseous landmarks to better understand their downstream effects. Fifteen landmarks were defined on the distal femur and twelve on the proximal tibia. Surface meshes were created from twenty right knee MRI scans with a mean subject age of 30.9 years. A single observer identified landmarks on all twenty knees, while three observers repeated the observations three times on a subset of eight knees. All observations were aligned to the Procrustes mean shapes. Principal component analysis was used to study inter-subject variability and two-way ANOVA for inter- and intra-observer agreement and reliability. Inter-subject landmark variation ranged from 0.6 to 5.26 mm, while inter- and intra-observer agreement were at most 5.1 and 5.69 mm respectively. Between-observer reliability ranged from 0.07 to 0.98 while within-observer values were between 0.51 and 0.98. Landmarks derived from fitted spheres or circles often performed well, while most others had their poorest agreement or greatest variation limited to only one or two cardinal directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan van der Merwe
- Biomedical Engineering Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| | - Dawie J van den Heever
- Biomedical Engineering Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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85
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86
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Bright JA, Marugán-Lobón J, Rayfield EJ, Cobb SN. The multifactorial nature of beak and skull shape evolution in parrots and cockatoos (Psittaciformes). BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:104. [PMID: 31101003 PMCID: PMC6525378 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Psittaciformes (parrots and cockatoos) are characterised by their large beaks, and are renowned for their ability to produce high bite forces. These birds also possess a suite of modifications to their cranial architecture interpreted to be adaptations for feeding on mechanically resistant foods, yet the relationship between cranial morphology and diet has never been explicitly tested. Here, we provide a three-dimensional geometric morphometric analysis of the developmental and biomechanical factors that may be influencing the evolution of psittaciformes’ distinctive cranial morphologies. Results Contrary to our own predictions, we find that dietary preferences for more- or less- mechanically resistant foods have very little influence on beak and skull shape, and that diet predicts only 2.4% of the shape variation in psittaciform beaks and skulls. Conversely, evolutionary allometry and integration together predict almost half the observed shape variation, with phylogeny remaining an important factor in shape identity throughout our analyses, particularly in separating cockatoos (Cacatuoidea) from the true parrots (Psittacoidea). Conclusions Our results are similar to recent findings about the evolutionary trajectories of skull and beak shape in other avian families. We therefore propose that allometry and integration are important factors causing canalization of the avian head, and while diet clearly has an influence on beak shape between families, this may not be as important at driving evolvability within families as is commonly assumed. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1432-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen A Bright
- School of Geosciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
| | - Jesús Marugán-Lobón
- Unidad de Paleontologıa, Departamento Biologıa, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Musuem of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, 90007, USA
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Samuel N Cobb
- Department of Archaeology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.,Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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87
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Engelkes K, Helfsgott J, Hammel JU, Büsse S, Kleinteich T, Beerlink A, Gorb SN, Haas A. Measurement error in μCT-based three-dimensional geometric morphometrics introduced by surface generation and landmark data acquisition. J Anat 2019; 235:357-378. [PMID: 31062345 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed-tomography-derived (CT-derived) polymesh surfaces are widely used in geometric morphometric studies. This approach is inevitably associated with decisions on scanning parameters, resolution, and segmentation strategies. Although the underlying processing steps have been shown to potentially contribute artefactual variance to three-dimensional landmark coordinates, their effects on measurement error have rarely been assessed systematically in CT-based geometric morphometric studies. The present study systematically assessed artefactual variance in landmark data introduced by the use of different voxel sizes, segmentation strategies, surface simplification degrees, and by inter- and intra-observer differences, and compared their magnitude to true biological variation. Multiple CT-derived surface variants of the anuran (Amphibia: Anura) pectoral girdle were generated by systematic changes in the factors that potentially influence the surface geometries. Twenty-four landmarks were repeatedly acquired by different observers. The contribution of all factors to the total variance in the landmark data was assessed using random-factor nested permanovas. Selected sets of Euclidean distances between landmark sets served further to compare the variance among factor levels. Landmark precision was assessed by landmark standard deviation and compared among observers and days. Results showed that all factors, except for voxel size, significantly contributed to measurement error in at least some of the analyses performed. In total, 6.75% of the variance in landmark data that mimicked a realistic biological study was caused by measurement error. In this landmark dataset, intra-observer error was the major source of artefactual variance followed by inter-observer error; the factor segmentation contributed < 1% and slight surface simplification had no significant effect. Inter-observer error clearly exceeded intra-observer error in a different landmark dataset acquired by six partly inexperienced observers. The results suggest that intra-observer error can potentially be reduced by including a training period prior to the actual landmark acquisition task and by acquiring landmarks in as few sessions as possible. Additionally, the application of moderate and careful surface simplification and, potentially, also the use of case-specific optimal combinations of automatic local thresholding algorithms and parameters for segmentation can help reduce intra-observer error. If landmark data are to be acquired by several observers, it is important to ensure that all observers are consistent in landmark identification. Despite the significant amount of artefactual variance, we have shown that landmark data acquired from microCT-derived surfaces are precise enough to study the shape of anuran pectoral girdles. Yet, a systematic assessment of measurement error is advisable for all geometric morphometric studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolin Engelkes
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennice Helfsgott
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg U Hammel
- Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany.,Institut für Zoologie und Evolutionsforschung mit Phyletischem Museum, Ernst-Hackel-Haus und Biologiedidaktik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Büsse
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | - Stanislav N Gorb
- Functional Morphology and Biomechanics, Institute of Zoology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexander Haas
- Center of Natural History (CeNak), Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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88
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Souto NM, Murta‐Fonseca RA, Machado AS, Lopes RT, Fernandes DS. Snakes as a model for measuring skull preparation errors in geometric morphometrics. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. M. Souto
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - R. A. Murta‐Fonseca
- Departamento de Vertebrados Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - A. S. Machado
- Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós‐Graduação e Pesquisa em Engenharia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - R. T. Lopes
- Laboratório de Instrumentação Nuclear Instituto Alberto Luiz Coimbra de Pós‐Graduação e Pesquisa em Engenharia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - D. S. Fernandes
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biologia Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
- Departamento de Vertebrados Museu Nacional Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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89
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Celik M, Cascini M, Haouchar D, Van Der Burg C, Dodt W, Evans AR, Prentis P, Bunce M, Fruciano C, Phillips MJ. A molecular and morphometric assessment of the systematics of the Macropus complex clarifies the tempo and mode of kangaroo evolution. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mélina Celik
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manuela Cascini
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dalal Haouchar
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Chloe Van Der Burg
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - William Dodt
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alistair R Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Prentis
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Bunce
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Carmelo Fruciano
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Institut de biologie de l’Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS), Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Matthew J Phillips
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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90
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Exploratory study of the three-dimensional morphological variation of the jaw associated to teeth loss. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2019; 120:523-528. [PMID: 30910763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to evaluate the morphological variability in mandibles with different types of edentulism, comparing the use of traditional morphometrics and tridimensional geometric morphometrics. METHODS Traditional morphometrics and geometric morphometrics (GM) exploratory analysis, by principal components (PCs) and PC scores, were performed on a sample of 24 cadaveric hemi mandibles. A digital reconstruction of 3D surfaces of each specimen was obtained by CT scans segmentation. The mandibles were divided in three groups: full dentition (G1), partial edentition (G2) and total edentition (G3). The results of the two methods were compared in relation to the morphological variability determined with each method. RESULTS Both methods were consistent in terms of morphological variability between the defined groups. The main shape variations observed were a decrease in mandibular body height, a widening of the cross sectional morphology on the symphysis, a shorten-narrowed Ramus and a deeper sigmoid notch, in the partially or totally edentition groups, compared to the full dentition group. DISCUSSION The general patterns of morphological variations associated with edentulism that have been reported in literature could be visualized with GM method, which had not been previously used for this purpose. The GM methods could offer a more detailed definition of shape variations, which is critical in a clinical context. Moreover, GM allowed defining configurations of mean morphologies and an image library with different types of morphological variations.
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91
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Sotola VA, Craig CA, Pfaff PJ, Maikoetter JD, Martin NH, Bonner TH. Effect of preservation on fish morphology over time: Implications for morphological studies. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0213915. [PMID: 30897173 PMCID: PMC6428252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0213915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has long been recognized that the process of preserving biological specimens results in alterations of body shape, though detailed studies examining the degree to which morphological changes occur throughout the preservation process are lacking. We utilize geometric morphometric analyses, an increasingly common tool for examining shape variation in a wide variety of biological disciplines, to examine the effects of formalin and ethanol preservation on the body shape of 10 freshwater fish species over time: from fresh specimens to eight weeks after preservation. We found significant changes in body shape among fresh and formalin fixed specimens. Furthermore, changes in body shape continue to occur after subsequent ethanol preservation. Two fish species collected at multiple localities show significant morphological differences for a limited number of morphometric characters. However, the significance, or lack thereof, often changed inconsistently from one stage of preservation to another. We conclude that morphometric analyses would ideally be performed on fresh specimens. However, recognizing that this is not always feasible, it is important to be aware of the morphometric changes that can occur during preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Alex Sotola
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Cody A. Craig
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Pfaff
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeremy D. Maikoetter
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| | - Noland H. Martin
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
| | - Timothy H. Bonner
- Department of Biology/Aquatic Station, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas, United States of America
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92
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“Nose-metrics” of wild southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) males using image analysis and geometric morphometrics. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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93
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Westfall AK, Miller MA, Murray CM, Falk BG, Guyer C, Romagosa CM. Host-specific phenotypic variation of a parasite co-introduced with invasive Burmese pythons. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209252. [PMID: 30601869 PMCID: PMC6314578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive Burmese pythons (Python bivittatus Kuhl, 1820) have introduced a lung parasite, Raillietiella orientalis, (Hett, 1915) from the python's native range in Southeast Asia to its introduced range in Florida, where parasite spillover from pythons to two families and eight genera of native snakes has occurred. Because these novel host species present a diversity of ecological and morphological traits, and because these parasites attach to their hosts with hooks located on their cephalothorax, we predicted that R. orientalis would exhibit substantial, host-associated phenotypic plasticity in cephalothorax shape. Indeed, geometric morphometric analyses of 39 parasites from five host species revealed significant variation among host taxa in R. orientalis cephalothorax shape. We observed differences associated with host ecology, where parasites from semi-aquatic and aquatic snakes exhibited the greatest morphological similarity. Morphological analyses of R. orientalis recovered from invasive pythons, native pit vipers, and terrestrial snakes each revealed distinct shapes. Our results suggest R. orientalis can exhibit significant differences in morphology based upon host species infected, and this plasticity may facilitate infection with this non-native parasite in a wide array of novel squamate host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aundrea K. Westfall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Miller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher M. Murray
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Bryan G. Falk
- US Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Craig Guyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Christina M. Romagosa
- Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
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94
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Fumi M, Friberg M. Consistent seasonal polyphenism in male genitalia of threeLeptideabutterfly species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Magne Friberg
- Lund University, Department of Biology, Lund, Sweden
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95
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Savriama Y. A Step-by-Step Guide for Geometric Morphometrics of Floral Symmetry. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1433. [PMID: 30364116 PMCID: PMC6191499 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides a step-by-step guide for the morphological analysis of corolla and the decomposition of corolla shape variation into its symmetric and asymmetric components. The shape and symmetric organisation of corolla are key traits in the developmental and evolutionary biology of flowering plants. The various spatial layout of petals can exhibit bilateral symmetry, rotational symmetry or more complex combination of symmetry types. Here, I describe a general landmark-based geometric morphometric framework for the full statistical shape analysis of corolla and exemplify its use with four fully worked out case studies including tissue treatment, imaging, landmark data collection, file formatting, and statistical analyses: (i) bilateral symmetry (Fedia graciliflora), (ii) two perpendicular axes of bilateral symmetry (Erysimum mediohispanicum), (iii) rotational symmetry (Vinca minor), and (iv) combined bilateral and rotational symmetry (Trillium undulatum). The necessary tools for such analyses are not implemented in standard morphometric software and they are therefore provided here as functions running in the R environment. Principal Component Analysis is used to separate symmetric and asymmetric components of variation, respectively, quantifying variation among and within individuals. For bilaterally symmetric flowers, only one component of left-right asymmetric variation is extracted, while flowers with more complex symmetric layout have components of asymmetric variation associated with each symmetry operator implied (e.g., left-right asymmetry and adaxial-abaxial asymmetry). Fundamental information on the genetic, developmental, and environmental determinants of shape variation can be inferred from this decomposition (e.g., directional asymmetry, fluctuating asymmetry) and further exploited to document patterns of canalization, developmental stability, developmental modularity and morphological integration. Even if symmetry and asymmetry are not the primary interest of a study on corolla shape variation, statistical and anatomical arguments support the use of the framework advocated. This didactic protocol will help both morphometricians and non-morphometricians to further understand the role of symmetry in the development, variation and adaptive evolution of flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoland Savriama
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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96
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Guevara Perez SV, de la Rosa Castolo G, Thollon L, Behr M. A 3D characterization method of geometric variation in edentulous mandibles. Morphologie 2018; 102:255-262. [PMID: 30197034 DOI: 10.1016/j.morpho.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to perform an exploratory analysis of the morphological variations of mandibles at diverse states of edentulousness using tridimensional geometric morphometrics. METHODS Twelve cadaveric mandibles were selected and divided in three groups: dentate (G1), partially edentate (G2) and totally edentate (G3). CT scans, segmentation and digital reconstruction of 3D surfaces of each specimen was made. Thirteen landmarks were defined; the measurement error was determined and 3D morphometrics exploratory analysis by principal components (PCs) and PC scores was performed. RESULTS The principal shape variations in G2 and G3 compared to G1 can be summarized as follows: (1) decrease in the mid body mandibular height of 24% in G2 and 41% in G3, (2) decrease of symphysis height of 16% in G2 and 37% in G3, (3) a decrease in posterior mandibular height of 30% in both G1 and G2, (4) a deeper sigmoid notch also in both groups and finally (5) a widening of 7.7% in the cross sectional morphology on the symphysis in G3. CONCLUSIONS The 3D morphometric methods, combined with surface morphing tools confirmed the main patterns of bone changes in edentulous mandibles, referenced in the literature. The average 3D mandibular morphologies of each edentulousness state group was also defined. These methods could offer more accurate definition of shape variations, which is critical in a clinical context. This study provides clinicians with highlights of 3D morphological mandibular variations at different states of edentulism and not only in 2D projections as they are currently described. The 3D surface model for each group in PDF3D file format, are include in supplementary material.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Guevara Perez
- Oral Health Deptartment, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 111321 Bogota, Colombia; Aix-Marseille Université , IFSTTAR, LBA UMR T24, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - G de la Rosa Castolo
- Aix-Marseille Université , IFSTTAR, LBA UMR T24, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - L Thollon
- Aix-Marseille Université , IFSTTAR, LBA UMR T24, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
| | - M Behr
- Aix-Marseille Université , IFSTTAR, LBA UMR T24, 13385 Marseille cedex 5, France
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97
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Geometric morphometric analyses of sexual dimorphism and allometry in two sympatric snakes: Natrix helvetica (Natricidae) and Vipera berus (Viperidae). ZOOLOGY 2018; 129:25-34. [PMID: 30170745 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The non-venomous grass snake (Natrix helvetica) and the venomous adder (Vipera berus) are two native species that are often found in sympatry in Great Britain and Europe. They occupy partially overlapping ecological niches and prey on small vertebrates, but use different feeding strategies. Here, we investigated the morphologies of grass snakes and adders from Dorset (UK) using two-dimensional geometric morphometrics to assess the degree of sexual dimorphism in size and shape together with the relative impact of allometry and general body dimensions on head shape. Both species showed significant sexual dimorphism in head size, but not in head shape. We found a clear allometric pattern in N. helvetica, whereas allometry in V. berus was generally less pronounced. Body dimensions were strongly correlated with head shape in the grass snake, but not in the adder. The fact that V. berus is venomous appears to explain the lack of allometric patterns and the lack of an association between body dimensions and head shape. The high degree of size dimorphism identified in both species could originate from the advantages of reduced intraspecific competition that are conveyed by a partial differentiation in feeding morphology.
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98
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Gmel AI, Druml T, Portele K, von Niederhäusern R, Neuditschko M. Repeatability, reproducibility and consistency of horse shape data and its association with linearly described conformation traits in Franches-Montagnes stallions. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202931. [PMID: 30148872 PMCID: PMC6110498 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Linear description (LD) of conformation traits was introduced in horse breeding to minimise subjectivity in scoring. However, recent studies have shown that LD traits show essentially the same problems as traditionally scored traits, such as data converging around the mean value with very small standard deviations. To improve the assessment of conformation traits of horses, we investigated the application of the recently described horse shape space model based upon 403 digitised photographs of 243 Franches-Montagnes (FM) stallions and extracted joint angles based on specific landmark triplets. Repeatability, reproducibility and consistency of the resulting shape data and joint angles were assessed with Procrustes ANOVA (Rep) and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Furthermore, we developed a subjective score to classify the posture of the horses on each photograph. We derived relative warp scores (PCs) based upon the digitised photos conducting a principal component analysis (PCA). The PCs of the shapes and joint angles were compared to the posture scores and to the linear description data using linear mixed effect models including significant posture scores as random factors. The digitisation process was highly repeatable and reproducible for the shape (Rep = 0.72–0.99, ICC = 0.99). The consistency of the shape was limited by the age and posture (p < 0.05). The angle measurements were highly repeatable within one digitiser. Between digitisers, we found a higher variability of ICC values (ICC = 0.054–0.92), indicating digitising error in specific landmarks (e.g. shoulder point). The posture scores were highly repeatable (Fleiss’ kappa = 0.713–0.857). We identified significant associations (p(X2) < 0.05) with traits describing the withers height, shoulder length and incline, overall leg conformation, walk and trot step length. The horse shape data and angles provide additional information to explore the morphology of horses and therefore can be applied to improve the knowledge of the genetic architecture of LD traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annik Imogen Gmel
- Agroscope–Swiss National Stud Farm, Avenches, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas Druml
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katrin Portele
- Agroscope–Swiss National Stud Farm, Avenches, Switzerland
- Equine Sciences Faculty, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markus Neuditschko
- Agroscope–Swiss National Stud Farm, Avenches, Switzerland
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Veterinary University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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99
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Chiozzi G, Stiassny MLJ, de Marchi G, Lamboj A, Fasola M, Fruciano C. A diversified kettle of fish: phenotypic variation in the endemic cichlid genus Danakilia of the Danakil Depression of northeastern Africa. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/bly085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Chiozzi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Museo di Storia Naturale di Milano, Corso Venezia, Milano, Italy
| | - Melanie L J Stiassny
- Department of Ichthyology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY, USA
| | - Giuseppe de Marchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Anton Lamboj
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, UZA, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mauro Fasola
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carmelo Fruciano
- School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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100
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Raffini F, Fruciano C, Meyer A. Gene(s) and individual feeding behavior: Exploring eco-evolutionary dynamics underlying left-right asymmetry in the scale-eating cichlid fish Perissodus microlepis. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5495-5507. [PMID: 29938068 PMCID: PMC6010907 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The scale‐eating cichlid fish Perissodus microlepis is a textbook example of bilateral asymmetry due to its left or right‐bending heads and of negative frequency‐dependent selection, which is proposed to maintain this stable polymorphism. The mechanisms that underlie this asymmetry remain elusive. Several studies had initially postulated a simple genetic basis for this trait, but this explanation has been questioned, particularly by reports observing a unimodal distribution of mouth shapes. We hypothesize that this unimodal distribution might be due to a combination of genetic and phenotypically plastic components. Here, we expanded on previous work by investigating a formerly identified candidate SNP associated to mouth laterality, documenting inter‐individual variation in feeding preference using stable isotope analyses, and testing their association with mouth asymmetry. Our results suggest that this polymorphism is influenced by both a polygenic basis and inter‐individual non‐genetic variation, possibly due to feeding experience, individual specialization, and intraspecific competition. We introduce a hypothesis potentially explaining the simultaneous maintenance of left, right, asymmetric and symmetric mouth phenotypes due to the interaction between diverse eco‐evolutionary dynamics including niche construction and balancing selection. Future studies will have to further tease apart the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors and their interactions in an integrated fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Raffini
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Organismal Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany
| | - Carmelo Fruciano
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany.,School of Earth, Environmental & Biological Sciences Queensland University of Technology Brisbane QLD Australia.,Institut de biologie de l'Ecole normale supérieure (IBENS) Ecole normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM PSL Université, Paris France
| | - Axel Meyer
- Lehrstuhl für Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie Department of Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany.,International Max Planck Research School (IMPRS) for Organismal Biology University of Konstanz Konstanz Germany.,Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study Harvard University Cambridge Massachusetts
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