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Mir S, Andres DA. Small GTPase RIT1 in Mouse Retina; Cellular and Functional Analysis. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:1160-1168. [PMID: 29843527 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1482557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ras-like without CAAX 1 (RIT1/Rit) is a member of the Ras subfamily of small GTP-binding proteins with documented roles in regulating neuronal function, including contributions to neurotrophin signaling, neuronal survival, and neurogenesis. The aim of the study was to (1) examine the expression of RIT1 protein in mouse retina and retinal cell types and (2) determine whether RIT1 contributes to retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and synaptic stability following excitotoxic stress. MATERIALS AND METHODS Gene expression and immunohistochemical analysis were used to examine RIT1 expression in the mouse retina. Primary RGC and Müller glia cultures were used to validate novel RIT1 lentiviral RNAi silencing reagents, and to demonstrate that RIT1 loss does not alter RGC morphology. Finally, in vitro glutamate exposure identified a role for RIT1 in the adaptation of RGCs to excitotoxic stress. RESULTS Gene expression analysis and immunohistochemical studies in whole eyes and primary cell culture demonstrate RIT1 expression throughout the retina, including Müller glia and RGCs. While genetic RIT1 knockout (RIT1-KO) does not affect gross retinal anatomy, including the thickness of constituent retinal layers or RGC cell numbers, RNAi-mediated RIT1 silencing results in increased RGC death and synaptic loss following exposure to excitotoxic stress. CONCLUSIONS RIT1 is widely expressed in the murine retina, including both Müller glia and RGCs. While genetic deletion of RIT1 does not result in gross retinal abnormalities, these studies identify a novel role for RIT1 in the adaptation of RGC to excitotoxic stress, with RIT1 promoting both neuronal survival and the retention of PSD-95+ synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad Mir
- a Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , University of Kentucky, College of Medicine , Lexington , Kentucky , US
| | - Douglas A Andres
- a Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry , University of Kentucky, College of Medicine , Lexington , Kentucky , US
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52
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Daneshmandpour Y, Darvish H, Emamalizadeh B. RIT2: responsible and susceptible gene for neurological and psychiatric disorders. Mol Genet Genomics 2018; 293:785-792. [DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-1451-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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53
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Ceyhan-Birsoy O, Miatkowski MM, Hynes E, Funke BH, Mason-Suares H. NGS testing for cardiomyopathy: Utility of adding RASopathy-associated genes. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:954-958. [PMID: 29696744 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
RASopathies include a group of syndromes caused by pathogenic germline variants in RAS-MAPK pathway genes and typically present with facial dysmorphology, cardiovascular disease, and musculoskeletal anomalies. Recently, variants in RASopathy-associated genes have been reported in individuals with apparently nonsyndromic cardiomyopathy, suggesting that subtle features may be overlooked. To determine the utility and burden of adding RASopathy-associated genes to cardiomyopathy panels, we tested 11 RASopathy-associated genes by next-generation sequencing (NGS), including NGS-based copy number variant assessment, in 1,111 individuals referred for genetic testing for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) or dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Disease-causing variants were identified in 0.6% (four of 692) of individuals with HCM, including three missense variants in the PTPN11, SOS1, and BRAF genes. Overall, 36 variants of uncertain significance (VUSs) were identified, averaging ∼3VUSs/100 cases. This study demonstrates that adding a subset of the RASopathy-associated genes to cardiomyopathy panels will increase clinical diagnoses without significantly increasing the number of VUSs/case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Ceyhan-Birsoy
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Maya M Miatkowski
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth Hynes
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Birgit H Funke
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Heather Mason-Suares
- Laboratory for Molecular Medicine, Partners HealthCare Personalized Medicine, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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54
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Meyer zum Büschenfelde U, Brandenstein LI, von Elsner L, Flato K, Holling T, Zenker M, Rosenberger G, Kutsche K. RIT1 controls actin dynamics via complex formation with RAC1/CDC42 and PAK1. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007370. [PMID: 29734338 PMCID: PMC5937737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RIT1 belongs to the RAS family of small GTPases. Germline and somatic RIT1 mutations have been identified in Noonan syndrome (NS) and cancer, respectively. By using heterologous expression systems and purified recombinant proteins, we identified the p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) as novel direct effector of RIT1. We found RIT1 also to directly interact with the RHO GTPases CDC42 and RAC1, both of which are crucial regulators of actin dynamics upstream of PAK1. These interactions are independent of the guanine nucleotide bound to RIT1. Disease-causing RIT1 mutations enhance protein-protein interaction between RIT1 and PAK1, CDC42 or RAC1 and uncouple complex formation from serum and growth factors. We show that the RIT1-PAK1 complex regulates cytoskeletal rearrangements as expression of wild-type RIT1 and its mutant forms resulted in dissolution of stress fibers and reduction of mature paxillin-containing focal adhesions in COS7 cells. This effect was prevented by co-expression of RIT1 with dominant-negative CDC42 or RAC1 and kinase-dead PAK1. By using a transwell migration assay, we show that RIT1 wildtype and the disease-associated variants enhance cell motility. Our work demonstrates a new function for RIT1 in controlling actin dynamics via acting in a signaling module containing PAK1 and RAC1/CDC42, and highlights defects in cell adhesion and migration as possible disease mechanism underlying NS. Noonan syndrome (NS) belongs to the RASopathies, a group of developmental diseases caused by mutations in genes encoding RAS-MAPK pathway components. Germline mutations in RIT1 have been identified in NS. RIT1 belongs to the RAS superfamily, however, the cellular function of RIT1 remains elusive. We show that RIT1 binds p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), an effector of the RHO GTPases RAC1 and CDC42, which are important regulators of cytoskeletal dynamics. NS-associated RIT1 mutants enhance complex formation between RIT1, RAC1/CDC42 and PAK1. Expression of wild-type or mutant forms of RIT1 caused loss of stress fibers and mature focal adhesions and enhanced cell motility. Our data suggest that dysfunction in actin dynamics is a novel aspect in the pathophysiology of RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leonie von Elsner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristina Flato
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tess Holling
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georg Rosenberger
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KK); (GR)
| | - Kerstin Kutsche
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KK); (GR)
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55
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Carrasco Salas P, Gómez-Molina G, Carreto-Alba P, Granell-Escobar R, Vázquez-Rico I, León-Justel A. Noonan syndrome: Severe phenotype and PTPN11 mutations. Med Clin (Barc) 2018; 152:62-64. [PMID: 29703613 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Noonan syndrome (NS) is a genetic disorder characterized by a wide range of distinctive features and health problems. It caused in 50% of cases by missense mutations in PTPN11 gene. It has been postulated that it is possible to predict the disease course based into the impact of mutations on the protein. PATIENTS AND METHODS We report two cases of severe NS phenotype including hydrops fetalis. PTPN11 gene was studied in germinal cells of both patients by sequencing. RESULTS Two different mutations (p.Gly503Arg and p.Met504Val) was detected in PTPN11 gene. DISCUSSION These mutations have been reported previously, and when they were germinal variants, patients presented classic NS, NS with other malignancies and recently, p.Gly503Arg has been also observed in a patient with severe NS and hydrops fetalis, as our cases. Therefore, these observations shade light on that it is not always possibly to determine the genotype-phenotype relation based into the impact of mutations on the protein in NS patients with PTPN11 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gertrudis Gómez-Molina
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital, Huelva, Spain
| | - Páxedes Carreto-Alba
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital, Huelva, Spain
| | - Reyes Granell-Escobar
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Juan Ramón Jiménez Hospital, Huelva, Spain
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Nakhaei-Rad S, Haghighi F, Nouri P, Rezaei Adariani S, Lissy J, Kazemein Jasemi NS, Dvorsky R, Ahmadian MR. Structural fingerprints, interactions, and signaling networks of RAS family proteins beyond RAS isoforms. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:130-156. [PMID: 29457927 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1431605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeideh Nakhaei-Rad
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Fereshteh Haghighi
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Parivash Nouri
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Soheila Rezaei Adariani
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Jana Lissy
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Neda S Kazemein Jasemi
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Radovan Dvorsky
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
| | - Mohammad Reza Ahmadian
- a Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty , Heinrich-Heine University , Düsseldorf , Germany
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57
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Michelini S, Paolacci S, Manara E, Eretta C, Mattassi R, Lee BB, Bertelli M. Genetic tests in lymphatic vascular malformations and lymphedema. J Med Genet 2018; 55:222-232. [PMID: 29440349 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Syndromes with lymphatic malformations show phenotypic variability within the same entity, clinical features that overlap between different conditions and allelic as well as locus heterogeneity. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive clinical genetic description of lymphatic malformations and the techniques used for their diagnosis, and to propose a flowchart for genetic testing. Literature and database searches were performed to find conditions characterised by lymphatic malformations or the predisposition to lymphedema after surgery, to identify the associated genes and to find the guidelines and genetic tests currently used for the molecular diagnosis of these disorders. This search allowed us to identify several syndromes with lymphatic malformations that are characterised by a great heterogeneity of phenotypes, alleles and loci, and a high frequency of sporadic cases, which may be associated with somatic mutations. For these disorders, we found many diagnostic tests, an absence of harmonic guidelines for molecular diagnosis and well-established clinical guidelines. Targeted sequencing is the preferred method for the molecular diagnosis of lymphatic malformations. These techniques are easy to implement and have a good diagnostic success rates. In addition, they are relatively inexpensive and permit parallel analysis of all known disease-associated genes. The targeted sequencing approach has improved the diagnostic process, giving patients access to better treatment and, potentially, to therapy personalised to their genetic profiles. These new techniques will also facilitate the prenatal and early postnatal diagnosis of congenital lymphatic conditions and the possibility of early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandro Michelini
- Department of Vascular Rehabilitation, San Giovanni Battista Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Raul Mattassi
- Center for Vascular Malformations, 'Stefan Belov', Clinical Institute Humanitas 'Mater Domini', Castellanza (Varese), Italy
| | - Byung-Boong Lee
- Center for the Lymphedema and Vascular Malformations, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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58
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Integrating Functional Analysis in the Next-Generation Sequencing Diagnostic Pipeline of RASopathies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2421. [PMID: 29402968 PMCID: PMC5799236 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
RASopathies are a group of heterogeneous conditions caused by germline mutations in RAS/MAPK signalling pathway genes. With next-generation sequencing (NGS), sequencing capacity is no longer a limitation to molecular diagnosis. Instead, the rising number of variants of unknown significance (VUSs) poses challenges to clinical interpretation and genetic counselling. We investigated the potential of an integrated pipeline combining NGS and the functional assessment of variants for the diagnosis of RASopathies. We included 63 Chinese patients with RASopathies that had previously tested negative for PTPN11 and HRAS mutations. In these patients, we performed a genetic analysis of genes associated with RASopathies using a multigene NGS panel and Sanger sequencing. For the VUSs, we evaluated evidence from genetic, bioinformatic and functional data. Twenty disease-causing mutations were identified in the 63 patients, providing a primary diagnostic yield of 31.7%. Four VUSs were identified in five patients. The functional assessment supported the pathogenicity of the RAF1 and RIT1 VUSs, while the significance of two VUSs in A2ML1 remained unclear. In summary, functional analysis improved the diagnostic yield from 31.7% to 36.5%. Although technically demanding and time-consuming, a functional genetic diagnostic analysis can ease the clinical translation of these findings to aid bedside interpretation.
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59
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Case report: Left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy and RASopathies. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:680-684. [PMID: 28911804 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The following is a case report of 6 patients with Noonan syndrome (NS) and/or a related RASsopathy that also have evidence of left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy (LVNC). Noonan syndrome,a type of RASopathy, is an autosomal dominant disorder that is typically associated with congenital heart defects and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. There have been minimal reports of Noonan syndrome or other RASopathy and the association of LVNC. This report promulgates 6 nonrelated cases of Noonan syndrome or unspecified RASopathy and LVNC.
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60
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Kruszka P, Porras AR, Addissie YA, Moresco A, Medrano S, Mok GTK, Leung GKC, Tekendo-Ngongang C, Uwineza A, Thong MK, Muthukumarasamy P, Honey E, Ekure EN, Sokunbi OJ, Kalu N, Jones KL, Kaplan JD, Abdul-Rahman OA, Vincent LM, Love A, Belhassan K, Ouldim K, El Bouchikhi I, Shukla A, Girisha KM, Patil SJ, Sirisena ND, Dissanayake VHW, Paththinige CS, Mishra R, Klein-Zighelboim E, Gallardo Jugo BE, Chávez Pastor M, Abarca-Barriga HH, Skinner SA, Prijoles EJ, Badoe E, Gill AD, Shotelersuk V, Smpokou P, Kisling MS, Ferreira CR, Mutesa L, Megarbane A, Kline AD, Kimball A, Okello E, Lwabi P, Aliku T, Tenywa E, Boonchooduang N, Tanpaiboon P, Richieri-Costa A, Wonkam A, Chung BHY, Stevenson RE, Summar M, Mandal K, Phadke SR, Obregon MG, Linguraru MG, Muenke M. Noonan syndrome in diverse populations. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2323-2334. [PMID: 28748642 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome (NS) is a common genetic syndrome associated with gain of function variants in genes in the Ras/MAPK pathway. The phenotype of NS has been well characterized in populations of European descent with less attention given to other groups. In this study, individuals from diverse populations with NS were evaluated clinically and by facial analysis technology. Clinical data and images from 125 individuals with NS were obtained from 20 countries with an average age of 8 years and female composition of 46%. Individuals were grouped into categories of African descent (African), Asian, Latin American, and additional/other. Across these different population groups, NS was phenotypically similar with only 2 of 21 clinical elements showing a statistically significant difference. The most common clinical characteristics found in all population groups included widely spaced eyes and low-set ears in 80% or greater of participants, short stature in more than 70%, and pulmonary stenosis in roughly half of study individuals. Using facial analysis technology, we compared 161 Caucasian, African, Asian, and Latin American individuals with NS with 161 gender and age matched controls and found that sensitivity was equal to or greater than 94% for all groups, and specificity was equal to or greater than 90%. In summary, we present consistent clinical findings from global populations with NS and additionally demonstrate how facial analysis technology can support clinicians in making accurate NS diagnoses. This work will assist in earlier detection and in increasing recognition of NS throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Kruszka
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Antonio R Porras
- Children's National Health System, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Yonit A Addissie
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Angélica Moresco
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sofia Medrano
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gary T K Mok
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gordon K C Leung
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Annette Uwineza
- Center of Human Genetics, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Meow-Keong Thong
- Faculty of Medicine,Department of Paediatrics, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Engela Honey
- Department of Genetics, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Ekanem N Ekure
- Department of Paediatrics College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Ogochukwu J Sokunbi
- Department of Paediatrics College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Nnenna Kalu
- Department of Paediatrics College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Kelly L Jones
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Julie D Kaplan
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Omar A Abdul-Rahman
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | | | | | - Khadija Belhassan
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco
| | - Karim Ouldim
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco
| | - Ihssane El Bouchikhi
- Medical Genetics and Oncogenetics Unit, Hassan II University Hospital, Fez, Morocco.,Faculty of Sciences and Techniques,Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology, University of Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, Fez, Morocco
| | - Anju Shukla
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Katta M Girisha
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | | | - Nirmala D Sirisena
- Faculty of Medicine, Human Genetics Unit, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Rupesh Mishra
- Faculty of Medicine, Human Genetics Unit, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eben Badoe
- School of Medicine and Dentistry,Department of Child Health, College of Health Sciences, Accra, Ghana
| | - Ashleigh D Gill
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Vorasuk Shotelersuk
- Faculty of Medicine,Center of Excellence for Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patroula Smpokou
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Monisha S Kisling
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Carlos R Ferreira
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Leon Mutesa
- Center of Human Genetics, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | | | - Antonie D Kline
- Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amy Kimball
- Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Emmanuel Tenywa
- Uganda Heart Institute, Kampala, Uganda.,Jinja Regional Referral Hospital, Jinja, Uganda
| | - Nonglak Boonchooduang
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Chiangmai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pranoot Tanpaiboon
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Antonio Richieri-Costa
- Hospital for the Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, São Paulo University, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian H Y Chung
- LKS Faculty of Medicine, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Marshall Summar
- Division of Genetics and Metabolism, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Kausik Mandal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shubha R Phadke
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - María G Obregon
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marius G Linguraru
- Children's National Health System, Sheikh Zayed Institute for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Maximilian Muenke
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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61
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Stevens B, Johnson A, Rowe T, Carter R, Donepudi R. Response to: Milosavljevic et al. “Two cases of RIT1
associated Noonan syndrome: Further delineation of the clinical phenotype and review of the literature”. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:1992-1993. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Blair Stevens
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; McGovern Medical School at UT Health and The Fetal Center at Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital; Houston Texas
| | - Anthony Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; McGovern Medical School at UT Health and The Fetal Center at Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital; Houston Texas
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Maternal Fetal Medicine Associates of South Texas; Webster Texas
| | - Rebecca Carter
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; McGovern Medical School at UT Health and The Fetal Center at Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital; Houston Texas
| | - Roopali Donepudi
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences; McGovern Medical School at UT Health and The Fetal Center at Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital; Houston Texas
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62
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Ramond F, Duband S, Croisille P, Cavé H, Teyssier G, Adouard V, Touraine R. Expanding the cardiac spectrum of Noonan syndrome with RIT1 variant: Left main coronary artery atresia causing sudden death. Eur J Med Genet 2017; 60:299-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2017.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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63
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Long A, Sinkovskaya ES, Edmondson AC, Zackai E, Schrier Vergano SA. Kabuki syndrome as a cause of non-immune fetal hydrops/ascites. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:3333-3337. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashleigh Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk Virginia
| | - Elena S. Sinkovskaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk Virginia
| | - Andrew C. Edmondson
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine Zackai
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
- Department of Pediatrics; Perelman School of Medicine; University of Pennsylvania; Philadelphia Pennsylvania
| | - Samantha A. Schrier Vergano
- Division of Medical Genetics and Metabolism; Children's Hospital of The King's Daughters; Norfolk Virginia
- Department of Pediatrics; Eastern Virginia Medical School; Norfolk Virginia
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Gripp KW, Aldinger KA, Bennett JT, Baker L, Tusi J, Powell-Hamilton N, Stabley D, Sol-Church K, Timms AE, Dobyns WB. A novel rasopathy caused by recurrent de novo missense mutations in PPP1CB closely resembles Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:2237-47. [PMID: 27264673 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Noonan syndrome is a rasopathy caused by mutations in multiple genes encoding components of the RAS/MAPK pathway. Despite its variable phenotype, limited genotype-phenotype correlations exist. Noonan syndrome with loose anagen hair (NS-LAH) is characterized by its distinctive hair anomalies, developmental differences, and structural brain abnormalities and is caused by a single recurrent missense SHOC2 mutation. SHOC2 forms a complex with protein phosphatase 1 (PP1C). Protein phosphatases counterbalance kinases and control activation of signaling proteins, such as the mitogen-activated protein kinases of the RAS/MAPK pathway. Here we report four patients with de novo missense mutations in protein phosphatase one catalytic subunit beta (PPP1CB), sharing a recognizable phenotype. Three individuals had the recurrent PPP1CB c.146G>C, p.Pro49Arg mutation, the fourth had a c.166G>C, p.Ala56Pro change. All had relative or absolute macrocephaly, low-set and posteriorly angulated ears, and developmental delay. Slow growing and/or sparse hair and/or an unruly hair texture was present in all. Three individuals had feeding difficulties requiring feeding tubes. One of two males had cryptorchidism, another had pectus excavatum. Short stature was present in three. A female with the recurrent mutation had a Dandy-Walker malformation and optic nerve hypoplasia. Mild ventriculomegaly occurred in all, cerebellar tonsillar ectopia was seen in two and progressed to Chiari 1 malformation in one individual. Based on the combination of phenotypic findings and PPP1CB's effect on RAF dephosphorylation within the RAS/MAPK pathway, this novel condition can be considered a rasopathy, most similar to NS-LAH. Collectively, these mutations meet the standardized criteria for pathogenicity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen W Gripp
- Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - James T Bennett
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Laura Baker
- Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Jessica Tusi
- Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Nina Powell-Hamilton
- Division of Medical Genetics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Deborah Stabley
- Center for Applied Clinical Genomics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Katia Sol-Church
- Center for Applied Clinical Genomics, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Andrew E Timms
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | - William B Dobyns
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
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Fang Z, Marshall CB, Yin JC, Mazhab-Jafari MT, Gasmi-Seabrook GMC, Smith MJ, Nishikawa T, Xu Y, Neel BG, Ikura M. Biochemical Classification of Disease-associated Mutants of RAS-like Protein Expressed in Many Tissues (RIT1). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15641-52. [PMID: 27226556 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RAS-like protein expressed in many tissues 1 (RIT1) is a disease-associated RAS subfamily small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase). Recent studies revealed that germ-line and somatic RIT1 mutations can cause Noonan syndrome (NS), and drive proliferation of lung adenocarcinomas, respectively, akin to RAS mutations in these diseases. However, the locations of these RIT1 mutations differ significantly from those found in RAS, and do not affect the three mutational "hot spots" of RAS. Moreover, few studies have characterized the GTPase cycle of RIT1 and its disease-associated mutants. Here we developed a real-time NMR-based GTPase assay for RIT1 and investigated the effect of disease-associated mutations on GTPase cycle. RIT1 exhibits an intrinsic GTP hydrolysis rate similar to that of H-RAS, but its intrinsic nucleotide exchange rate is ∼4-fold faster, likely as a result of divergent residues near the nucleotide binding site. All of the disease-associated mutations investigated increased the GTP-loaded, activated state of RIT1 in vitro, but they could be classified into two groups with different intrinsic GTPase properties. The S35T, A57G, and Y89H mutants exhibited more rapid nucleotide exchange, whereas F82V and T83P impaired GTP hydrolysis. A RAS-binding domain pulldown assay indicated that RIT1 A57G and Y89H were highly activated in HEK293T cells, whereas T83P and F82V exhibited more modest activation. All five mutations are associated with NS, whereas two (A57G and F82V) have also been identified in urinary tract cancers and myeloid malignancies. Characterization of the effects on the GTPase cycle of RIT1 disease-associated mutations should enable better understanding of their role in disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Fang
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Christopher B Marshall
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jiani C Yin
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mohammad T Mazhab-Jafari
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Geneviève M C Gasmi-Seabrook
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Matthew J Smith
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Tadateru Nishikawa
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Yang Xu
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Benjamin G Neel
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mitsuhiko Ikura
- From the Department of Medical Biophysics, Campbell Family Institute for Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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66
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Milosavljević D, Overwater E, Tamminga S, de Boer K, Elting MW, van Hoorn ME, Rinne T, Houweling AC. Two cases ofRIT1associated Noonan syndrome: Further delineation of the clinical phenotype and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet A 2016; 170:1874-80. [DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.37657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Doris Milosavljević
- Department of Clinical Genetics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Cardiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Eline Overwater
- Department of Clinical Genetics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Tamminga
- Department of Clinical Genetics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Karin de Boer
- Department of Cardiology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mariet W. Elting
- Department of Clinical Genetics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marion E. van Hoorn
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tuula Rinne
- Department of Human Genetics; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Arjan C. Houweling
- Department of Clinical Genetics; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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