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The disturbed blood–brain barrier in human glioblastoma. Mol Aspects Med 2012; 33:579-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Wolpert F, Roth P, Lamszus K, Tabatabai G, Weller M, Eisele G. HLA-E contributes to an immune-inhibitory phenotype of glioblastoma stem-like cells. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 250:27-34. [PMID: 22688424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are an attractive target for immunotherapeutic approaches to glioblastoma. However, an immune inhibitory phenotype of cells currently classified as "glioma-initiating cells" (GIC) might counteract recognition by immune effector cells. Here, we investigate the contribution of the non-classical MHC molecule HLA-E to the immunosuppressive phenotype of GIC. HLA-E is expressed in GIC lines and its expression is reduced upon differentiation of GIC in serum-containing culture conditions. Constitutive HLA-E inhibits natural killer (NK) cell-mediated lysis of GIC since small-interfering RNA-mediated HLA-E gene silencing enhances the immunogenicity of GIC. Increased GIC lysis was observed both in the CD133+ and in the CD133- compartment. Furthermore, the use of interferon-γ as a possible agent to boost an immune response against glioblastoma cells might be limited by the concurrent upregulation of HLA-E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Wolpert
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zürich, Frauenklinikstrasse 26, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
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53
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Targeting JNK for therapeutic depletion of stem-like glioblastoma cells. Sci Rep 2012; 2:516. [PMID: 22816039 PMCID: PMC3400080 DOI: 10.1038/srep00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of the stem-like tumour cell population is considered key to realizing the long-term survival of patients with glioblastoma, one of the most devastating human malignancies. To date, possible therapeutic targets and targeting methods have been described, but none has yet proven to target stem-like glioblastoma cells in the brain to the extent necessary to provide a survival benefit. Here we show that targeting JNK in vivo, the activity of which is required for the maintenance of stem-like glioblastoma cells, via transient, systemic administration of a small-molecule JNK inhibitor depletes the self-renewing and tumour-initiating populations within established tumours, inhibits tumour formation by stem-like glioblastoma cells in the brain, and provide substantial survival benefit without evidence of adverse events. Our findings not only implicate JNK in the maintenance of stem-like glioblastoma cells but also demonstrate that JNK is a viable, clinically relevant therapeutic target in the control of stem-like glioblastoma cells.
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Watkins S, Sontheimer H. Unique biology of gliomas: challenges and opportunities. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:546-56. [PMID: 22683220 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gliomas are terrifying primary brain tumors for which patient outlook remains bleak. Recent research provides novel insights into the unique biology of gliomas. For example, these tumors exhibit an unexpected pluripotency that enables them to grow their own vasculature. They have an unusual ability to navigate tortuous extracellular pathways as they invade, and they use neurotransmitters to inflict damage and create room for growth. Here, we review studies that illustrate the importance of considering interactions of gliomas with their native brain environment. Such studies suggest that gliomas constitute a neurodegenerative disease caused by the malignant growth of brain support cells. The chosen examples illustrate how targeted research into the biology of gliomas is yielding new and much needed therapeutic approaches to this challenging nervous system disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Watkins
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Choy W, Nagasawa DT, Trang A, Thill K, Spasic M, Yang I. CD133 as a marker for regulation and potential for targeted therapies in glioblastoma multiforme. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2012; 23:391-405. [PMID: 22748652 DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The CD133 epitope has been identified as a tumor marker for the purification of a subpopulation of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cells demonstrating cancer stem cell phenotypes. Isolated tumorsphere-forming CD133(+) GBM cells demonstrated heightened in vitro proliferation, self-renewal, and invasive capacity. Orthotopic transplantation of CD133(+) cells led to the formation of heterogeneous tumors that were phenocopies of the original patient tumor. In this article, the authors discuss the complex regulation of CD133 expression in gliomas, its role in tumorigenesis, and its potential as a marker for targeted and personalized therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winward Choy
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
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Knights MJ, Kyle S, Ismail A. Characteristic features of stem cells in glioblastomas: from cellular biology to genetics. Brain Pathol 2012; 22:592-606. [PMID: 22303870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2012.00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common type of primary brain tumor in adults and is among the most lethal and least successfully treated solid tumors. Recently, research into the area of stem cells in brain tumors has gained momentum. However, due to the relatively new and novel hypothesis that a subpopulation of cancer cells in each malignancy has the potential for tumor initiation and repopulation, the data in this area of research are still in its infancy. This review article is aimed at attempting to bring together research carried out so far in order to build an understanding of glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). Initially, we consider GSCs at a morphological and cellular level, and then discuss important cell markers, signaling pathways and genetics. Furthermore, we highlight the difficulties associated with what some of the evidence indicates and what collectively the studies contribute to further defining the interpretation of GSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Knights
- Leeds School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Zhu R, Yang Y, Tian Y, Bai J, Zhang X, Li X, Peng Z, He Y, Chen L, Pan Q, Fang D, Chen W, Qian C, Bian X, Wang R. Ascl2 knockdown results in tumor growth arrest by miRNA-302b-related inhibition of colon cancer progenitor cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32170. [PMID: 22384170 PMCID: PMC3285660 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achaete scute-like 2 (Ascl2), a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, controls the fate of intestinal stem cells. However, the role of Ascl2 in colon cancer progenitor cells remains unknown. The cell line HT-29 (47.5-95% of CD133(+) population) and LS174T (0.45% of CD133(+) population) were chosen for functional evaluation of Ascl2 in colon cancer progenitor cells after gene knockdown by RNA interference. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Ascl2 was significantly increased in colorectal adenocarcinomas. Downregulation of Ascl2 using RNA interference in cultured colonic adenocarcinoma HT-29 and LS174T cells reduced cellular proliferation, colony-forming ability, invasion and migration in vitro, and resulted in the growth arrest of tumor xenografts in vivo. The Ascl2 protein level in CD133(+) HT-29 cells was significantly higher than in CD133(-) HT-29 cells. Ascl2 blockade via shRNA interference in HT-29 cells (shRNA-Ascl2/HT-29 cells) resulted in 26.2% of cells staining CD133(+) compared with 54.7% in control shRNA-Ctr/HT-29 cells. The levels of 'stemness' associated genes, such as CD133, Sox2, Oct4, Lgr5, Bmi1, and C-myc, were significantly decreased in shRNA-Ascl2/HT-29 and shRNA-Ascl2/LS174T cells in vitro as well as in the corresponding tumor xenograft (CD133 was not performed in shRNA-Ascl2/LS174T cells). The shRNA-Ascl2/HT-29 cells had inhibited abilities to form tumorspheres compared with control. The microRNA (miRNAs) microarrays, identified 26 up-regulated miRNAs and 58 down-regulated miRNAs in shRNA-Ascl2/HT-29 cells. Expression levels of let-7b, miRNA-124, miRNA-125b, miRNA-17, miRNA-20a and miRNA-302b, involved in the regulation of 'stemness', were quantified with qPCR, which confirmed their identities. Restoration of miRNA-302b, via its mimic, led to the restoration of shRNA-Ascl2/HT-29 'stemness' characteristics, including tumorsphere formation and 'stemness' associated genes levels, and the recovery of cellular behaviors, including colony-forming ability, invasion and migration in vitro. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Ascl2 may be a potential target for the inhibition of colon cancer progenitor cells, and functions through a miR-302b-related mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongtao Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianying Bai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhihong Peng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonghong He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiong Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianchun Fang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wensheng Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Qian
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuwu Bian
- Department of Pathology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Wang L, Liu Z, Balivada S, Shrestha T, Bossmann S, Pyle M, Pappan L, Shi J, Troyer D. Interleukin-1β and transforming growth factor-β cooperate to induce neurosphere formation and increase tumorigenicity of adherent LN-229 glioma cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2012; 3:5. [PMID: 22330721 PMCID: PMC3340549 DOI: 10.1186/scrt96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Glioma stem cells (GSCs) have the property of self-renewal and appear to be a driving force for the initiation and recurrence of gliomas. We recently found that the human tumorigenic LN-229 glioma cell line failed to form neurospheres in serum-free conditions and generated mostly small tumors in vivo, suggesting that either LN-229 GSCs are not active in these conditions or GSCs are absent in the LN-229 cell line. METHODS Using self-renewal assay, soft-agar colony assay, cell proliferation assay, invasion assay, real time PCR analysis, ELISA and in vivo tumorigenic assay, we investigated the effects of interleukin (IL)-1β and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β on the development of GSCs from LN-229 cells. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that the combination of IL-1β and TGF-β can induce LN-229 cells to form neurospheres in serum-free medium. IL-1β/TGF-β-induced neurospheres display up-regulated expression of stemness factor genes (nestin, Bmi-1, Notch-2 and LIF), and increased invasiveness, drug resistance and tumor growth in vivo: hallmarks of GSCs. These results indicate that IL-1β and TGF-β cooperate to induce a GSC phenotype in the LN-229 cell line. Induction of nestin, LIF and Notch-2 by IL-1β/TGF-β can be reverted after cytokine withdrawal. Remarkably, however, up-regulated Bmi-1 levels remained unchanged after cytokine withdrawal; and the cytokine-withdrawn cells maintained strong clonogenicity, suggesting that Bmi-1 may play a crucial role in tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our finding indicates that glioma cells without self-renewal capability in standard conditions could also contribute to glioma malignancy when cytokines, such as IL-1β and TGF-β, are present in the tumor environment. Targeting GSC-promoting cytokines that are highly expressed in glioblastomas may contribute to the development of more effective glioma therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Schraivogel D, Weinmann L, Beier D, Tabatabai G, Eichner A, Zhu JY, Anton M, Sixt M, Weller M, Beier CP, Meister G. CAMTA1 is a novel tumour suppressor regulated by miR-9/9* in glioblastoma stem cells. EMBO J 2011; 30:4309-22. [PMID: 21857646 PMCID: PMC3199389 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells or cancer initiating cells are believed to contribute to cancer recurrence after therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA molecules with fundamental roles in gene regulation. The role of miRNAs in cancer stem cells is only poorly understood. Here, we report miRNA expression profiles of glioblastoma stem cell-containing CD133(+) cell populations. We find that miR-9, miR-9(*) (referred to as miR-9/9(*)), miR-17 and miR-106b are highly abundant in CD133(+) cells. Furthermore, inhibition of miR-9/9(*) or miR-17 leads to reduced neurosphere formation and stimulates cell differentiation. Calmodulin-binding transcription activator 1 (CAMTA1) is a putative transcription factor, which induces the expression of the anti-proliferative cardiac hormone natriuretic peptide A (NPPA). We identify CAMTA1 as an miR-9/9(*) and miR-17 target. CAMTA1 expression leads to reduced neurosphere formation and tumour growth in nude mice, suggesting that CAMTA1 can function as tumour suppressor. Consistently, CAMTA1 and NPPA expression correlate with patient survival. Our findings could provide a basis for novel strategies of glioblastoma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schraivogel
- Biochemistry Center Regensburg (BZR), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lasse Weinmann
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Dagmar Beier
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Ghazaleh Tabatabai
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichner
- IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Jia Yun Zhu
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Martina Anton
- TU Munich, Institute of Experimental Oncology and Therapy Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Sixt
- IST Austria (Institute of Science and Technology Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph P Beier
- Department of Neurology, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gunter Meister
- Biochemistry Center Regensburg (BZR), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Laboratory of RNA Biology, Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
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