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Yang JJ, Tao H, Li J. Hedgehog signaling pathway as key player in liver fibrosis: new insights and perspectives. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:1011-21. [PMID: 24935558 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.927443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a pivotal cellular event in liver fibrosis. Therefore, improving our understanding of the molecular pathways that are involved in these processes is essential to generate new therapies for liver fibrosis. Greater knowledge of the role of the hedgehog signaling pathway in liver fibrosis could improve understanding of the liver fibrosis pathogenesis. AREAS COVERED The aim of this review is to describe the present knowledge about the hedgehog signaling pathway, which significantly participates in liver fibrosis and HSC activation, and look ahead on new perspectives of hedgehog signaling pathway research. Moreover, we will discuss the different interactions with hedgehog signaling pathway-regulated liver fibrosis. EXPERT OPINION The hedgehog pathway modulates several important aspects of function, including cell proliferation, activation and differentiation. Targeting the hedgehog pathway can be a promising direction in liver fibrosis treatment. We discuss new perspectives of hedgehog signaling pathway activation in liver fibrosis and HSC fate, including DNA methylation, methyl CpG binding protein 2, microRNA, irradiation and metabolism that influence hedgehog signaling pathway transduction. These findings identify the hedgehog pathway as a potentially important for biomarker development and therapeutic targets in liver fibrosis. Future studies are needed in order to find safer and more effective hedgehog-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Yang
- The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Department of Pharmacology , Hefei 230601 , China
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Cho SG, Woo SM, Ko SG. Butein suppresses breast cancer growth by reducing a production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:51. [PMID: 24919544 PMCID: PMC4064524 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Butein has various functions in human diseases including cancer. While anti-cancer effects of butein have been revealed, it is urgent to understand a unique role of butein against cancer. In this study, we demonstrate that butein inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production results in suppression of breast cancer growth. Methods Different breast cancer cell lines were treated with butein and then subjected to cell viability and apoptosis assays. Butein-sensitive or -resistant breast cancer cells were injected into mammary fat pads of immunocompromised mice and then butein was injected. Breast cancer cells were categorized on the basis of butein sensitivity. Results Butein reduced viabilities of different breast cancer cells, while not affecting those of HER2-positive (HER2+) HCC-1419, SKBR-3 and HCC-2218 breast cancer cells. Butein reduction of ROS levels was correlated with apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, butein reduction of ROS level led to inhibitions of AKT phosphorylation. N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a free radical scavenger, also reduced ROS production and AKT phosphorylation, resulting in apoptotic cell death. In contrast, inhibitory effects of both butein and NAC on ROS production and AKT phosphorylation were not detected in butein-resistant HER2+ HCC-1419, SKBR-3 and HCC-2218 cells. In the in vivo tumor growth assays, butein inhibited tumor growth of butein-sensitive HER2+ BT-474 cells, while not affecting that of butein-resistant HER2+ HCC-1419 cells. Moreover, butein inhibition of ROS production and AKT phosphorylation was confirmed by in vivo tumor growth assays. Conclusions Our study first reveals that butein causes breast cancer cell death by the reduction of ROS production. Therefore, our finding provides better knowledge for butein effect on breast cancer and also suggests its treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi, Seoul 130701, Korea.
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TGF-β signal shifting between tumor suppression and fibro-carcinogenesis in human chronic liver diseases. J Gastroenterol 2014; 49:971-81. [PMID: 24263677 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0910-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Perturbation of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling in hepatocytes persistently infected with hepatitis viruses promotes both fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis (fibro-carcinogenesis). Insights into hepatocytic fibro-carcinogenesis have emerged from recent detailed analyses of context-dependent and cell type-specific TGF-β signaling processes directed by multiple phosphorylated forms (phospho-isoforms) of Smad mediators. In the course of hepatitis virus-related chronic liver diseases, chronic inflammation, ongoing viral infection, and host genetic/epigenetic alterations additively shift hepatocytic Smad phospho-isoform signaling from tumor suppression to fibro-carcinogenesis, accelerating liver fibrosis and increasing risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). After successful antiviral therapy, patients with chronic hepatitis can experience less risk of HCC occurrence by reversing Smad phospho-isoform signaling from fibro-carcinogenesis to tumor suppression. However, patients with cirrhosis can still develop HCC owing to sustained, intense fibro-carcinogenic signaling. Recent progress in understanding Smad phospho-isoform signaling should permit use of Smad phosphorylation as a tool predicting the likelihood of liver disease progression, and as a biomarker for assessing the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing fibrosis and cancer risk.
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Kuo LM, Kuo CY, Lin CY, Hung MF, Shen JJ, Hwang TL. Intracellular glutathione depletion by oridonin leads to apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells. Molecules 2014; 19:3327-44. [PMID: 24647034 PMCID: PMC6270846 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19033327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis. Induction of HSC apoptosis by natural products is considered an effective strategy for treating liver fibrosis. Herein, the apoptotic effects of 7,20-epoxy-ent-kaurane (oridonin), a diterpenoid isolated from Rabdosia rubescens, and its underlying mechanisms were investigated in rat HSC cell line, HSC-T6. We found that oridonin inhibited cell viability of HSC-T6 in a concentration-dependent manner. Oridonin induced a reduction in mitochondrial membrane potential and increases in caspase 3 activation, subG1 phase, and DNA fragmentation. These apoptotic effects of oridonin were completely reversed by thiol antioxidants, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and glutathione monoethyl ester. Moreover, oridonin increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which was also inhibited by NAC. Significantly, oridonin reduced intracellular glutathione (GSH) level in a concentration- and time-dependent fashion. Additionally, oridonin induced phosphorylations of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). NAC prevented the activation of MAPKs in oridonin-induced cells. However, selective inhibitors of MAPKs failed to alter oridonin-induced cell death. In summary, these results demonstrate that induction of apoptosis in HSC-T6 by oridonin is associated with a decrease in cellular GSH level and increase in ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Mou Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chan-Yen Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collage of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chen-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collage of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Fa Hung
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collage of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Jiann-Jong Shen
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collage of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Collage of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
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Tian C, Jin X, Ye X, Wu H, Ren W, Zhang R, Long J, Ying C. Long term intake of 0.1% ethanol decreases serum adiponectin by suppressing PPARγ expression via p38 MAPK pathway. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 65:329-34. [PMID: 24412557 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Light alcohol consumption was reported to be negatively associated with insulin resistance and risk of cardiovascular diseases; however, the results were inconsistent. We here investigate whether long term intake of low-concentration ethanol can affect adiponectin levels. Male Wistar rats were exposed to 0.1% ethanol in drinking water for 26weeks. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was cultured and treated with ethanol, SB203580, GW9662, or rosiglitazone. Adiponectin in serum and culture supernatant were measured by ELISA, mRNA levels of adiponectin and PPARγ were determined by RT-PCR, and protein expressions of PPARγ, p38 MAPK and phospho-p38 MAPK were determined by Western blot. In vivo, ethanol decreased the mRNA of adiponectin in VAT and serum adiponectin significantly. Decreased PPARγ and increased activation of p38 MAPK were observed in ethanol treated group. In vitro, SB203580 increased the adiponectin and PPARγ levels in normal DMEM cultured VAT and ameliorated ethanol-induced decrease of adiponectin and PPARγ expressions. GW9662 also decreased the adiponectin levels; Both ethanol and GW9662 weakened the rosiglitazone-induced elevation of adiponectin levels in cultured VAT. These data suggest that long term intake of 0.1% ethanol down-regulated adiponectin levels, and the regulation of PPARγ via p38 MAPK pathway plays an important role in the mechanism underneath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Tian
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Department of Nursing, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Ye
- Department of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- Department of Public Health, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, PR China
| | - Weiye Ren
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jia Long
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chenjiang Ying
- Department of Nutrition & Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan 430030, PR China; Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
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Tang N, Zhang YP, Ying W, Yao XX. Interleukin-1β upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-13 gene expression via c-Jun N-terminal kinase and p38 MAPK pathways in rat hepatic stellate cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:1861-5. [PMID: 24126863 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-13 (MMP-13) is crucial in the cleavage and remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM), and its expression levels are decreased following the induction of liver fibrosis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in interleukin (IL)-1β-mediated MMP-13 gene expression in rat hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In the present study, we demonstrated that IL-1β is capable of activating JNK and p38 in a time-dependent manner and the inhibition of the JNK pathway is able to increase MMP-13 mRNA expression; however, the inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway is capable of inhibiting MMP-13 gene expression. These data demonstrate that IL-1β is able to promote MMP-13 mRNA expression in rat HSCs and the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways were involved in this process. In summary, IL-1β-induced MMP-13 mRNA expression is possibly mediated by cytoplasmic JNK and p38 MAPK pathways, and they play a distinct role in this process. Thus, the JNK and p38 MAPK pathway co-operatively mediate MMP-13 mRNA expression in rat HSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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Jin M, Ande A, Kumar A, Kumar S. Regulation of cytochrome P450 2e1 expression by ethanol: role of oxidative stress-mediated pkc/jnk/sp1 pathway. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e554. [PMID: 23519123 PMCID: PMC3615729 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
CYP2E1 metabolizes ethanol leading to production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and acetaldehyde, which are known to cause not only liver damage but also toxicity to other organs. However, the signaling pathways involved in CYP2E1 regulation by ethanol are not clear, especially in extra-hepatic cells. This study was designed to examine the role of CYP2E1 in ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, as well as signaling pathways by which ethanol regulates CYP2E1 in extra-hepatic cells. In this study, we used astrocytic and monocytic cell lines, because they are important cells in central nervous system . Our results showed that 100 mM ethanol significantly induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cell death at 24 h in the SVGA astrocytic cell line, which was rescued by a CYP2E1 selective inhibitor, diallyl sulfide (DAS), CYP2E1 siRNA, and antioxidants (vitamins C and E). Further, we showed that DAS and vitamin C abrogated ethanol-mediated (50 mℳ) induction of CYP2E1 at 6 h, as well as production of ROS at 2 h, suggesting the role of oxidative stress in ethanol-mediated induction of CYP2E1. We then investigated the role of the protein kinase C/c-Jun N-terminal kinase/specificity protein1 (PKC/JNK/SP1) pathway in oxidative stress-mediated CYP2E1 induction. Our results showed that staurosporine, a non-specific inhibitor of PKC, as well as specific PKCζ inhibitor and PKCζ siRNA, abolished ethanol-induced CYP2E1 expression. In addition, inhibitors of JNK (SP600125) and SP1 (mithramycin A) completely abrogated induction of CYP2E1 by ethanol in SVGA astrocytes. Subsequently, we showed that CYP2E1 is also responsible for ethanol-mediated oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death in U937 monocytic cell lines. Finally, our results showed that PKC/JNK/SP1 pathway is also involved in regulation of CYP2E1 in U937 cells. This study has clinical implications with respect to alcohol-associated neuroinflammatory toxicity among alcohol users.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jin
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
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