51
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Beckwith JG, Zhao W, Ji S, Ajamil AG, Bolander RP, Chu JJ, McAllister TW, Crisco JJ, Duma SM, Rowson S, Broglio SP, Guskiewicz KM, Mihalik JP, Anderson S, Schnebel B, Gunnar Brolinson P, Collins MW, Greenwald RM. Estimated Brain Tissue Response Following Impacts Associated With and Without Diagnosed Concussion. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:819-830. [PMID: 29470745 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-1999-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinematic measurements of head impacts are sensitive to sports concussion, but not highly specific. One potential reason is these measures reflect input conditions only and may have varying degrees of correlation to regional brain tissue deformation. In this study, previously reported head impact data recorded in the field from high school and collegiate football players were analyzed using two finite element head models (FEHM). Forty-five impacts associated with immediately diagnosed concussion were simulated along with 532 control impacts without identified concussion obtained from the same players. For each simulation, intracranial response measures (max principal strain, strain rate, von Mises stress, and pressure) were obtained for the whole brain and within four regions of interest (ROI; cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, corpus callosum). All response measures were sensitive to diagnosed concussion; however, large inter-athlete variability was observed and sensitivity strength depended on measure, ROI, and FEHM. Interestingly, peak linear acceleration was more sensitive to diagnosed concussion than all intracranial response measures except pressure. These findings suggest FEHM may provide unique and potentially important information on brain injury mechanisms, but estimations of concussion risk based on individual intracranial response measures evaluated in this study did not improve upon those derived from input kinematics alone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Songbai Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, USA.,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey J Chu
- Simbex, 10 Water Street Suite 410, Lebanon, NH, 03748, USA
| | | | - Joseph J Crisco
- Department of Orthopaedics, Alpert Medical School of Brown University and Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Stefan M Duma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Steven Rowson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Steven P Broglio
- NeuroTrauma Research Laboratory, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin M Guskiewicz
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason P Mihalik
- Matthew Gfeller Sport-Related Traumatic Brain Injury Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Scott Anderson
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | - Brock Schnebel
- Departments of Orthopedics and Athletics, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA
| | | | - Michael W Collins
- Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Richard M Greenwald
- Simbex, 10 Water Street Suite 410, Lebanon, NH, 03748, USA.,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
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52
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Zhao W, Choate B, Ji S. Material properties of the brain in injury-relevant conditions - Experiments and computational modeling. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 80:222-234. [PMID: 29453025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Material properties of the brain have been extensively studied but remain poorly characterized. The vast variations in constitutive models and material constants are well documented. However, no study exists to translate the variations into disparities in impact-induced brain strains most relevant to brain injury. Here, we reviewed a subset of injury-relevant brain material properties either characterized in experiments or adopted in recent head injury models. To highlight how variations in measured brain material properties manifested in simulated brain strains, we selected six experiments that have provided a complete set of brain material model and constants to implement a common head injury model. Responses resulting from two extreme events representing a high-rate cadaveric head impact and a low-rate in vivo head rotation, respectively, varied substantially. We hypothesized, and further confirmed, that the time-varying shear moduli at the appropriate time scales (e.g., ~5 ms and ~40 ms corresponding to the impulse durations of the major acceleration peaks for the two impacts, respectively), rather than the initial or long-term shear moduli, were the most indicative of impact-induced brain strains. These results underscored the need to implement measured brain material properties into an actual head injury model for evaluation. They may also provide guidelines to better characterize brain material properties in future experiments and head injury models. Finally, our finding provided a practical solution to satisfy head injury model validation requirements at both ends of the impact severity spectrum. This would improve the confidence in model simulation performance across a range of time scales relevant to concussion and sub-concussion in the real-world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Bryan Choate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Songbai Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA.
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Zhao W, Kuo C, Wu L, Camarillo DB, Ji S. Performance Evaluation of a Pre-computed Brain Response Atlas in Dummy Head Impacts. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:2437-2450. [PMID: 28710533 PMCID: PMC5693659 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1888-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A pre-computed brain response atlas (pcBRA) may have the potential to accelerate the investigation of the biomechanical mechanisms of traumatic brain injury on a large-scale. In this study, we further enhance the technique and evaluate its performance using six degree-of-freedom angular velocity profiles from dummy head impacts. Using the pcBRA to simplify profiles into acceleration-only shapes, sufficiently accurate strain estimates were obtained for impacts with a major dominating velocity peak. However, they were largely under-estimated when substantial deceleration occurred that reversed the direction of the angular velocity. For these impacts, estimation accuracy was substantially improved with a biphasic profile simplification (average correlation coefficient and linear regression slope of 0.92 ± 0.03 and 0.95 ± 0.07 for biphasic shapes, respectively, vs. 0.80 ± 0.06 and 0.80 ± 0.08 for acceleration-only shapes). Peak maximum principal strain (ɛ p) and cumulative strain damage measure (CSDM) from the estimated strains consistently correlated stronger than kinematic metrics with respect to the baseline ɛ p and CSDM from the directly simulated responses, regardless of the brain region, and by a large margin (e.g., correlation of 0.93 vs. 0.75 compared to Brain Injury Criterion (BrIC) for ɛ p in the whole-brain, and 0.91 vs. 0.47 compared to BrIC for CSDM in the corpus callosum). These findings further support the pre-computation technique for accurate, real-time strain estimation, which could be important to accelerate model-based brain injury studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA, 01506, USA
| | - Calvin Kuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lyndia Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David B Camarillo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Songbai Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott Street, Worcester, MA, 01506, USA.
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
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Kuo C, Wu L, Zhao W, Fanton M, Ji S, Camarillo DB. Propagation of errors from skull kinematic measurements to finite element tissue responses. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2017; 17:235-247. [PMID: 28856485 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-017-0957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Real-time quantification of head impacts using wearable sensors is an appealing approach to assess concussion risk. Traditionally, sensors were evaluated for accurately measuring peak resultant skull accelerations and velocities. With growing interest in utilizing model-estimated tissue responses for injury prediction, it is important to evaluate sensor accuracy in estimating tissue response as well. Here, we quantify how sensor kinematic measurement errors can propagate into tissue response errors. Using previous instrumented mouthguard validation datasets, we found that skull kinematic measurement errors in both magnitude and direction lead to errors in tissue response magnitude and distribution. For molar design instrumented mouthguards susceptible to mandible disturbances, 150-400% error in skull kinematic measurements resulted in 100% error in regional peak tissue response. With an improved incisor design mitigating mandible disturbances, errors in skull kinematics were reduced to <50%, and several tissue response errors were reduced to <10%. Applying 30[Formula: see text] rotations to reference kinematic signals to emulate sensor transformation errors yielded below 10% error in regional peak tissue response; however, up to 20% error was observed in peak tissue response for individual finite elements. These findings demonstrate that kinematic resultant errors result in regional peak tissue response errors, while kinematic directionality errors result in tissue response distribution errors. This highlights the need to account for both kinematic magnitude and direction errors and accurately determine transformations between sensors and the skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin Kuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Shriram Center Room 202, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Lyndia Wu
- Department of Bio-Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Shriram Center Room 202, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St, Gateway Park 4004, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Michael Fanton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Shriram Center Room 202, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Songbai Ji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 60 Prescott St, Gateway Park 4004, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - David B Camarillo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Shriram Center Room 202, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.,Department of Bio-Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Shriram Center Room 202, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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