51
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Yang X, Jiang L, Jia Y, Hu Y, Xu Q, Xu X, Huang H. Counteraction of Trehalose on N, N-Dimethylformamide-Induced Candida rugosa Lipase Denaturation: Spectroscopic Insight and Molecular Dynamic Simulation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152275. [PMID: 27031946 PMCID: PMC4816565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) has been widely used as a biocatalyst for non-aqueous synthesis in biotechnological applications, which, however, often suffers significant loss of activity in organic solvent. Experimental results show that trehalose could actively counteract the organic-solvent-induced protein denaturation, while the molecular mechanisms still don’t unclear. Herein, CRL was used as a model enzyme to explore the effects of trehalose on the retention of enzymatic activity upon incubation in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF). Results showed that both catalytic activity and conformation changes of CRL influenced by DMF solvent were inhibited by trehalose in a dose-dependent fashion. The simulations further indicated that the CRL protein unfolded in binary DMF solution, but retained the native state in the ternary DMF/trehalose system. Trehalose as the second osmolyte added into binary DMF solution decreased DMF-CRL hydrogen bonds efficiently, whereas increased the intermolecular hydrogen bondings between DMF and trehalose. Thus, the origin of its denaturing effects of DMF on protein is thought to be due to the preferential exclusion of trehalose as well as the intermolecular hydrogen bondings between trehalose and DMF. These findings suggest that trehalose protect the CRL protein from DMF-induced unfolding via both indirect and direct interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
- * E-mail: (LJ); (HH)
| | - Yigang Jia
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Yi Hu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Qing Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - Xian Xu
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
| | - He Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, PR China
- * E-mail: (LJ); (HH)
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52
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Tomar DS, Kumar S, Singh SK, Goswami S, Li L. Molecular basis of high viscosity in concentrated antibody solutions: Strategies for high concentration drug product development. MAbs 2016; 8:216-28. [PMID: 26736022 PMCID: PMC5074600 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2015.1128606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective translation of breakthrough discoveries into innovative products in the clinic requires proactive mitigation or elimination of several drug development challenges. These challenges can vary depending upon the type of drug molecule. In the case of therapeutic antibody candidates, a commonly encountered challenge is high viscosity of the concentrated antibody solutions. Concentration-dependent viscosity behaviors of mAbs and other biologic entities may depend on pairwise and higher-order intermolecular interactions, non-native aggregation, and concentration-dependent fluctuations of various antibody regions. This article reviews our current understanding of molecular origins of viscosity behaviors of antibody solutions. We discuss general strategies and guidelines to select low viscosity candidates or optimize lead candidates for lower viscosity at early drug discovery stages. Moreover, strategies for formulation optimization and excipient design are also presented for candidates already in advanced product development stages. Potential future directions for research in this field are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj S. Tomar
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017, USA
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017, USA
| | - Satish K. Singh
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017, USA
| | - Sumit Goswami
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri, 63017, USA
| | - Li Li
- Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts, 01810, USA
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53
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Wang S, Zhang N, Hu T, Dai W, Feng X, Zhang X, Qian F. Viscosity-Lowering Effect of Amino Acids and Salts on Highly Concentrated Solutions of Two IgG1 Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4478-87. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shujing Wang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of
Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- China R&D and Scientific Affair, Shanghai Discovery Center, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Tao Hu
- China R&D and Scientific Affair, Shanghai Discovery Center, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Weiguo Dai
- Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
| | - Xiuying Feng
- China R&D and Scientific Affair, Shanghai Discovery Center, Janssen Research & Development, Johnson & Johnson, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of
Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Feng Qian
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences
and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of
Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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54
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Nicoud L, Lattuada M, Yates A, Morbidelli M. Impact of aggregate formation on the viscosity of protein solutions. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:5513-5522. [PMID: 26061258 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm00513b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gaining knowledge on the stability and viscosity of concentrated therapeutic protein solutions is of great relevance to the pharmaceutical industry. In this work, we borrow key concepts from colloid science to rationalize the impact of aggregate formation on the changes in viscosity of a concentrated monoclonal antibody solution. In particular, we monitor the kinetics of aggregate growth under thermal stress by static and dynamic light scattering, and we follow the rise in solution viscosity by measuring the diffusion coefficient of tracer nanoparticles with dynamic light scattering. Moreover, we characterize aggregate morphology in the frame of the fractal geometry. We show that the curves of the increase in viscosity with time monitored at three different protein concentrations collapse on one single master curve when the reaction profiles are normalized based on an effective volume fraction occupied by the aggregates, which depends on the aggregate size, concentration and morphology. Importantly, we find that the viscosity of an aggregate sample is lower than the viscosity of a monomeric sample of a similar occupied volume fraction due to the polydispersity of the aggregate distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucrèce Nicoud
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
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55
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Razinkov VI, Treuheit MJ, Becker GW. Accelerated formulation development of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and mAb-based modalities: review of methods and tools. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:468-83. [PMID: 25576149 DOI: 10.1177/1087057114565593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
More therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody-based modalities are in development today than ever before, and a faster and more accurate drug discovery process will ensure that the number of candidates coming to the biopharmaceutical pipeline will increase in the future. The process of drug product development and, specifically, formulation development is a critical bottleneck on the way from candidate selection to fully commercialized medicines. This article reviews the latest advances in methods of formulation screening, which allow not only the high-throughput selection of the most suitable formulation but also the prediction of stability properties under manufacturing and long-term storage conditions. We describe how the combination of automation technologies and high-throughput assays creates the opportunity to streamline the formulation development process starting from early preformulation screening through to commercial formulation development. The application of quality by design (QbD) concepts and modern statistical tools are also shown here to be very effective in accelerated formulation development of both typical antibodies and complex modalities derived from them.
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56
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Lim DG, Kim NA, Lim JY, Kim KH, Hada S, Jeong SH. Evaluation of etanercept stability as exposed to various sugars with biophysical assessment. Int J Pharm 2014; 476:50-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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57
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Gencoglu MF, Pearson E, Heldt CL. Porcine parvovirus flocculation and removal in the presence of osmolytes. J Biotechnol 2014; 186:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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58
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Kim NA, Lim DG, Lim JY, Kim KH, Shim WS, Kang NG, Jeong SH. Evaluation of protein formulation and its viscosity with DSC, DLS, and microviscometer. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL INVESTIGATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40005-014-0128-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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59
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Schmit JD, He F, Mishra S, Ketchem RR, Woods CE, Kerwin BA. Entanglement Model of Antibody Viscosity. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:5044-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp500434b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy D. Schmit
- Department
of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Feng He
- Department
of Drug Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Shradha Mishra
- Department
of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Randal R. Ketchem
- Department
of Biological Optimization, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Christopher E. Woods
- Department
of Drug Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
| | - Bruce A. Kerwin
- Department
of Drug Product Development, Amgen, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98101, United States
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60
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Cheng W, Joshi SB, Jain NK, He F, Kerwin BA, Volkin DB, Russell Middaugh C. Linking the Solution Viscosity of an IgG2 Monoclonal Antibody to Its Structure as a Function of pH and Temperature. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4291-304. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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61
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Härtl E, Winter G, Besheer A. Influence of Hydroxypropyl‐Beta‐Cyclodextrin on the Stability of Dilute and Highly Concentrated Immunoglobulin G Formulations. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4121-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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62
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Zhang N, Liu FF, Dong XY, Sun Y. Counteraction of trehalose on urea-induced protein unfolding: Thermodynamic and kinetic studies. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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63
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Jezek J, Darton NJ, Derham BK, Royle N, Simpson I. Biopharmaceutical formulations for pre-filled delivery devices. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2013; 10:811-28. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2013.780023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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64
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Sule SV, Dickinson CD, Lu J, Chow CK, Tessier PM. Rapid analysis of antibody self-association in complex mixtures using immunogold conjugates. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1322-31. [PMID: 23383873 DOI: 10.1021/mp300524x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A key challenge in developing therapeutic antibodies is their highly variable propensities to self-associate at high antibody concentrations (>50 mg/mL) required for subcutaneous delivery. Identification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the initial discovery process that not only have high binding affinity but also have high solubility and low viscosity would simplify the development of safe and effective antibody therapeutics. Unfortunately, the low purities, small quantities and large numbers of antibody candidates during the early discovery process are incompatible with current methods of measuring antibody self-association. We report a method (affinity-capture self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy, AC-SINS) capable of identifying mAbs with low self-association propensity that is robust even at low mAb concentrations (5-50 μg/mL) and in the presence of cell culture media. Gold nanoparticles are coated with polyclonal antibodies specific for human antibodies, and then human mAbs are captured from dilute antibody solutions. We find that the wavelength of maximum absorbance (plasmon wavelength) of antibody-gold conjugates--which red-shifts as the distance between particles is reduced due to attractive mAb self-interactions--is well correlated with light scattering measurements conducted at several orders of magnitude higher antibody concentrations. The generality of AC-SINS makes it well suited for use in diverse settings ranging from antibody discovery to formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu V Sule
- Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
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65
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Equilibrium and kinetic studies of the counteraction of trehalose on acid-induced protein unfolding. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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66
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Menzen T, Friess W. High-throughput melting-temperature analysis of a monoclonal antibody by differential scanning fluorimetry in the presence of surfactants. J Pharm Sci 2012; 102:415-28. [PMID: 23212746 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) is successfully used as a high-throughput screening method for the analysis of the protein melting temperature (T(m)) in the development of therapeutic monoclonal antibody (MAb) formulations. Typically, surfactants are utilized in MAb formulations as a stabilizer, but the commonly applied polarity-sensitive dye SYPRO® Orange shows bright fluorescence in the presence of micelles, concealing the signal of protein unfolding. Studying various MAb formulations containing polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80, or poloxamer 188 (PX 188), the molecular rotor probe 4-(dicyanovinyl)julolidine (DCVJ) was investigated. Although limited to higher MAb concentrations, DCVJ enabled the determination of T(m) in many formulations where SYPRO® Orange failed. It is important to note that careful background correction of placebo formulations is essential for the precise determination of T(m) and especially T(m onset). Thermal shifts of T(m1) (lowest observed thermal transition) indicating stabilizing or destabilizing effects of pH or excipient were in good agreement across all tested formulations and correlated well with differential scanning calorimetry measurements. Additionally, the micellization temperature of PX 188 was confirmed, which leads to a nonproteinous transition. With this new method, it is possible to apply DSF during the development of therapeutic proteins in surfactant-containing formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Menzen
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich 81377, Germany.
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67
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Yadav S, Laue TM, Kalonia DS, Singh SN, Shire SJ. The Influence of Charge Distribution on Self-Association and Viscosity Behavior of Monoclonal Antibody Solutions. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:791-802. [DOI: 10.1021/mp200566k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Yadav
- Late Stage
Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Thomas M. Laue
- Department
of Molecular, Cellular
and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, United States
| | - Devendra S. Kalonia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268,
United States
| | - Shubhadra N. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06268,
United States
| | - Steven J. Shire
- Late Stage
Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California
94080, United States
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68
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Zhang J, Topp EM. Protein G, protein A and protein A-derived peptides inhibit the agitation induced aggregation of IgG. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:622-8. [PMID: 22304418 DOI: 10.1021/mp200548x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Controlling and preventing aggregation is critical to the development of safe and effective antibody drug products. The studies presented here test the hypothesis that protein A and protein G inhibit the agitation-induced aggregation of IgG. The hypothesis is motivated by the enhanced conformational stability of proteins upon ligand binding and the specific binding affinity of protein A and protein G to the Fc region of IgG. The aggregation of mixed human IgG from pooled human plasma was induced by agitation alone or in the presence of (i) protein A, (ii) protein G or (iii) a library of 24 peptides derived from the IgG-binding domain of protein A. Aggregation was assessed by UV spectroscopy, SDS-PAGE, high performance size-exclusion chromatography (HP-SEC), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and fluorescence spectroscopy. Additional information on IgG-ligand interactions was obtained using differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF) and competitive binding studies. The results demonstrate that protein A provides near-complete inhibition of agitation-induced aggregation, while protein G and two peptides from the peptide library show partial inhibition. The findings indicate that the IgG protein A-binding site is involved in the agitation-induced aggregation of IgG, and suggest a dominant role of colloidal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47901, USA
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69
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Samra HS, He F. Advancements in high throughput biophysical technologies: applications for characterization and screening during early formulation development of monoclonal antibodies. Mol Pharm 2012; 9:696-707. [PMID: 22263524 DOI: 10.1021/mp200404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The formulation development of monoclonal antibodies is extremely challenging, due to the diversity and complexity contained within this class of molecules. The physical and chemical properties of a monoclonal antibody dictate the behavior of the protein drug during manufacturing, storage and clinical administration. In the past few years, the use of high throughput technologies has been widely adapted to delineate unique properties of individual immunoglobulin G's (IgG's) important for their development. Numerous screening techniques have been designed to reveal physical and chemical characteristics of a protein relevant to stability under production, formulation and delivery conditions. In addition, protein stability under accelerated stresses has been utilized to predict long-term storage behavior for monoclonal antibodies in the formulation. In this review, we summarize the recent advancements in the field of biophysical technology, with a specific focus on the techniques that can be directly applied to the formulation development of monoclonal antibodies. Several case studies are also presented here to provide examples of combining existing biophysical methods with high throughput screening technology in the formulation development of monoclonal antibody drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep S Samra
- Department of Formulation Sciences, MedImmune , One MedImmune Way, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878, USA.
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70
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Kamerzell TJ, Esfandiary R, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. Protein-excipient interactions: mechanisms and biophysical characterization applied to protein formulation development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1118-59. [PMID: 21855584 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the critical importance of understanding protein-excipient interactions as a key step in the rational design of formulations to stabilize and deliver protein-based therapeutic drugs and vaccines. Biophysical methods used to examine various molecular interactions between solutes and protein molecules are discussed with an emphasis on applications to pharmaceutical excipients in terms of their effects on protein stability. Key mechanisms of protein-excipient interactions such as electrostatic and cation-pi interactions, preferential hydration, dispersive forces, and hydrogen bonding are presented in the context of different physical states of the formulation such as frozen liquids, solutions, gels, freeze-dried solids and interfacial phenomenon. An overview of the different classes of pharmaceutical excipients used to formulate and stabilize protein therapeutic drugs is also presented along with the rationale for use in different dosage forms including practical pharmaceutical considerations. The utility of high throughput analytical methodologies to examine protein-excipient interactions is presented in terms of expanding formulation design space and accelerating experimental timelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Kamerzell
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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