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Vasconcelos T, Marques S, Sarmento B. Measuring the emulsification dynamics and stability of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2017; 123:1-8. [PMID: 29133172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) are one of the most promising technologies in the drug delivery field, particularly for addressing solubility and bioavailability issues of drugs. The development of these drug carriers excessively relies in visual observations and indirect determinations. The present manuscript intended to describe a method able to measure the emulsification of SEDDS, both micro and nano-emulsions, able to measure the droplet size and to evaluate the physical stability of these formulations. Additionally, a new process to evaluate the physical stability of SEDDS after emulsification was also proposed, based on a cycle of mechanical stress followed by a resting period. The use of a multiparameter continuous evaluation during the emulsification process and stability was of upmost value to understand SEDDS emulsification process. Based on this method, SEDDS were classified as fast and slow emulsifiers. Moreover, emulsification process and stabilization of emulsion was subject of several considerations regarding the composition of SEDDS as major factor that affects stability to physical stress and the use of multicomponent with different properties to develop a stable and robust SEDDS formulation. Drug loading level is herein suggested to impact droplets size of SEDDS after dispersion and SEDDS stability to stress conditions. The proposed protocol allows an online measurement of SEDDS droplet size during emulsification and a rationale selection of excipients based on its emulsification and stabilization performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teófilo Vasconcelos
- BIAL-Portela & Cª, S.A., Avenida da Siderugia Nacional, 4745-457 Trofa, Portugal; ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Marques
- ICBAS - Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; CIBIO/InBIO-UP - Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Bruno Sarmento
- INEB - Instituto Nacional de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; I3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; CESPU - Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada em Ciências e Tecnologias da Saúde and Instituto Universitário de Ciências da Saúde, Rua Central de Gandra 1317, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal; School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK.
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McEvoy CL, Trevaskis NL, Feeney OM, Edwards GA, Perlman ME, Ambler CM, Porter CJH. Correlating in Vitro Solubilization and Supersaturation Profiles with in Vivo Exposure for Lipid Based Formulations of the CETP Inhibitor CP-532,623. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:4525-4538. [PMID: 29076741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lipid based formulations (LBFs) are a promising formulation strategy for many poorly water-soluble drugs and have been shown previously to enhance the oral exposure of CP-532,623, an oral cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor. In the current study, an in vitro lipid digestion model was used to probe the relationship between drug solubilization and supersaturation on in vitro dispersion and digestion of LBF containing long chain (LC) lipids and drug absorption in vivo. After in vitro digestion of LBF based on LC lipids, the proportion of CP-532,623 maintained in the solubilized state in the aqueous phase of the digest was highest in formulations containing Kolliphor RH 40, and in most cases outperformed equivalent formulations based on MC lipids. Subsequent administration of the LC-LBFs to beagle dogs resulted in reasonable correlation between concentrations of CP-532,623 measured in the aqueous phase of the in vitro digest after 30 min digestion and in vivo exposure (AUC); however, the LC-LBFs required greater in vitro drug solubilization to elicit similar in vivo exposure when compared to previous studies with MC-LBF. Although post digestion solubilization was enhanced in LC-LBF compared to MC-LBF, equilibrium solubility studies of CP-532,623 in the aqueous phase isolated from blank lipid digestion experiments revealed that equilibrium solubility was also higher, and therefore supersaturation lower. A revised correlation based on supersaturation in the digest aqueous phase and drug absorption was therefore generated. A single, linear correlation was evident for both LC- and MC-LBF containing Kolliphor RH 40, but this did not extend to formulations based on other surfactants. The data suggest that solubilization and supersaturation are significant drivers of drug absorption in vivo, and that across formulations with similar formulation composition good correlation is evident between in vitro and in vivo measures. However, across dissimilar formulations, solubilization and supersaturation alone are not sufficient to explain drug exposure and other factors also likely play a role.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Glenn A Edwards
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Melbourne , Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia
| | - Michael E Perlman
- Pfizer Global Research and Development , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Catherine M Ambler
- Pfizer Global Research and Development , Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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Planchette C, Mercuri A, Arcangeli L, Kriechbaum M, Laggner P. Self-emulsification of Lipidic Drug Delivery System in Pure Water and in Concentrated Glycerol Solution. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:3053-3063. [PMID: 28516413 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-017-0785-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS), often intended for oral delivery, are normally explored in biorelevant aqueous media. The high complexity of these multi-component systems leaves the understanding of self-emulsification poor, hindering formulation rationalization. In this work, we aimed to fill this gap by studying the effects of glycerol on the self-emulsification of a ternary component formulation made of 20% w/w Tween 80, 15% w/w Span 80, and 65% w/w Captex 300 Low C6. The behavior of SEDDS in pure water and a binary mixture of water and glycerol (58.8% w/w) were investigated by optical microscopy, SAXS (small angle X-ray scattering), dynamic light scattering, and surface tension measurements. The presence of glycerol, at 58.8% w/w, altered the self-emulsification behavior by suppressing the formation of lamellar structures observed in the presence of water, reducing the droplet mean diameter from 0.2 to 0.1 μm and changing the mechanism of self-emulsification. As co-surfactant, glycerol may intercalate within the polyoxyethylene chains of the surfactant at the palisade layer, increasing the interface flexibility and expanding it. Since no free water is available at the investigated glycerol concentration, glycerol, which is also a co-solvent, may additionally modify long-range interactions by reducing Van-der-Waals attractions or giving rise to repulsive surface-solvent mediated forces of entropic origin. These effects could be exploited to rationalize SEDDS formulations, widening their use within the pharmaceutical industry.
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54
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Sahbaz Y, Nguyen TH, Ford L, McEvoy CL, Williams HD, Scammells PJ, Porter CJH. Ionic Liquid Forms of Weakly Acidic Drugs in Oral Lipid Formulations: Preparation, Characterization, in Vitro Digestion, and in Vivo Absorption Studies. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3669-3683. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Sahbaz
- Drug
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Tri-Hung Nguyen
- Drug
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Claire L. McEvoy
- Drug
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hywel D. Williams
- Capsugel R&D Australia, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J. H. Porter
- Drug
Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics and ‡Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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55
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The gut in the beaker: Missing the surfactants? Int J Pharm 2017; 514:73-80. [PMID: 27863685 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal drug administration is the preferred route for the majority of drugs however, the natural physiology and physicochemistry of the gastrointestinal tract is critical to absorption but complex and influenced by factors such as diet or disease. The pharmaceutical sciences drive for product consistency has led to the development of in vitro product performance tests whose utility and interpretation is hindered by the complexity, variability and a lack of understanding. This article explores some of these issues with respect to the drug, formulation and the presence of surfactant excipients and how these interact with the natural bile salt surfactants. Interactions start in the mouth and during swallowing but the stomach and small intestine present the major challenges related to drug dissolution, solubility, the impact of surfactants and supersaturation along with precipitation. The behaviour of lipid based formulations and the influence of surfactant excipients is explored along with the difficulties of translating in vitro results to in vivo performance. Possible future research areas are highlighted with the conclusion that, "a great deal of work using modern methods is still required to clarify the situation".
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56
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Crum MF, Trevaskis NL, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. Transient Supersaturation Supports Drug Absorption from Lipid-Based Formulations for Short Periods of Time, but Ongoing Solubilization Is Required for Longer Absorption Periods. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:394-405. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F. Crum
- Drug
Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie L. Trevaskis
- Drug
Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Colin W. Pouton
- Drug
Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J. H. Porter
- Drug
Delivery Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- ARC
Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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57
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Rezhdo O, Speciner L, Carrier R. Lipid-associated oral delivery: Mechanisms and analysis of oral absorption enhancement. J Control Release 2016; 240:544-560. [PMID: 27520734 PMCID: PMC5082615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The majority of newly discovered oral drugs are poorly water soluble, and co-administration with lipids has proven effective in significantly enhancing bioavailability of some compounds with low aqueous solubility. Yet, lipid-based delivery technologies have not been widely employed in commercial oral products. Lipids can impact drug transport and fate in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through multiple mechanisms including enhancement of solubility and dissolution kinetics, enhancement of permeation through the intestinal mucosa, and triggering drug precipitation upon lipid emulsion depletion (e.g., by digestion). The effect of lipids on drug absorption is currently not quantitatively predictable, in part due to the multiple complex dynamic processes that can be impacted by lipids. Quantitative mechanistic analysis of the processes significant to lipid system function and overall impact on drug absorption can aid in the understanding of drug-lipid interactions in the GI tract and exploitation of such interactions to achieve optimal lipid-based drug delivery. In this review, we discuss the impact of co-delivered lipids and lipid digestion on drug dissolution, partitioning, and absorption in the context of the experimental tools and associated kinetic expressions used to study and model these processes. The potential benefit of a systems-based consideration of the concurrent multiple dynamic processes occurring upon co-dosing lipids and drugs to predict the impact of lipids on drug absorption and enable rational design of lipid-based delivery systems is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oljora Rezhdo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Lauren Speciner
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Rebecca Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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58
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Khan J, Rades T, Boyd BJ. Lipid-Based Formulations Can Enable the Model Poorly Water-Soluble Weakly Basic Drug Cinnarizine To Precipitate in an Amorphous-Salt Form During In Vitro Digestion. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3783-3793. [PMID: 27631273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The tendency for poorly water-soluble weakly basic drugs to precipitate in a noncrystalline form during the in vitro digestion of lipid-based formulations (LBFs) was linked to an ionic interaction between drug and fatty acid molecules produced upon lipid digestion. Cinnarizine was chosen as a model weakly basic drug and was dissolved in a medium-chain (MC) LBF, which was subject to in vitro lipolysis experiments at various pH levels above and below the reported pKa value of cinnarizine (7.47). The solid-state form of the precipitated drug was analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and crossed polarized light microscopy (CPLM). In addition, the phase distribution of cinnarizine upon lipolysis was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Cinnarizine precipitated in a noncrystalline form during lipolysis experiments at pH 6.5, pH 5.5, and pH 4.0 but precipitated in a crystalline form at pH 8.0 according to XRD measurements on the pellets. Differences were also observed in the FTIR spectra of the pellet phases at pH 8.0 and pH 6.5, with the absorption bands in the C-N stretch region of the IR spectra supporting a shift from the starting free base crystalline material to the hydrochloride salt, thus supporting the case that ionic interactions between weak bases and fatty acid molecules during digestion are responsible for producing amorphous-salts upon precipitation. The conclusion has wide implications for understanding past in vitro and in vivo data for lipid-based formulations of basic drugs, as well as future formulation design and optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Khan
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Thomas Rades
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Copenhagen , Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben J Boyd
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus) , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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59
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Gautschi N, Bergström CAS, Kuentz M. Rapid determination of drug solubilization versus supersaturation in natural and digested lipids. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:164-174. [PMID: 27609663 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipid-based formulations (LBFs) represent one of the successful formulation approaches that enable oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. This work presents a simple equilibrium approach based on solubility in lipids and their corresponding digestion media to estimate a maximum drug supersaturation ratio (SRmax). This value of drug concentration normalized by the solubility in the aqueous digestion phase indicates the propensity for drug precipitation. A set of 16 structurally diverse drugs was first measured for their solubility in tricaprin and tricaprylin and results were compared to an empirical model based on molecular predictors. In the next step, digestion media were either prepared by in vitro lipolysis or by assembling a composition to mimic the endpoint of digestion. It was found that drug solubility in the pure lipids mainly was related to the melting point in that increased values resulted in reduced solubility. The solubility values measured in the lipolysis media correlated well with those obtained from assembled digestion media. Interestingly, the solubilization upon digestion was typically higher when using tricaprin than tricaprylin in spite of that the latter oil (as pure excipient) generally was a more potent solvent. This work suggests that a simplified digestion screen can be used to facilitate evaluation of formulations during early development. Estimation of SRmax provides an early risk assessment of drug precipitation for LBFs. The method is easily scaled down to the microtiter plate format and can be used for selecting candidate formulations that merit further evaluation in more complex and dynamic in vitro tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gautschi
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gründenstr. 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Kuentz
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Gründenstr. 40, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
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60
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Hens B, Corsetti M, Brouwers J, Augustijns P. Gastrointestinal and Systemic Monitoring of Posaconazole in Humans After Fasted and Fed State Administration of a Solid Dispersion. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2904-2912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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61
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Khan J, Hawley A, Rades T, Boyd BJ. In Situ Lipolysis and Synchrotron Small-Angle X-ray Scattering for the Direct Determination of the Precipitation and Solid-State Form of a Poorly Water-Soluble Drug During Digestion of a Lipid-Based Formulation. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2631-2639. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sassene PJ, Michaelsen MH, Mosgaard MD, Jensen MK, Van Den Broek E, Wasan KM, Mu H, Rades T, Müllertz A. In Vivo Precipitation of Poorly Soluble Drugs from Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:3417-3426. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. J. Sassene
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - M. H. Michaelsen
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2146
East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - M. D. Mosgaard
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - M. K. Jensen
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - E. Van Den Broek
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - K. M. Wasan
- Faculty
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, 2146
East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
- College
of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, E3122-104
Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - H. Mu
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - T. Rades
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - A. Müllertz
- Department
of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
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Chatterjee B, Hamed Almurisi S, Ahmed Mahdi Dukhan A, Mandal UK, Sengupta P. Controversies with self-emulsifying drug delivery system from pharmacokinetic point of view. Drug Deliv 2016; 23:3639-3652. [DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2016.1214990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Uttam Kumar Mandal
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, IIUM, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Pinaki Sengupta
- Pharmaceutical Technology, Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, IIUM, Kuantan, Malaysia
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64
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Fong SYK, Bauer-Brandl A, Brandl M. Oral bioavailability enhancement through supersaturation: an update and meta-analysis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 14:403-426. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1218465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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65
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Carrière F. Impact of gastrointestinal lipolysis on oral lipid-based formulations and bioavailability of lipophilic drugs. Biochimie 2016; 125:297-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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66
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Feeney OM, Crum MF, McEvoy CL, Trevaskis NL, Williams HD, Pouton CW, Charman WN, Bergström CA, Porter CJ. 50years of oral lipid-based formulations: Provenance, progress and future perspectives. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 101:167-194. [PMID: 27089810 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipid based formulations (LBF) provide well proven opportunities to enhance the oral absorption of drugs and drug candidates that sit close to, or beyond, the boundaries of Lipinski's 'rule-of-five' chemical space. Advantages in permeability, efflux and presystemic metabolism are evident; however, the primary benefit is in increases in dissolution and apparent intestinal solubility for lipophilic, poorly water soluble drugs. This review firstly details the inherent advantages of LBF, their general properties and classification, and provides a brief retrospective assessment of the development of LBF over the past fifty years. More detailed analysis of the ability of LBF to promote intestinal solubilisation, supersaturation and absorption is then provided alongside review of the methods employed to assess formulation performance. Critical review of the ability of simple dispersion and more complex in vitro digestion methods to predict formulation performance subsequently reveals marked differences in the correlative ability of in vitro tests, depending on the properties of the drug involved. Notably, for highly permeable low melting drugs e.g. fenofibrate, LBF appear to provide significant benefit in all cases, and sustained ongoing solubilisation may not be required. In other cases, and particularly for higher melting point drugs such as danazol, where re-dissolution of crystalline precipitate drug is likely to be slow, correlations with ongoing solubilisation and supersaturation are more evident. In spite of their potential benefits, one limitation to broader use of LBF is low drug solubility in the excipients employed to generate formulations. Techniques to increase drug lipophilicity and lipid solubility are therefore explored, and in particular those methods that provide for temporary enhancement including lipophilic ionic liquid and prodrug technologies. The transient nature of these lipophilicity increases enhances lipid solubility and LBF viability, but precludes enduring effects on receptor promiscuity and off target toxicity. Finally, recent efforts to generate solid LBF are briefly described as a means to circumvent the need to encapsulate in soft or hard gelatin capsules, although the latter remain popular with consumers and a proven means of LBF delivery.
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67
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Pestieau A, Krier F, Brouwers A, Streel B, Evrard B. Selection of a discriminant and biorelevant in vitro dissolution test for the development of fenofibrate self-emulsifying lipid-based formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 92:212-9. [PMID: 27169683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fenofibrate, a BCS class II compound, has a low bioavailability especially when taken orally on an empty stomach. The challenge to find a new formulation for providing bioavailability, independent of food, is still ongoing. If the development of a suitable oral delivery formulation of BCS class II compounds is a frequent and great challenge to formulation scientists, the in vitro evaluation of these new formulations is also a great challenge. The purpose of this study was therefore to select an in vitro dissolution test that would be useful and as biorelevant as possible for the development of fenofibrate self-emulsifying lipid-based formulations. In this context, three different fenofibrate formulations, for which in vivo data are available in the literature, were tested using different dissolution tests until we found the one that was the most suitable. As part of this approach, we started with the simplest in vitro dissolution tests and progressed to tests that were increasingly more complex. The first tests were different single phase dissolution tests: a test under sink conditions based on the USP monograph, and different tests under non-sink conditions in non-biorelevant and biorelevant media. Given the inconclusive results obtained with these tests, biphasic dissolution systems were then tested: one with USP apparatus type II alone and another which combined USP apparatus types II and IV. This last combined test seemed the most suitable in vitro dissolution test for the development of the future fenofibrate lipid-based formulations we intend to develop in our own laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Pestieau
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, C.I.R.M., University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Fabrice Krier
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, C.I.R.M., University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Adeline Brouwers
- Galephar Research Center M/F, Rue du Parc Industriel 39, 6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
| | - Bruno Streel
- Galephar Research Center M/F, Rue du Parc Industriel 39, 6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmacy, C.I.R.M., University of Liège, Quartier Hôpital, Avenue Hippocrate 15, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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68
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Stillhart C, Kuentz M. Trends in the Assessment of Drug Supersaturation and Precipitation In Vitro Using Lipid-Based Delivery Systems. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:2468-2476. [PMID: 26935881 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The generation of drug supersaturation close to the absorptive site is an important mechanism of how several formulation technologies enhance oral absorption and bioavailability. Lipid-based formulations belong to the supersaturating drug delivery systems although this is not the only mechanism of how drug absorption is promoted in vivo. Different methods to determine drug supersaturation and precipitation from lipid-based formulations are described in the literature. Experimental in vitro setups vary according to their complexity and proximity to the in vivo conditions and, therefore, some tests are used for early formulation screening, while others better qualify for a later stage of development. The present commentary discusses this rapidly evolving field of in vitro testing with a special focus on the advancements in analytical techniques and new approaches of mechanistic modeling. The importance of considering a drug absorption sink is particularly emphasized. This commentary should help formulators in the pharmaceutical industry as well as in academia to make informed decisions on how to conduct in vitro tests for lipid-based delivery systems and to decide on the implications of experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Kuentz
- Institute of Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Muttenz, Switzerland.
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69
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Chatzidaki MD, Mateos-Diaz E, Leal-Calderon F, Xenakis A, Carrière F. Water-in-oil microemulsions versus emulsions as carriers of hydroxytyrosol: an in vitro gastrointestinal lipolysis study using the pHstat technique. Food Funct 2016; 7:2258-69. [DOI: 10.1039/c6fo00361c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
W/O microemulsions are digested at a lower rate than emulsions, mainly because their high contents in emulsifiers result in a strong inhibition of gastric lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Chatzidaki
- Institute of Biology Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- Athens
- Greece
- MTM
| | - Eduardo Mateos-Diaz
- CNRS
- Aix Marseille Université
- UMR7282 Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse
- Marseille
- France
| | - Fernando Leal-Calderon
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets
- (UMR 5248)
- CNRS
- Université Bordeaux
- Bordeaux INP
| | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute of Biology Medicinal Chemistry & Biotechnology
- National Hellenic Research Foundation
- Athens
- Greece
- MTM
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- CNRS
- Aix Marseille Université
- UMR7282 Enzymologie Interfaciale et Physiologie de la Lipolyse
- Marseille
- France
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70
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Crum MF, Trevaskis NL, Williams HD, Pouton CW, Porter CJH. A new in vitro lipid digestion - in vivo absorption model to evaluate the mechanisms of drug absorption from lipid-based formulations. Pharm Res 2015; 33:970-82. [PMID: 26703975 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1843-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vitro lipid digestion models are commonly used to screen lipid-based formulations (LBF), but in vitro-in vivo correlations are in some cases unsuccessful. Here we enhance the scope of the lipid digestion test by incorporating an absorption 'sink' into the experimental model. METHODS An in vitro model of lipid digestion was coupled directly to a single pass in situ intestinal perfusion experiment in an anaesthetised rat. The model allowed simultaneous real-time analysis of the digestion and absorption of LBFs of fenofibrate and was employed to evaluate the influence of formulation digestion, supersaturation and precipitation on drug absorption. RESULTS Formulations containing higher quantities of co-solvent and surfactant resulted in higher supersaturation and more rapid drug precipitation in vitro when compared to those containing higher quantities of lipid. In contrast, when the same formulations were examined using the coupled in vitro lipid digestion - in vivo absorption model, drug flux into the mesenteric vein was similar regardless of in vitro formulation performance. CONCLUSION For some drugs, simple in vitro lipid digestion models may underestimate the potential for absorption from LBFs. Consistent with recent in vivo studies, drug absorption for rapidly absorbed drugs such as fenofibrate may occur even when drug precipitation is apparent during in vitro digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Crum
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Natalie L Trevaskis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Hywel D Williams
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Capsugel R&D Australia, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Colin W Pouton
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
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71
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Abstract
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Identification
of the usefulness of lipid-based formulations (LBFs)
for delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs is at date mainly experimentally
based. In this work we used a diverse drug data set, and more than
2,000 solubility measurements to develop experimental and computational
tools to predict the loading capacity of LBFs. Computational models
were developed to enable in silico prediction of
solubility, and hence drug loading capacity, in the LBFs. Drug solubility
in mixed mono-, di-, triglycerides (Maisine 35-1 and Capmul MCM EP)
correlated (R2 0.89) as well as the drug
solubility in Carbitol and other ethoxylated excipients (PEG400, R2 0.85; Polysorbate 80, R2 0.90; Cremophor EL, R2 0.93).
A melting point below 150 °C was observed to result in a reasonable
solubility in the glycerides. The loading capacity in LBFs was accurately
calculated from solubility data in single excipients (R2 0.91). In silico models, without the
demand of experimentally determined solubility, also gave good predictions
of the loading capacity in these complex formulations (R2 0.79). The framework established here gives a better
understanding of drug solubility in single excipients and of LBF loading
capacity. The large data set studied revealed that experimental screening
efforts can be rationalized by solubility measurements in key excipients
or from solid state information. For the first time it was shown that
loading capacity in complex formulations can be accurately predicted
using molecular information extracted from calculated descriptors
and thermal properties of the crystalline drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C Alskär
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , Uppsala Biomedical Center P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christel A S Bergström
- Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform, Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University , Uppsala Biomedical Center P.O. Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.,Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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72
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Khan J, Rades T, Boyd B. The Precipitation Behavior of Poorly Water-Soluble Drugs with an Emphasis on the Digestion of Lipid Based Formulations. Pharm Res 2015; 33:548-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1829-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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73
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Jannin V, Chevrier S, Michenaud M, Dumont C, Belotti S, Chavant Y, Demarne F. Development of self emulsifying lipid formulations of BCS class II drugs with low to medium lipophilicity. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:385-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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74
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Alskär LC, Bergström CAS. Models for Predicting Drug Absorption From Oral Lipid-Based Formulations. CURRENT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY REPORTS 2015; 1:141-147. [PMID: 26594613 PMCID: PMC4643850 DOI: 10.1007/s40610-015-0023-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the in vitro tools currently used to identify when a lipid-based formulation has the potential to deliver a poorly water-soluble drug via the oral route. We describe the extent to which these tools reflect the in vivo performance of the formulation and, more importantly, we present strategies that we foresee will improve the in vitro-in vivo correlations. We also present emerging computational methods that are likely to allow large parts of the formulation development to be carried out in the computer rather than in the test tube. We suggest that these computational tools will also improve the mechanistic understanding of in vivo formulation performance in the complex and dynamic environment of the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda C. Alskär
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christel A. S. Bergström
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala Biomedical Center, P.O Box 580, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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75
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Pestieau A, Krier F, Lebrun P, Brouwers A, Streel B, Evrard B. Optimization of a PGSS (particles from gas saturated solutions) process for a fenofibrate lipid-based solid dispersion formulation. Int J Pharm 2015; 485:295-305. [PMID: 25796121 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a formulation containing fenofibrate and Gelucire(®) 50/13 (Gattefossé, France) in order to improve the oral bioavailability of the drug. Particles from gas saturated solutions (PGSS) process was chosen for investigation as a manufacturing process for producing a solid dispersion. The PGSS process was optimized according to the in vitro drug dissolution profile obtained using a biphasic dissolution test. Using a design of experiments approach, the effects of nine experimental parameters were investigated using a PGSS apparatus provided by Separex(®) (Champigneulles, France). Within the chosen experimental conditions, the screening results showed that the drug loading level, the autoclave temperature and pressure, the connection temperature and the nozzle diameter had a significant influence on the dissolution profile of fenofibrate. During the optimization step, the three most relevant parameters were optimized using a central composite design, while other factors remained fixed. In this way, we were able to identify the optimal production conditions that would deliver the highest level of fenofibrate in the organic phase at the end of the dissolution test. The closeness between the measured and the predicted optimal dissolution profiles in the organic phase demonstrated the validity of the statistical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Pestieau
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, C.I.R.M., University of Liège, CHU, Tour 4, 2nd floor, 4000 Liège, Belgium.
| | - Fabrice Krier
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, C.I.R.M., University of Liège, CHU, Tour 4, 2nd floor, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | - Adeline Brouwers
- Galéphar Research Center M/F, rue du Parc Industriel 39, 6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
| | - Bruno Streel
- Galéphar Research Center M/F, rue du Parc Industriel 39, 6900 Marche-en-Famenne, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Evrard
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, C.I.R.M., University of Liège, CHU, Tour 4, 2nd floor, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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76
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Bakala-N'Goma JC, Williams HD, Sassene PJ, Kleberg K, Calderone M, Jannin V, Igonin A, Partheil A, Marchaud D, Jule E, Vertommen J, Maio M, Blundell R, Benameur H, Müllertz A, Pouton CW, Porter CJH, Carrière F. Toward the establishment of standardized in vitro tests for lipid-based formulations. 5. Lipolysis of representative formulations by gastric lipase. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1279-87. [PMID: 25288015 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1532-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lipid-based formulations (LBF) are substrates for digestive lipases and digestion can significantly alter their properties and potential to support drug absorption. LBFs have been widely examined for their behaviour in the presence of pancreatic enzymes. Here, the impact of gastric lipase on the digestion of representative formulations from the Lipid Formulation Classification System has been investigated. METHODS The pHstat technique was used to measure the lipolysis by recombinant dog gastric lipase (rDGL) of eight LBFs containing either medium (MC) or long (LC) chain triglycerides and a range of surfactants, at various pH values [1.5 to 7] representative of gastric and small intestine contents under both fasting and fed conditions. RESULTS All LBFs were hydrolyzed by rDGL. The highest specific activities were measured at pH 4 with the type II and IIIA MC formulations that contained Tween®85 or Cremophor EL respectively. The maximum activity on LC formulations was recorded at pH 5 for the type IIIA-LC formulation. Direct measurement of LBF lipolysis using the pHstat, however, was limited by poor LC fatty acid ionization at low pH. CONCLUSIONS Since gastric lipase initiates lipid digestion in the stomach, remains active in the intestine and acts on all representative LBFs, its implementation in future standardized in vitro assays may be beneficial. At this stage, however, routine use remains technically challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Bakala-N'Goma
- CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, UMR7282 Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, 31 Chemin Joseph-Aiguier, 13402, Marseille cedex 20, France
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77
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Sassene P, Kleberg K, Williams HD, Bakala-N'Goma JC, Carrière F, Calderone M, Jannin V, Igonin A, Partheil A, Marchaud D, Jule E, Vertommen J, Maio M, Blundell R, Benameur H, Porter CJH, Pouton CW, Müllertz A. Toward the establishment of standardized in vitro tests for lipid-based formulations, part 6: effects of varying pancreatin and calcium levels. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:1344-57. [PMID: 25274609 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9672-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The impact of pancreatin and calcium addition on a wide array of lipid-based formulations (LBFs) during in vitro lipolysis, with regard to digestion rates and distribution of the model drug danazol, was investigated. Pancreatin primarily affected the extent of digestion, leaving drug distribution somewhat unaffected. Calcium only affected the extent of digestion slightly but had a major influence on drug distribution, with more drug precipitating at higher calcium levels. This is likely to be caused by a combination of removal of lipolysis products from solution by the formation of calcium soaps and calcium precipitating with bile acids, events known to reduce the solubilizing capacity of LBFs dispersed in biorelevant media. Further, during the digestion of hydrophilic LBFs, like IIIA-LC, the un-ionized-ionized ratio of free fatty acids (FFA) remained unchanged at physiological calcium levels. This makes the titration curves at pH 6.5 representable for digestion. However, caution should be taken when interpreting lipolysis curves of lipophilic LBFs, like I-LC, at pH 6.5, at physiological levels of calcium (1.4 mM); un-ionized-ionized ratio of FFA might change during digestion, rendering the lipolysis curve at pH 6.5 non-representable for the total digestion. The ratio of un-ionized-ionized FFAs can be maintained during digestion by applying non-physiological levels of calcium, resulting in a modified drug distribution with increased drug precipitation. However, as the main objective of the in vitro digestion model is to evaluate drug distribution, which is believed to have an impact on bioavailability in vivo, a physiological level (1.4 mM) of calcium is preferred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Sassene
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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78
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Toward the Establishment of Standardized In Vitro Tests for Lipid-Based Formulations, Part 4: Proposing a New Lipid Formulation Performance Classification System. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:2441-55. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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79
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Birru WA, Warren DB, Ibrahim A, Williams HD, Benameur H, Porter CJH, Chalmers DK, Pouton CW. Digestion of Phospholipids after Secretion of Bile into the Duodenum Changes the Phase Behavior of Bile Components. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2825-34. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500193g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hywel D. Williams
- Capsugel Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hassan Benameur
- Capsugel Research & Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Strasbourg, France
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80
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Stillhart C, Imanidis G, Griffin BT, Kuentz M. Biopharmaceutical modeling of drug supersaturation during lipid-based formulation digestion considering an absorption sink. Pharm Res 2014; 31:3426-44. [PMID: 24962509 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In vitro lipolysis is widely utilized for predicting in vivo performance of oral lipid-based formulations (LBFs). However, evaluation of LBFs in the absence of an absorption sink may have limited in vivo relevance. This study aimed at employing biopharmaceutical modeling to simulate LBF digestion and drug supersaturation in a continuous absorptive environment. METHODS Three fenofibrate-loaded LBFs were characterized in vitro (dispersion and lipolysis) and drug precipitation was monitored using in-line Raman spectroscopy. In vitro data were combined with pharmacokinetic data derived from an in vivo study in pigs to simulate intestinal LBF transit. This biopharmaceutical model allowed calculation of lipolysis-triggered drug supersaturation while drug and lipolysis products are absorbed from the intestine. RESULTS The biopharmaceutical model predicted that, in a continuous absorption environment, fenofibrate supersaturation was considerably lower compared to in vitro lipolysis (non-sink). Hence, the extensive drug precipitation observed in vitro was predicted to be unlikely in vivo. The absorption of lipolysis products increased drug supersaturation, but drug precipitation was unlikely for highly permeable drugs. CONCLUSIONS Biopharmaceutical modeling is a valuable approach for predicting LBFs performance in vivo. In the absence of in vitro tools simulating absorptive conditions, modeling strategies should be further considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Stillhart
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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81
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Thomas N, Richter K, Pedersen TB, Holm R, Müllertz A, Rades T. In vitro lipolysis data does not adequately predict the in vivo performance of lipid-based drug delivery systems containing fenofibrate. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 16:539-49. [PMID: 24687210 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9589-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the utility of in vitro lipolysis performance indicators drug solubilization and maximum supersaturation ratio (SR(M)) for their predictive use for the in vivo performance in a minipig model. The commercial Lipanthyl formulation and a series of LbDDS based on identical self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS) containing 200 mg of fenofibrate, either dissolved or suspended, were subjected to combined gastric (pH 2) and intestinal (pH 6.5) in vitro lipolysis. Based on the solubilization profiles and SRM the rank-order SNEDDS (75% drug load) > super-SNEDDS (150% drug load, dissolved) = SNEDDS suspension (150% drug load, partially suspended) > Lipanthyl was established, with an increased likelihood of drug precipitation above SR(M) > 3. The in vitro performance, however, was not reproduced in vivo in a minipig model as the mean plasma concentration over time curves of all LbDDS were comparable, independent of the initial physical state of the drug. There was no correlation between the area under the solubilization-time curves (AUC(in vitro)) of the intestinal step and the AUC(in vivo). The study suggests careful interpretation of in vitro performance criteria and revision of LbDDS optimization towards increased solubilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Thomas
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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82
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Stillhart C, Dürr D, Kuentz M. Toward an improved understanding of the precipitation behavior of weakly basic drugs from oral lipid-based formulations. J Pharm Sci 2014; 103:1194-203. [PMID: 24515977 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the impact of lipid-based formulation (LBF) dispersion and digestion on the precipitation behavior of weakly basic drugs. Loratadine and carvedilol were formulated in a range of LBFs and drug solubilization was analyzed under simulated dispersive and digestive conditions (fasted state). The extent of supersaturation and drug precipitation as well as the solid-state properties and redissolution behavior of precipitated drugs were assessed. X-ray powder diffraction indicated that carvedilol precipitated in a crystalline form upon dispersion, but interestingly, this drug gave an amorphous precipitate during lipolysis. In contrast, loratadine precipitated as crystalline material during both formulation dispersion and digestion. No influence of the formulation composition on the type of precipitation was observed. These results suggested that in vitro conditions (dispersive versus digestive) largely influenced the solid-state properties of precipitating weak bases. Solid-state characterization of precipitated drugs under different experimental conditions should be routinely performed in formulation screening to better understand the biopharmaceutical behavior of LBFs. Hence, these findings are of high practical importance for the pharmaceutical development and in vitro assessment of LBFs using weakly basic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Stillhart
- University of Basel, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Pharma Technology, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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83
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Zhou H, Wan J, Wu L, Yi T, Liu W, Xu H, Yang X. A new strategy for enhancing the oral bioavailability of drugs with poor water-solubility and low liposolubility based on phospholipid complex and supersaturated SEDDS. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84530. [PMID: 24391965 PMCID: PMC3877285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel supersaturated self-emulsifying drug delivery system (Super-SEDDS) loaded with scutellarin-phospholipid complex (SPC) was developed. The system aimed to address the limitations presented by conventional SEDDS as delivery carriers for drugs with poor water-solubility, low liposolubility and high dose. As an intermediate, SPC was first prepared based on the response surface design. The presence of amorphous scutellarin was demonstrated through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while enhanced liposolubility was confirmed through comparison with scutellarin powder via an octanol/water distribution test. On the basis of the solubility study and ternary phase diagram, Super-SEDDS containing SPC of up to 200% equilibrium solubility (Seq) was designed, which composed of ethyl oleate, Cremophor RH40 and Transcutol HP with a ratio of 60∶25∶15 (w/w%). The subsequent in vitro lipolysis study and ex vivo intestinal absorption test indicated that Super-SEDDS enhanced the cumulative dissolution from 70% to 100% and improved the intestinal absorption from 0.04 to 0.12 µg/cm2 compared with scutellarin powder. Furthermore, an in vivo study demonstrated that Super-SEDDS achieved the AUC0-t of scutellarin up to approximate 1.7-fold as scutellarin powder. It was also proved superior to SPC and the conventional SEDDS. Super-SEDDS showed great potential for expanding the usage of SEDDS and could act as an alternative to conventional SEDDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangling Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macau
- * E-mail: (XY); (TY)
| | - Wei Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huibi Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangliang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (XY); (TY)
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84
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Lipid-Based Formulations and Drug Supersaturation: Harnessing the Unique Benefits of the Lipid Digestion/Absorption Pathway. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2976-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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85
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Lipid Absorption Triggers Drug Supersaturation at the Intestinal Unstirred Water Layer and Promotes Drug Absorption from Mixed Micelles. Pharm Res 2013; 30:3045-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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