51
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Yang H, Wu Z. Genome Editing of Pigs for Agriculture and Biomedicine. Front Genet 2018; 9:360. [PMID: 30233645 PMCID: PMC6131568 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs serve as an important agricultural resource and animal model in biomedical studies. Efficient and precise modification of pig genome by using recently developed gene editing tools has significantly broadened the application of pig models in various research areas. The three types of site-specific nucleases, namely, zinc-finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein, are the main gene editing tools that can efficiently introduce predetermined modifications, including knockouts and knockins, into the pig genome. These modifications can confer desired phenotypes to pigs to improve production traits, such as optimal meat production, enhanced feed digestibility, and disease resistance. Besides, given their genetic, anatomic, and physiologic similarities to humans, pigs can also be modified to model human diseases or to serve as an organ source for xenotransplantation to save human lives. To date, many genetically modified pig models with agricultural or biomedical values have been established by using gene editing tools. These pig models are expected to accelerate research progress in related fields and benefit humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqiang Yang
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenfang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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52
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Yin F, Liu W, Chai J, Lu B, Murphy RW, Luo J. CRISPR/Cas9 Application for Gene Copy Fate Survey of Polyploid Vertebrates. Front Genet 2018; 9:260. [PMID: 30079079 PMCID: PMC6062590 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyploidization occurs widely in eukaryotes, and especially in plants. Polyploid plants and some fishes have been commercialized. Typically, severe genomic perturbations immediately follow polyploidization and little is known about how polyploid offspring survives the genetic and epigenetic changes. Investigations into this require the identification of genes related to polyploidization and the discrimination of dosage-balance from paternal and maternal copies, and regardless of the mechanism being either autopolyploidization or allopolyploidization. New approaches and technologies may discern the mosaic of novel gene functions gained through the recombination of paternal and maternal genes in allopolyploidization. Modifications of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) with CRISPR-associated system (Cas) protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9) have been employed in studies of polyploidization of plants. However, the approach has seldom been applied to polyploidization in vertebrates. Herein, we use CRISPR/Cas9 to trace gene-fate in tetraploid goldfish, and specifically to identify the functional differentiation of two divergent copies of fgf20a, which are expressed differently throughout embryonic development. We expect this gene editing system will be applicable to studies of polyploids and the genetic improvement of polyploid livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqian Yin
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenfu Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Chai
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Bin Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Robert W Murphy
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Yunnan Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Domestic Animals, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jing Luo
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China.,State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
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Gerlach M, Kraft T, Brenner B, Petersen B, Niemann H, Montag J. Efficient Knock-in of a Point Mutation in Porcine Fibroblasts Using the CRISPR/Cas9- GMNN Fusion Gene. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9060296. [PMID: 29899280 PMCID: PMC6027509 DOI: 10.3390/genes9060296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing, site-specific double strand breaks are introduced and repaired either unspecific by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or sequence dependent by homology directed repair (HDR). Whereas NHEJ-based generation of gene knock-out is widely performed, the HDR-based knock-in of specific mutations remains a bottleneck. Especially in primary cell lines that are essential for the generation of cell culture and animal models of inherited human diseases, knock-in efficacy is insufficient and needs significant improvement. Here, we tested two different approaches to increase the knock-in frequency of a specific point mutation into the MYH7-gene in porcine fetal fibroblasts. We added a small molecule inhibitor of NHEJ, SCR7 (5,6-bis((E)-benzylideneamino)-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol), during genome editing and screened cell cultures for the point mutation. However, this approach did not yield increased knock-in rates. In an alternative approach, we fused humanized Cas9 (hCas9) to the N-terminal peptide of the Geminin gene (GMNN). The fusion protein is degraded in NHEJ-dominated cell cycle phases, which should increase HDR-rates. Using hCas9-GMNN and point mutation-specific real time PCR screening, we found a two-fold increase in genome edited cell cultures. This increase of HDR by hCas9-GMNN provides a promising way to enrich specific knock-in in porcine fibroblast cultures for somatic cloning approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Gerlach
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Theresia Kraft
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Bernhard Brenner
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Björn Petersen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Hoeltystrasse 10, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
| | - Heiner Niemann
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Hoeltystrasse 10, Mariensee, 31535 Neustadt, Germany.
| | - Judith Montag
- Institute for Molecular and Cell Physiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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54
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Arends D, Hesse D, Brockmann GA. Invited review: Genetic and genomic mouse models for livestock research. Arch Anim Breed 2018. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-61-87-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Knowledge about the function and functioning of single or
multiple interacting genes is of the utmost significance for understanding the
organism as a whole and for accurate livestock improvement through genomic
selection. This includes, but is not limited to, understanding the
ontogenetic and environmentally driven regulation of gene action
contributing to simple and complex traits. Genetically modified mice, in
which
the functions of single genes are annotated; mice with reduced genetic
complexity; and simplified structured populations are tools to gain
fundamental knowledge of inheritance patterns and whole system genetics and
genomics. In this review, we briefly describe existing mouse resources and
discuss their value for fundamental and applied research in livestock.
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Muscle Atrophy: Present and Future. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1088:605-624. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1435-3_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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