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Kim D, Ha Y, Oh Y, Chae C. Prevalence of porcine circovirus types 2a and b in pigs with and without post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome. Vet J 2010; 188:115-7. [PMID: 20207559 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2 genotypes in pigs with post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and in pigs that that did not have the disease. Nested PCR was used to analyse tissue from 540 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded lymph nodes. The number of PCV2a-positive pigs that had (χ(trend)(2)=54.584, P<0.001) and did not have (χ(trend)(2)=70.066, P<0.001) PMWS decreased significantly between the years 2000 and 2008. However, over this time-period, there was a significant increase in the number of animals infected with PCV2b that had (χ(trend)(2)=31.356, P<0.001) and did not have (χ(trend)(2)=9.494, P<0.001) PMWS. The findings demonstrate a significant overall increase in PCV2b infection in pigs that both have and do not have PMWS. Further studies will be required to determine the potential relationship between PCV2b infection and the increasing incidence of PMWS in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kim
- Seoul National University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Pathology, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Gwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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52
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Karuppannan AK, Liu S, Jia Q, Selvaraj M, Kwang J. Porcine circovirus type 2 ORF3 protein competes with p53 in binding to Pirh2 and mediates the deregulation of p53 homeostasis. Virology 2009; 398:1-11. [PMID: 20004925 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 10/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The ORF3 protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes apoptosis in virus-infected cells and is not essential for virus replication. The ORF3 protein plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the PCV2 infection in mouse models and SPF piglets. The ORF3 protein interacts with the porcine homologue of Pirh2 (pPirh2), a p53-induced ubiquitin-protein E3 ligase, which regulates p53 ubiquitination. Here, we present our study analyzing the details of the molecular interaction between these three factors. Our experiments, in vitro and in vivo, show that ORF3 protein competes with p53 in binding to pPirh2. The amino acid residues 20 to 65 of the ORF3 protein are essential in this competitive interaction of ORF3 protein with pPirh2 over p53. The interaction of ORF3 protein with pPirh2 also leads to an alteration in the physiological cellular localization of pPirh2 and a significant reduction in the stability of pPirh2. These events contribute to the deregulation of p53 by pPirh2, leading to increased p53 levels and apoptosis of the infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbu K Karuppannan
- Animal Health Biotechnology Group, Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604
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53
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Timmusk S, Merlot E, Lövgren T, Järvekülg L, Berg M, Fossum C. Regulator of G protein signalling 16 is a target for a porcine circovirus type 2 protein. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:2425-2436. [DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.008896-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction studies have suggested that the non-structural protein encoded by open reading frame 3 (ORF3) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) binds specifically to a regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) related to human RGS16 (huRGS16). The full-length clone of RGS16 was generated from porcine cells and sequence analysis revealed a close relationship to huRGS16 and murine RGS16. In vitro pull-down experiments verified an interaction between porcine RGS16 (poRGS16) and ORF3 from PCV2. Using GST-linked ORF3 proteins from three different genogroups of PCV2 and from porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) in the pull-down experiments indicated that there were differences in their ability to bind poRGS16. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of poRGS16 mRNA could be induced by a number of cell activators including mitogens (LPS and PHA), interferon inducers (ODN 2216 and poly I : C) and the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Immunofluorescence labelling confirmed the induced expression of poRGS16 at the protein level and suggested that the PCV2 ORF3 protein co-localized with poRGS16 in LPS-activated porcine PBMC. Furthermore, poRGS16 appeared to participate in the translocation of the ORF3 protein into the cell nucleus, suggesting that the observed interaction may play an important role in the infection biology of porcine circovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirje Timmusk
- Institute of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Elodie Merlot
- INRA, UMR1079, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tanja Lövgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lilian Järvekülg
- Institute of Gene Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Mikael Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Parasitology and Virology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7036, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Caroline Fossum
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Immunology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Box 588, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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54
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Blomström AL, Belák S, Fossum C, McKillen J, Allan G, Wallgren P, Berg M. Detection of a novel porcine boca-like virus in the background of porcine circovirus type 2 induced postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome. Virus Res 2009; 146:125-9. [PMID: 19748534 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) has been found to be the causative agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). However, PCV-2 is a ubiquitous virus in the swine population and a majority of pigs infected with PCV-2 do not develop the disease. Different factors such as age, maintenance, the genetics of PCV-2, other pathogens, etc. have been suggested to contribute to the development of PMWS. However, so far no proven connection between any of these factors and the disease development has been found. In this study we explored the possible presence of other so far unknown DNA containing infectious agents in lymph nodes collected from Swedish pigs with confirmed PMWS through random amplification and high-throughput sequencing. Although the vast majority of the amplified genetic sequences belonged to PCV-2, we also found genome sequences of Torque Teno virus (TTV) and of a novel parvovirus. The detection of TTV was expected since like PCV-2, TTV has been found to have high prevalence in pigs around the world. We were able to amplify a longer region of the parvovirus genome, consisting of the entire NP1 and partial VP1/2. By comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences and phylogenetic studies we propose that this is a novel porcine parvovirus, with genetic relationship to bocaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Lie Blomström
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Division of Microbiology and Food Safety, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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55
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Genetic variation analysis of Chinese strains of porcine circovirus type 2. Virus Res 2009; 145:151-6. [PMID: 19540280 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 05/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Forty Chinese PCV2 strains collected between 2004 and 2008 were sequenced and their genetic variations were analyzed together with nine previous PCV2 isolates. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that these Chinese PCV2 strains could be divided into four genotypes (PCV-2a, PCV-2b, PCV-2d and PCV-2e), and the genotype PCV-2c defined in Denmark was not found. PCV-2d and PCV-2e were two genotypes firstly determined in our study. Variation analysis of amino acids of capsid protein revealed that Chinese PCV2 strains clustered within PCV-2d had four amino acid marker positions and the isolates within PCV-2e had seven unique amino acid mutations. Our analysis also showed that PCV-2b became dominating in China in recent years. These data contribute to the understanding of PCV2 molecular epidemiology.
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56
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Recombination of two porcine circovirus type 2 strains. Arch Virol 2009; 154:875-9. [PMID: 19365602 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0379-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Pigs can be concurrently infected with different PCV2 strains. In this study, a cell-culture-adapted PCV2 strain, originating from a PMWS-affected pig, was purified by limiting dilution. Three different strains were obtained, and one of them was a perfect mosaic of the other two, with recombination breakpoints in ORF1 and ORF2. Incongruence was observed between phylogenetic trees constructed with the whole genome, ORF1 and ORF2. Amplification of ORF1 and ORF2 from original material, followed by cloning and sequencing, resulted in sequences corresponding to the parental strains, but not with the mosaic strain. These results demonstrate that PCV2 can undergo recombination.
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57
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A new emerging genotype subgroup within PCV-2b dominates the PMWS epizooty in Switzerland. Vet Microbiol 2009; 136:27-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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58
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Wallgren P, Brunborg IM, Blomqvist G, Bergström G, Wikström F, Allan G, Fossum C, Jonassen CM. The index herd with PMWS in Sweden: presence of serum amyloid A, circovirus 2 viral load and antibody levels in healthy and PMWS-affected pigs. Acta Vet Scand 2009; 51:13. [PMID: 19327135 PMCID: PMC2679754 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-51-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome (PMWS) is an emerging disease in pigs of multifactorial origin, but associated to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection. PMWS was first diagnosed in Sweden at a progeny test station that received pigs aged five weeks from 19 different nucleus herds on the day after weaning. The objective of this study was to examine, for the first time in an index outbreak of PMWS, the relationship between PCV2 virus, antibodies to PCV2 and serum amyloid a (SAA) in sequentially collected serum samples from pigs with and without signs of PMWS. METHODS Forty pigs of the last batch that entered the station at a mean age of 37.5 days were monitored for signs of PMWS during the first 55 days after arrival. Serum was collected on six occasions and analysed for presence of PCV2 DNA and antibodies to PCV2, as well as for levels of SAA. RESULTS Four of the pigs (10%) were concluded to have developed PMWS, with necropsy confirmation in three of them. These pigs displayed low levels of maternal antibodies to PCV2, more than 107 PCV2 viral DNA copies per ml serum and failed to mount a serological response to the virus. Starting between day 23 and 34 after arrival, an increase in PCV2 viral load was seen in all pigs, but PCV2 did not induce any SAA-response. Pigs that remained healthy seroconverted to PCV2 as the viral load was increased, regardless of initially having low or high levels of PCV2-antibodies. CONCLUSION In this index case of PMWS in Sweden, pigs affected by PMWS were not able to mount a relevant serum antibody response which contributed to the disease progression. The maximal PCV2 virus load was significantly higher and was also detected at an earlier stage in PMWS-affected pigs than in healthy pigs. However, a viral load above 107 PCV2 DNA copies per ml serum was also recorded in 18 out of 34 pigs without any clinical signs of PMWS, suggesting that these pigs were able to initiate a protective immune response to PCV2.
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59
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Madson DM, Patterson AR, Ramamoorthy S, Pal N, Meng XJ, Opriessnig T. Reproductive failure experimentally induced in sows via artificial insemination with semen spiked with porcine circovirus type 2. Vet Pathol 2009; 46:707-16. [PMID: 19276045 DOI: 10.1354/vp.08-vp-0234-o-fl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with reproductive failure in female pigs. However, the association of PCV2-positive semen in the pathogenesis has not been elucidated. The objectives of this study were to determine whether semen spiked with PCV2 causes infection in PCV2-naïve, mature female pigs and whether delivery of PCV2 via artificial insemination causes reproductive failure or fetal infection. Nine sows were randomly allocated into 3 groups of 3 sows each and artificially inseminated with PCV2 DNA-negative semen (group 1), PCV2 DNA-negative semen spiked with PCV2a (group 2), or PCV2b (group 3). All sows in groups 2 and 3 developed PCV2 viremia 7 to 14 days after insemination. None of the group 2 sows became pregnant, whereas all group 3 sows (3/3) farrowed at the expected date. At parturition, presuckle serum samples were collected, and live-born piglets, stillborn fetuses, and mummified fetuses were necropsied. All live-born piglets (n = 8) in group 3 were PCV2 viremic at birth. Stillborn fetuses (n = 2) had gross lesions of congestive heart failure. Mummified fetuses (n = 25) varied in crown-rump length from 7 to 27 cm, indicating fetal death between 42 and 105 days of gestation. PCV2 antigen was detected in the myocardium by immunohistochemistry of 7/8 (88%) live-born piglets, 2/2 (100%) of the stillborn fetuses, and 25/25 (100%) of the mummified fetuses. In addition, 4/25 mummified fetuses had PCV2 antigen associated with smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. The results of this study indicate that intrauterine administration of PCV2 causes reproductive failure in naïve sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Madson
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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60
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Homologous recombination within the capsid gene of porcine circovirus type 2 subgroup viruses via natural co-infection. Arch Virol 2009; 154:531-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-009-0329-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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61
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Karuppannan AK, Jong MH, Lee SH, Zhu Y, Selvaraj M, Lau J, Jia Q, Kwang J. Attenuation of porcine circovirus 2 in SPF piglets by abrogation of ORF3 function. Virology 2008; 383:338-47. [PMID: 19012942 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2008] [Revised: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), open reading frame 3 (ORF3) codes a 105 amino acid protein that causes apoptosis of PCV2 infected cells. In infected cells, the ORF3 causes the accumulation of p53 by interacting with pPirh2 and possibly by disrupting the association of p53 and pPirh2 (J.Virol.81(2007)9560). Mutant PCV2 lacking the expression of ORF3 are infectious and replicate in cells in vitro, but do not cause apoptosis of the infected cells. The ORF3 of PCV2 has been shown to be involved in pathogenesis of the virus in mice model (J. Virol. 80(2006)5065). Here we report the experimental inoculation of ORF3 deficient PCV2 in its natural host, the piglets. The pathogenicity of the ORF3 deficient virus is attenuated in the piglets. The mutant virus did not cause any observable disease or perturbation of the lymphocyte count in the inoculated piglets and elicited an efficient immune response. When compared with the wildtype virus infection, the mutant virus infection was characterized by mild viremia and absence of pathological lesions. The findings highlight the role of ORF3 in the pathogenesis of PCV2 infection in its host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbu K Karuppannan
- Animal Health Biotechnology Group, Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Segalés J, Olvera A, Grau-Roma L, Charreyre C, Nauwynck H, Larsen L, Dupont K, McCullough K, Ellis J, Krakowka S, Mankertz A, Fredholm M, Fossum C, Timmusk S, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N, Beattie V, Armstrong D, Grassland B, Baekbo P, Allan G. PCV-2 genotype definition and nomenclature. Vet Rec 2008; 162:867-8. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.162.26.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Segalés
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal - Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - A. Olvera
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal - Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | - L. Grau-Roma
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal - Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona; 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
| | | | - H. Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; 9820 Merelbeke Belgium
| | - L. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research; Technical University of Denmark; 1790 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - K. Dupont
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostics and Research; Technical University of Denmark; 1790 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - K. McCullough
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis; CH-3147 Mittelhäusern Switzerland
| | - J. Ellis
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology; Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; 52 Campus Drive Saskatoon 57N 5B4 Canada
| | - S. Krakowka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences; College of Veterinary Medicine; Ohio State University; Columbus 43210 USA
| | - A. Mankertz
- Robert Koch-Institut; Division of Viral Infections (FG12); Nordufer 20 13353 Berlin Germany
| | - M. Fredholm
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Basic Sciences; Division of Genetics and Bioinformatics; Faculty of Life Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - C. Fossum
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health; Section for Immunology; Biomedical Centre; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; PO Box 588 SE 751 23 Uppsala Sweden
| | - S. Timmusk
- Department of Biomedicine and Veterinary Public Health; Section for Immunology; Biomedical Centre; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; PO Box 588 SE 751 23 Uppsala Sweden
| | - N. Stockhofe-Zurwieden
- Animal Sciences Group; Wageningen UR Infectious Diseases; Edelhertweg 15, PO Box 65 8200 AB Lelystad The Netherlands
| | - V. Beattie
- Devenish Nutrition; 96 Duncrue Street Belfast BT3 9AR
| | - D. Armstrong
- BPEX; PO Box 44, Winterhill House, Snowdon Drive Milton Keynes MK6 1AX
| | - B. Grassland
- Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments; BP 53 F-22440 Ploufragan France
| | - P. Baekbo
- Section for Veterinary Research and Development; Danish Pig Production; Vinkelvej 11 DK-8620 Kjellerup Denmark
| | - G. Allan
- Virology Laboratory; Veterinary Sciences Department; Queen's University of Belfast; Belfast BT4 3SD
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