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Adi D, Lu XY, Fu ZY, Wei J, Baituola G, Meng YJ, Zhou YX, Hu A, Wang JK, Lu XF, Wang Y, Song BL, Ma YT, Luo J. IDOL G51S Variant Is Associated With High Blood Cholesterol and Increases Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor Degradation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:2468-2479. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective:
A high level of LDL-C (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The E3 ubiquitin ligase named IDOL (inducible degrader of the LDLR [LDL receptor]; also known as MYLIP [myosin regulatory light chain interacting protein]) mediates degradation of LDLR through ubiquitinating its C-terminal tail. But the expression profile of IDOL differs greatly in the livers of mice and humans. Whether IDOL is able to regulate LDL-C levels in humans remains to be determined.
Approach and Results:
By using whole-exome sequencing, we identified a nonsynonymous variant rs149696224 in the
IDOL
gene that causes a G51S (Gly-to-Ser substitution at the amino acid site 51) from a Chinese Uygur family. Large cohort analysis revealed IDOL G51S carriers (+/G51S) displayed significantly higher LDL-C levels. Mechanistically, the G51S mutation stabilized IDOL protein by inhibiting its dimerization and preventing self-ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. IDOL(G51S) exhibited a stronger ability to promote ubiquitination and degradation of LDLR. Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of IDOL(G51S) in mouse liver decreased hepatic LDLR and increased serum levels of LDL-C, total cholesterol, and triglyceride.
Conclusions:
Our study demonstrates that IDOL(G51S) is a gain-of-function variant responsible for high LDL-C in both humans and mice. These results suggest that IDOL is a key player regulating cholesterol level in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilare Adi
- From the Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China (D.A., Z.-Y.F., G.B., Y.-T.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China (D.A., Z.-Y.F., G.B., Y.-T.M.)
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China (D.A., X.-Y.L., J.W., Y.-X.Z., A.H., J.-K.W., Y.W., B.-L.S., J.L.)
| | - Xiao-Yi Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China (D.A., X.-Y.L., J.W., Y.-X.Z., A.H., J.-K.W., Y.W., B.-L.S., J.L.)
| | - Zhen-Yan Fu
- From the Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China (D.A., Z.-Y.F., G.B., Y.-T.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China (D.A., Z.-Y.F., G.B., Y.-T.M.)
| | - Jian Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China (D.A., X.-Y.L., J.W., Y.-X.Z., A.H., J.-K.W., Y.W., B.-L.S., J.L.)
| | - Gulinaer Baituola
- From the Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China (D.A., Z.-Y.F., G.B., Y.-T.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China (D.A., Z.-Y.F., G.B., Y.-T.M.)
| | - Ya-Jie Meng
- The People’s Hospital Nanchuan, Chongqing, China (Y.-J.M.)
| | - Yu-Xia Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China (D.A., X.-Y.L., J.W., Y.-X.Z., A.H., J.-K.W., Y.W., B.-L.S., J.L.)
| | - Ao Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China (D.A., X.-Y.L., J.W., Y.-X.Z., A.H., J.-K.W., Y.W., B.-L.S., J.L.)
| | - Jin-Kai Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China (D.A., X.-Y.L., J.W., Y.-X.Z., A.H., J.-K.W., Y.W., B.-L.S., J.L.)
| | - Xiang-Feng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Epidemiology and Department of Epidemiology, State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (X.-F.L.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China (D.A., X.-Y.L., J.W., Y.-X.Z., A.H., J.-K.W., Y.W., B.-L.S., J.L.)
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China (D.A., X.-Y.L., J.W., Y.-X.Z., A.H., J.-K.W., Y.W., B.-L.S., J.L.)
| | - Yi-Tong Ma
- From the Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China (D.A., Z.-Y.F., G.B., Y.-T.M.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention and Treatment of High Incidence Diseases in Central Asia, Heart Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China (D.A., Z.-Y.F., G.B., Y.-T.M.)
| | - Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, China (D.A., X.-Y.L., J.W., Y.-X.Z., A.H., J.-K.W., Y.W., B.-L.S., J.L.)
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Chen L, Chen XW, Huang X, Song BL, Wang Y, Wang Y. Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in health and disease. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2019; 62:1420-1458. [PMID: 31686320 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-019-1563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Glucose and fatty acids are the major sources of energy for human body. Cholesterol, the most abundant sterol in mammals, is a key component of cell membranes although it does not generate ATP. The metabolisms of glucose, fatty acids and cholesterol are often intertwined and regulated. For example, glucose can be converted to fatty acids and cholesterol through de novo lipid biosynthesis pathways. Excessive lipids are secreted in lipoproteins or stored in lipid droplets. The metabolites of glucose and lipids are dynamically transported intercellularly and intracellularly, and then converted to other molecules in specific compartments. The disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism result in severe diseases including cardiovascular disease, diabetes and fatty liver. This review summarizes the major metabolic aspects of glucose and lipid, and their regulations in the context of physiology and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xiao-Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Yiguo Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Chen L, Ma MY, Sun M, Jiang LY, Zhao XT, Fang XX, Man Lam S, Shui GH, Luo J, Shi XJ, Song BL. Endogenous sterol intermediates of the mevalonate pathway regulate HMGCR degradation and SREBP-2 processing. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1765-1775. [PMID: 31455613 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra119000201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterol-regulated HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR) degradation and SREBP-2 cleavage are two major feedback regulatory mechanisms governing cholesterol biosynthesis. Reportedly, lanosterol selectively stimulates HMGCR degradation, and cholesterol is a specific regulator of SREBP-2 cleavage. However, it is unclear whether other endogenously generated sterols regulate these events. Here, we investigated the sterol intermediates from the mevalonate pathway of cholesterol biosynthesis using a CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genetic engineering approach. With a constructed HeLa cell line expressing the mevalonate transporter, we individually deleted genes encoding major enzymes in the mevalonate pathway, used lipidomics to measure sterol intermediates, and examined HMGCR and SREBP-2 statuses. We found that the C4-dimethylated sterol intermediates, including lanosterol, 24,25-dihydrolanosterol, follicular fluid meiosis activating sterol, testis meiosis activating sterol, and dihydro-testis meiosis activating sterol, were significantly upregulated upon mevalonate loading. These intermediates augmented both degradation of HMGCR and inhibition of SREBP-2 cleavage. The accumulated lanosterol induced rapid degradation of HMGCR, but did not inhibit SREBP-2 cleavage. The newly synthesized cholesterol from the mevalonate pathway is dispensable for inhibiting SREBP-2 cleavage. Together, these results suggest that lanosterol is a bona fide endogenous regulator that specifically promotes HMGCR degradation, and that other C4-dimethylated sterol intermediates may regulate both HMGCR degradation and SREBP-2 cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Mei-Yan Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ming Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Lu-Yi Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xue-Tong Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xian-Xiu Fang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Sin Man Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guang-Hou Shui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology , Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiong-Jie Shi
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Jiang SY, Tang JJ, Xiao X, Qi W, Wu S, Jiang C, Hong J, Xu J, Song BL, Luo J. Schnyder corneal dystrophy-associated UBIAD1 mutations cause corneal cholesterol accumulation by stabilizing HMG-CoA reductase. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008289. [PMID: 31323021 PMCID: PMC6668851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is a rare genetic eye disease characterized by corneal opacification resulted from deposition of excess free cholesterol. UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1) is an enzyme catalyzing biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin K2. More than 20 UBIAD1 mutations have been found to associate with human SCD. How these mutants contribute to SCD development is not fully understood. Here, we identified HMGCR as a binding partner of UBIAD1 using mass spectrometry. In contrast to the Golgi localization of wild-type UBIAD1, SCD-associated mutants mainly resided in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and competed with Insig-1 for HMGCR binding, thereby preventing HMGCR from degradation and increasing cholesterol biosynthesis. The heterozygous Ubiad1 G184R knock-in (Ubiad1G184R/+) mice expressed elevated levels of HMGCR protein in various tissues. The aged Ubiad1G184R/+ mice exhibited corneal opacification and free cholesterol accumulation, phenocopying clinical manifestations of SCD patients. In summary, these results demonstrate that SCD-associated mutations of UBIAD1 impair its ER-to-Golgi transportation and enhance its interaction with HMGCR. The stabilization of HMGCR by UBIAD1 increases cholesterol biosynthesis and eventually causes cholesterol accumulation in the cornea. Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) is a rare genetic eye disease caused by deposition of free cholesterol in the cornea. It is closely correlated with mutations in the UbiA prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1) gene, which encodes an enzyme catalyzing biosynthesis of coenzyme Q10 and vitamin K2. The underlying mechanism by which UBIAD1 mutations result in SCD development is unclear. Here, we report that SCD-associated mutations trap UBIAD1 in the ER and block Insig-1 mediated HMGCR degradation. We also generated a heterozygous mouse model (Ubiad1G184R/+) that mimics human SCD. We conclude that SCD-associated UBIAD1 mutations decrease HMGCR degradation and subsequently increase cholesterol biosynthesis in the cornea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-You Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing-Jie Tang
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Xiao
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Qi
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suqian Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaxu Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, NHC Key Laboratory of myopia (Fudan University), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (BLS); (JL)
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Wuhan University, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (BLS); (JL)
| | - Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (BLS); (JL)
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