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Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Liu J, Wang YL, Gao B, Niu Y, Sun X, Yu L. Formation of 3-MCPD Fatty Acid Esters from Monostearoyl Glycerol and the Thermal Stability of 3-MCPD Monoesters. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8918-8926. [PMID: 27791369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Formation of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD) esters from monostearoyl glycerol (MSG) was investigated under high temperature and low moisture conditions. Different organic and inorganic chlorides, including lindane, KCl, CaCl2, NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, CuCl2, MnCl2, SnCl2, ZnCl2, and FeCl3, were evaluated for their potential to react with MSG to form 3-MCPD and glycidyl esters at 120 and 240 °C using a UPLC-Q-TOF MS analysis. The results indicated that different chlorine compounds differed in their capacity to react with MSG and formed different products including 3-MCPD mono- and diesters, distearoylglycerol, and glycidyl esters. According to electron spin resonance (ESR) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies, free radical mediated formation mechanisms involving either five-membered or six-membered cyclic acyloxonium free radicals (CAFR) from monoacylglycerol (MAG) were proposed. Tandem quadrupole-time-of-flight (Q-TOF) MS and MS/MS analyses confirmed the free radical mechanisms. In addition, the results from the present study showed that 3-MCPD monoester could be degraded upon thermal treatment and suggested a possible catalytic role of Fe3+ under the experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhongfei Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048, China
| | | | - Boyan Gao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Yuge Niu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiangjun Sun
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liangli Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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52
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Samaras VG, Giri A, Zelinkova Z, Karasek L, Buttinger G, Wenzl T. Analytical method for the trace determination of esterified 3- and 2-monochloropropanediol and glycidyl fatty acid esters in various food matrices. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1466:136-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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53
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Aniołowska M, Kita A. Monitoring of glycidyl fatty acid esters in refined vegetable oils from retail outlets by LC-MS. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:4056-4061. [PMID: 26711530 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs) are a newly identified class of food process contaminants. The main source of these compounds is refined oils. Because of the potential release of free glycidol, it is necessary to enable a more accurate exposure assessment. In this study a method based on liquid chromatography-single-quadrupole mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of GEs in refined vegetable oils from retail outlets in Poland. RESULTS The amount of GEs detected in 20 edible oils ranged from 0.00 to 44.33 mg kg(-1) . Refined palm oils exhibited a several times higher contamination ratio in comparison with other oils (average 31.24 mg kg(-1) ). The average content of esters in sunflower oils (2.46 mg kg(-1) ) was higher than in rapeseed oils (1.04 mg kg(-1) ). C18:2-GE was found to be the prevailing GE in sunflower oil, with the highest concentration in all studied samples, while C18:1-GE was the prevailing GE in rapeseed and palm oils. No trace of C18:3-GE was found in the analysed oils. CONCLUSION The concentrations of major GEs were correlated with the fatty acid composition of the oils. The GE content varied with the type of oil and the producer. The tested oils had a higher or similar GE content compared with those analysed by other researchers. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Aniołowska
- Department of Food Storage and Technology, Faculty of Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 37 Str., PL-51-630, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kita
- Department of Food Storage and Technology, Faculty of Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chelmonskiego 37 Str., PL-51-630, Wrocław, Poland
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54
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Hori K, Hori-Koriyama N, Tsumura K, Fukusaki E, Bamba T. Insights into the formation mechanism of chloropropanol fatty acid esters under laboratory-scale deodorization conditions. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:246-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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55
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Cheng W, Liu G, Liu X. Formation of Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters Both in Real Edible Oils during Laboratory-Scale Refining and in Chemical Model during High Temperature Exposure. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5919-5927. [PMID: 27319409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the formation mechanisms of glycidyl fatty acid esters (GEs) were investigated both in real edible oils (soybean oil, camellia oil, and palm oil) during laboratory-scale preparation and refining and in chemical model (1,2-dipalmitin (DPG) and 1-monopalmitin (MPG)) during high temperature exposure (160-260 °C under nitrogen). The formation process of GEs in the chemical model was monitored using attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. The results showed that the roasting and pressing process could produce certain amounts of GEs that were much lower than that produced in the deodorization process. GE contents in edible oils increased continuously and significantly with increasing deodorization time below 200 °C. However, when the temperature exceeded 200 °C, GE contents sharply increased in 1-2 h followed by a gradual decrease, which could verify a simultaneous formation and degradation of GEs at high temperature. In addition, it was also found that the presence of acylglycerol (DAGs and MAGs) could significantly increase the formation yield of GEs both in real edible oils and in chemical model. Compared with DAGs, moreover, MAGs displayed a higher formation capacity but substantially lower contribution to GE formation due to their low contents in edible oils. In situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopic evidence showed that cyclic acyloxonium ion intermediate was formed during GE formation derived from DPG and MPG in chemical model heated at 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xinqi Liu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048, China
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048, China
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56
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Risks for human health related to the presence of 3‐ and 2‐monochloropropanediol (MCPD), and their fatty acid esters, and glycidyl fatty acid esters in food. EFSA J 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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57
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Miyazaki K, Koyama K. Application of Indirect Enzymatic Method for Determinations of 2-/3-MCPD-Es and Gly-Es in Foods Containing fats and Oils. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-016-2833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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58
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Jędrkiewicz R, Głowacz A, Gromadzka J, Namieśnik J. Determination of 3-MCPD and 2-MCPD esters in edible oils, fish oils and lipid fractions of margarines available on Polish market. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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59
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Chai Q, Zhang X, Karangwa E, Dai Q, Xia S, Yu J, Gao Y. Direct determination of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol esters in beef flavoring products by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23417h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A sensitive UPLC-TQ-MS method coupled with amino solid-phase extraction was developed for direct determination of 3-MCPD esters in the natural beef flavoring products. This method was evaluated in terms of linearity, repeatability and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Eric Karangwa
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yahui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology
- School of Food Science and Technology
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi
- People's Republic of China
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60
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Wöhrlin F, Fry H, Lahrssen-Wiederholt M, Preiß-Weigert A. Occurrence of fatty acid esters of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD and glycidol in infant formula. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1810-22. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1071497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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61
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Li H, Chen D, Miao H, Zhao Y, Shen J, Wu Y. Direct determination of fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1, 2-propanediol in edible vegetable oils by isotope dilution - ultra high performance liquid chromatography - triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:99-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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62
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Song Z, Wang Y, Li G, Tan W, Yao S. A novel1H NMR spectroscopic method for determination of glycidyl fatty acid esters coexisting with acylglycerols. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201400332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziliang Song
- International School; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
- Alberta Innovates Phytola Centre, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science; University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta Canada
| | - Yong Wang
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory; Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Analytical and Testing Center; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Wei Tan
- Analytical and Testing Center; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
| | - Shengwen Yao
- Guangdong Saskatchewan Oilseed Joint Laboratory; Department of Food Science and Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou China
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63
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Jędrkiewicz R, Kupska M, Głowacz A, Gromadzka J, Namieśnik J. 3-MCPD: A Worldwide Problem of Food Chemistry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2015; 56:2268-77. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.829414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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64
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Qi S, Chen H, Liu Y, Wang W, Shen L, Wang Y. Evaluation of Glycidyl Fatty Acid Ester Levels in Camellia Oil with Different Refining Degrees. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2013.858351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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65
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Becalski A, Feng S, Lau BPY, Zhao T. A pilot survey of 2- and 3-monochloropropanediol and glycidol fatty acid esters in foods on the Canadian market 2011–2013. J Food Compost Anal 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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66
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MacMahon S, Ridge CD, Begley TH. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the direct detection of 2-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) esters in edible oils. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:11647-11656. [PMID: 25383913 DOI: 10.1021/jf503994m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new analytical method has been developed and validated for the detection and quantification of 2-monochloropropanediol (2-MCPD) esters in edible oils. The target compounds are potentially carcinogenic contaminants formed during the processing of edible oils. As the 2-MCPD esters that occur most frequently in refined edible oils were not commercially available, standards were synthesized with identity and purity (95+%) confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and (1)H NMR. Target analytes are separated from edible oil matrices using a two-step solid-phase extraction (SPE) procedure. The extracts are then analyzed using LC-MS/MS with electrospray ionization (ESI). The method has been validated for 11 2-MCPD diesters and 3 2-MCPD monoesters in soybean oil, olive oil, and palm oil using an external calibration curve. The ranges of average recoveries and relative standard deviations (RSD) across the three oil matrices at three spiking concentrations are 79-106% (3-13% RSD) for the 2-MCPD diesters and 72-108% (4-17% RSD) for the 2-MCPD monoesters, with limits of quantitation at or below 30 ng/g for the diesters and 90 ng/g for the monoesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun MacMahon
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration , 5100 Paint Branch Parkway, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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67
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Jędrkiewicz R, Głowacz A, Kupska M, Gromadzka J, Namieśnik J. Application of modern sample preparation techniques to the determination of chloropropanols in food samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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68
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Zhou H, Jin Q, Wang X, Xu X. Direct measurement of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in oils and fats by HPLC method. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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69
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70
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Effects of temperature and water content on the formation of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in palm oil under conditions simulating deep fat frying. Eur Food Res Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-013-2126-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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71
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Liu Q, Han F, Xie K, Miao H, Wu Y. Simultaneous determination of total fatty acid esters of chloropropanols in edible oils by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry with solid-supported liquid–liquid extraction. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1314:208-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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72
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Direct analysis of intact glycidyl fatty acid esters in edible oils using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:202-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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73
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Analysis of occurrence of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-MCPD) in food in Europe in the years 2009-2011 and preliminary exposure assessment. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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74
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Chung SW, Chan BT, Chung H, Xiao Y, Ho Y. Occurrence of bound 3-monochloropropan-1,2-diol content in commonly consumed foods in Hong Kong analysed by enzymatic hydrolysis and GC-MS detection. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1248-54. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.800996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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75
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Becalski A, Zhao T, Sit D. Cyclohexanone/sulfonated polymer catalyst: a new simple derivatizing procedure for
GC
‐
MS
determination of 2‐ and 3‐monochloropropanediols. Food Energy Secur 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/fes3.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Becalski
- Food Research Division Bureau of Chemical Safety Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada Address Locator 2203D Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Tony Zhao
- Food Research Division Bureau of Chemical Safety Health Products and Food Branch Health Canada Address Locator 2203D Ottawa Ontario Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Daniel Sit
- Western Region Laboratory BC Region Regions and Program Branch Health Canada 3155 Willington Green Burnaby British Columbia Canada V5G 4P2
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76
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Shimizu M, Weitkamp P, Vosmann K, Matthäus B. Influence of chloride and glycidyl-ester on the generation of 3-MCPD- and glycidyl-esters. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masao Shimizu
- Global R&D - Healthcare Food Research; Kao Corporation; Tokyo; Japan
| | - Petra Weitkamp
- Max Rubner-Institut; Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food; Detmold; Germany
| | - Klaus Vosmann
- Max Rubner-Institut; Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food; Detmold; Germany
| | - Bertrand Matthäus
- Max Rubner-Institut; Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food; Detmold; Germany
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77
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Yamazaki K, Ogiso M, Isagawa S, Urushiyama T, Ukena T, Kibune N. A new, direct analytical method using LC-MS/MS for fatty acid esters of 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol (3-MCPD esters) in edible oils. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:52-68. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.713031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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78
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Collaborative Study for the Analysis of Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters in Edible Oils using LC-MS. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2187-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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79
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Zulkurnain M, Lai OM, Latip RA, Nehdi IA, Ling TC, Tan CP. The effects of physical refining on the formation of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol esters in relation to palm oil minor components. Food Chem 2012; 135:799-805. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.04.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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80
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Hori K, Koriyama N, Omori H, Kuriyama M, Arishima T, Tsumura K. Simultaneous determination of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters and glycidol fatty acid esters in edible oils using liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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81
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Crews C, Chiodini A, Granvogl M, Hamlet C, Hrnčiřík K, Kuhlmann J, Lampen A, Scholz G, Weisshaar R, Wenzl T, Jasti PR, Seefelder W. Analytical approaches for MCPD esters and glycidyl esters in food and biological samples: a review and future perspectives. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 30:11-45. [PMID: 23020628 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.720385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Esters of 2 - and 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (MCPD) and glycidol esters are important contaminants of processed edible oils used as foods or food ingredients. This review describes the occurrence and analysis of MCPD esters and glycidol esters in vegetable oils and some other foods. The focus is on the analytical methods based on both direct and indirect methods. Methods of analysis applied to oils and lipid extracts of foods have been based on transesterification to free MCPD and determination by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (indirect methods) and by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (direct methods). The evolution and performance of the different methods is described and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. The application of direct and indirect methods to the analysis of foods and to research studies is described. The metabolism and fate of MCPD esters and glycidol esters in biological systems and the methods used to study these in body tissues studies are described. A clear understanding of the chemistry of the methods is important when choosing those suitable for the desired application, and will contribute to the mitigation of these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency (FERA), Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
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82
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A Novel Method for Simultaneous Monitoring of 2-MCPD, 3-MCPD and Glycidyl Esters in Oils and Fats. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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83
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Shimizu M, Vosmann K, Matthäus B. Generation of 3-monochloro-1,2-propanediol and related materials from tri-, di-, and monoolein at deodorization temperature. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201200078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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84
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Ma F, Li P, Matthäus B, Zhang W, Zhang Q. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (MCPD) and analysis of its esters from edible oils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2241-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Ma
- Oil Crops Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Wuhan P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan P. R. China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Peiwu Li
- Oil Crops Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Wuhan P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan P. R. China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan); Ministry of Agriculture; P. R. China
| | - Bertrand Matthäus
- Max Rubner-Institut; Federal Research Institute for Nutrition and Food; Detmold Germany
| | - Wen Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Wuhan P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Oil Crops Research Institute; Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Wuhan P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan P. R. China
- Quality Inspection and Test Center for Oilseeds Products; Ministry of Agriculture; Wuhan P. R. China
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85
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Indirect Method for Simultaneous Determinations of 3‐Chloro‐1,2‐Propanediol Fatty Acid Esters and Glycidyl Fatty Acid Esters. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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86
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Simultaneous Determination of 2- and 3-Monochloropropan-1,3-diol Esters in Foods by Enzymatic Hydrolysis and GC–MS Detection. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2282-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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87
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Hori K, Matsubara A, Uchikata T, Tsumura K, Fukusaki E, Bamba T. High-throughput and sensitive analysis of 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol fatty acid esters in edible oils by supercritical fluid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1250:99-104. [PMID: 22749582 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have established a high-throughput and sensitive analytical method based on supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (QqQ MS) for 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) fatty acid esters in edible oils. All analytes were successfully separated within 9 min without sample purification. The system was precise and sensitive, with a limit of detection less than 0.063 mg/kg. The recovery rate of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters spiked into oil samples was in the range of 62.68-115.23%. Furthermore, several edible oils were tested for analyzing 3-MCPD fatty acid ester profiles. This is the first report on the analysis of 3-MCPD fatty acid esters by SFC/QqQ MS. The developed method will be a powerful tool for investigating 3-MCPD fatty acid esters in edible oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhito Hori
- Analytical Center for Food Safety, Quality Assurance Department, Fuji Oil Co. Ltd., 1 Sumiyoshi-Cho, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8540, Japan
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88
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89
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Comparison of indirect and direct quantification of esters of monochloropropanediol in vegetable oil. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1236:189-201. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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90
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Destaillats F, Craft BD, Dubois M, Nagy K. Glycidyl esters in refined palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil and related fractions. Part I: Formation mechanism. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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91
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Becalski A, Feng SY, Lau BPY, Zhao T. Glycidyl fatty acid esters in food by LC-MS/MS: method development. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2933-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5932-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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92
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Moravcova E, Vaclavik L, Lacina O, Hrbek V, Riddellova K, Hajslova J. Novel approaches to analysis of 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol esters in vegetable oils. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 402:2871-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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93
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Shimizu M, Moriwaki J, Shiiba D, Nohara H, Kudo N, Katsuragi Y. Elimination of Glycidyl Palmitate in Diolein by Treatment with Activated Bleaching Earth. J Oleo Sci 2012; 61:23-8. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.61.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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94
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Dubois M, Tarres A, Goldmann T, Loeffelmann G, Donaubauer A, Seefelder W. Determination of seven glycidyl esters in edible oils by gel permeation chromatography extraction and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:12291-12301. [PMID: 22017647 DOI: 10.1021/jf2028347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A method based on a gel permeation chromatography (GPC) extraction procedure combined with an additional cleanup by solid-phase extraction (SPE) on silica gel and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) detection has been validated for the analysis of seven glycidyl esters (GEs) including glycidyl laurate, myristate, palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate in various edible oils. This method was conjointly developed and validated by two different laboratories, using two different detection systems, a LC time of flight MS (LC-ToF-MS) and a LC triple-quadrupole MS (LC-MS/MS). The extraction procedure allowed targeting low contamination levels due to a highly efficient matrix removal from the 400 mg oil sample loaded on the GPC column and is suitable for routine analysis as 24 samples can be extracted in an automated and reproducible way every 12 h. GPC extraction combined with SPE cleanup and LC-MS/MS detection leads to a limit of quantification in oil samples between 50 and 100 μg/kg depending on the type of glycidyl ester. Recoveries ranged from 68 to 111% (average = 93%). Quantification was performed by automated standard addition on extracts to compensate matrix effects artifacts. To control recoveries of each sample four isotopically labeled GEs ((13)C(3) or (13)C(4)) were included in the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Dubois
- Nestlé Research Center, Nestec Ltd., Vers-chez-les-Blanc, 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland.
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95
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Karasek L, Wenzl T, Ulberth F. Determination of 3-MCPD esters in edible oil - methods of analysis and comparability of results. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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96
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Craft BD, Nagy K, Seefelder W, Dubois M, Destaillats F. Glycidyl esters in refined palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil and related fractions. Part II: practical recommendations for effective mitigation. Food Chem 2011; 132:73-9. [PMID: 26434265 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In a previous work, it was shown that at high temperatures (up to 280°C) glycidyl esters (GE) are formed from diacylglycerols (DAG) via elimination of free fatty acid (FFA). In the present study, the impact of DAG content and temperature on the formation of GE using a model vacuum system mimicking industrial edible oil deodorization is investigated. These deodorization experiments confirmed that the formation of GE from DAG is extensive at temperatures above 230-240°C, and therefore, this value should be considered as an upper limit for refining operations. Furthermore, experimental data suggest that the formation of GE accelerates in particular when the DAG levels in refined oils exceed 3-4% of total lipids. Analysis of the lipid composition of crude palm oil (CPO) samples allowed the estimation that this critical DAG content corresponds to about 1.9-2.5% of FFA, which is the conventional quality marker of CPO. Moreover, high levels (>100ppm) of GE were also found in palm fatty acid distillate samples, which may indicate that the level of GE in fully refined palm oils also depends on the elimination rate of GE into the fatty acid distillate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Craft
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kornél Nagy
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Mathieu Dubois
- Nestlé Research Center, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
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97
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Evaluation of an Improved Indirect Method for the Analysis of 3-MCPD Esters Based on Acid Transesterification. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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98
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Blumhorst MR, Venkitasubramanian P, Collison MW. Direct Determination of Glycidyl Esters of Fatty Acids in Vegetable Oils by LC-MS. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2011; 88:1275-1283. [PMID: 21909156 PMCID: PMC3143323 DOI: 10.1007/s11746-011-1873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An LC–MS method using a single quadrupole mass spectrometer was developed for direct analysis of glycidyl esters of fatty acids in vegetable oils. Without any sample clean-up, this method provided acceptable recovery of seven glycidyl esters, comparable results to a previously-published method utilizing two solid-phase extraction steps, and consistent detection parameters after greater than 200 injections without any cleaning operations performed. This method could readily be implemented as a screening assay for glycidyl esters in most oil laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. Blumhorst
- Research Division, Archer Daniels Midland Company, James R. Randall Research Center, 1001 N. Brush College Road, Decatur, IL 62521 USA
| | - Padmesh Venkitasubramanian
- Research Division, Archer Daniels Midland Company, James R. Randall Research Center, 1001 N. Brush College Road, Decatur, IL 62521 USA
| | - Mark W. Collison
- Research Division, Archer Daniels Midland Company, James R. Randall Research Center, 1001 N. Brush College Road, Decatur, IL 62521 USA
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