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Dai J, Fang P, Saredy J, Xi H, Ramon C, Yang W, Choi ET, Ji Y, Mao W, Yang X, Wang H. Metabolism-associated danger signal-induced immune response and reverse immune checkpoint-activated CD40 + monocyte differentiation. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:141. [PMID: 28738836 PMCID: PMC5525309 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is critical for disease progression and modulates T cell (TC) and antigen-presenting cell (APC) functions. Three signals were initially proposed for adaptive immune activation: signal 1 antigen recognition, signal 2 co-stimulation or co-inhibition, and signal 3 cytokine stimulation. In this article, we propose to term signal 2 as an immune checkpoint, which describes interactions of paired molecules leading to stimulation (stimulatory immune checkpoint) or inhibition (inhibitory immune checkpoint) of an immune response. We classify immune checkpoint into two categories: one-way immune checkpoint for forward signaling towards TC only, and two-way immune checkpoint for both forward and reverse signaling towards TC and APC, respectively. Recently, we and others provided evidence suggesting that metabolic risk factors (RF) activate innate and adaptive immunity, involving the induction of immune checkpoint molecules. We summarize these findings and suggest a novel theory, metabolism-associated danger signal (MADS) recognition, by which metabolic RF activate innate and adaptive immunity. We emphasize that MADS activates the reverse immune checkpoint which leads to APC inflammation in innate and adaptive immunity. Our recent evidence is shown that metabolic RF, such as uremic toxin or hyperhomocysteinemia, induced immune checkpoint molecule CD40 expression in monocytes (MC) and elevated serum soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) resulting in CD40+ MC differentiation. We propose that CD40+ MC is a novel pro-inflammatory MC subset and a reliable biomarker for chronic kidney disease severity. We summarize that CD40:CD40L immune checkpoint can induce TC and APC activation via forward stimulatory, reverse stimulatory, and TC contact-independent immune checkpoints. Finally, we modeled metabolic RF-induced two-way stimulatory immune checkpoint amplification and discussed potential signaling pathways including AP-1, NF-κB, NFAT, STAT, and DNA methylation and their contribution to systemic and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pu Fang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jason Saredy
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hang Xi
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Cueto Ramon
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - William Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Eric T Choi
- Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Wang L, Fu H, Nanayakkara G, Li Y, Shao Y, Johnson C, Cheng J, Yang WY, Yang F, Lavallee M, Xu Y, Cheng X, Xi H, Yi J, Yu J, Choi ET, Wang H, Yang X. Novel extracellular and nuclear caspase-1 and inflammasomes propagate inflammation and regulate gene expression: a comprehensive database mining study. J Hematol Oncol 2016; 9:122. [PMID: 27842563 PMCID: PMC5109738 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-016-0351-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Caspase-1 is present in the cytosol as an inactive zymogen and requires the protein complexes named “inflammasomes” for proteolytic activation. However, it remains unclear whether the proteolytic activity of caspase-1 is confined only to the cytosol where inflammasomes are assembled to convert inactive pro-caspase-1 to active caspase-1. Methods We conducted meticulous data analysis methods on proteomic, protein interaction, protein intracellular localization, and gene expressions of 114 experimentally identified caspase-1 substrates and 38 caspase-1 interaction proteins in normal physiological conditions and in various pathologies. Results We made the following important findings: (1) Caspase-1 substrates and interaction proteins are localized in various intracellular organelles including nucleus and secreted extracellularly; (2) Caspase-1 may get activated in situ in the nucleus in response to intra-nuclear danger signals; (3) Caspase-1 cleaves its substrates in exocytotic secretory pathways including exosomes to propagate inflammation to neighboring and remote cells; (4) Most of caspase-1 substrates are upregulated in coronary artery disease regardless of their subcellular localization but the majority of metabolic diseases cause no significant expression changes in caspase-1 nuclear substrates; and (5) In coronary artery disease, majority of upregulated caspase-1 extracellular substrate-related pathways are involved in induction of inflammation; and in contrast, upregulated caspase-1 nuclear substrate-related pathways are more involved in regulating cell death and chromatin regulation. Conclusions Our identification of novel caspase-1 trafficking sites, nuclear and extracellular inflammasomes, and extracellular caspase-1-based inflammation propagation model provides a list of targets for the future development of new therapeutics to treat cardiovascular diseases, inflammatory diseases, and inflammatory cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13045-016-0351-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqiao Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Hangfei Fu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Gayani Nanayakkara
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yafeng Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ying Shao
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Candice Johnson
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jiali Cheng
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - William Y Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Muriel Lavallee
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yanjie Xu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Xiaoshu Cheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 1 Minde Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, China
| | - Hang Xi
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jonathan Yi
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jun Yu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Eric T Choi
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Physiology, 3500 North Broad Street, MERB-1059, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Li X, Fang P, Yang WY, Chan K, Lavallee M, Xu K, Gao T, Wang H, Yang X. Mitochondrial ROS, uncoupled from ATP synthesis, determine endothelial activation for both physiological recruitment of patrolling cells and pathological recruitment of inflammatory cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2016; 95:247-252. [PMID: 27925481 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2016-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mtROS) are signaling molecules, which drive inflammatory cytokine production and T cell activation. In addition, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and autoimmune diseases all share a common feature of increased mtROS level. Both mtROS and ATP are produced as a result of electron transport chain activity, but it remains enigmatic whether mtROS could be generated independently from ATP synthesis. A recent study shed light on this important question and found that, during endothelial cell (EC) activation, mtROS could be upregulated in a proton leak-coupled, but ATP synthesis-uncoupled manner. As a result, EC could upregulate mtROS production for physiological EC activation without compromising mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP generation, and consequently without causing mitochondrial damage and EC death. Thus, a novel pathophysiological role of proton leak in driving mtROS production was uncovered for low grade EC activation, patrolling immunosurveillance cell trans-endothelial migration and other signaling events without compromising cellular survival. This new working model explains how mtROS could be increasingly generated independently from ATP synthesis and endothelial damage or death. Mapping the connections among mitochondrial metabolism, physiological EC activation, patrolling cell migration, and pathological inflammation is significant towards the development of novel therapies for inflammatory diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Pu Fang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - William Y Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Kylie Chan
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Muriel Lavallee
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Keman Xu
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Tracy Gao
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research, and Thrombosis Research, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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