51
|
Yan H, Konstorum A, Lowengrub JS. Three-Dimensional Spatiotemporal Modeling of Colon Cancer Organoids Reveals that Multimodal Control of Stem Cell Self-Renewal is a Critical Determinant of Size and Shape in Early Stages of Tumor Growth. Bull Math Biol 2018; 80:1404-1433. [PMID: 28681151 PMCID: PMC5756149 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-017-0294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We develop a three-dimensional multispecies mathematical model to simulate the growth of colon cancer organoids containing stem, progenitor and terminally differentiated cells, as a model of early (prevascular) tumor growth. Stem cells (SCs) secrete short-range self-renewal promoters (e.g., Wnt) and their long-range inhibitors (e.g., Dkk) and proliferate slowly. Committed progenitor (CP) cells proliferate more rapidly and differentiate to produce post-mitotic terminally differentiated cells that release differentiation promoters, forming negative feedback loops on SC and CP self-renewal. We demonstrate that SCs play a central role in normal and cancer colon organoids. Spatial patterning of the SC self-renewal promoter gives rise to SC clusters, which mimic stem cell niches, around the organoid surface, and drive the development of invasive fingers. We also study the effects of externally applied signaling factors. Applying bone morphogenic proteins, which inhibit SC and CP self-renewal, reduces invasiveness and organoid size. Applying hepatocyte growth factor, which enhances SC self-renewal, produces larger sizes and enhances finger development at low concentrations but suppresses fingers at high concentrations. These results are consistent with recent experiments on colon organoids. Because many cancers are hierarchically organized and are subject to feedback regulation similar to that in normal tissues, our results suggest that in cancer, control of cancer stem cell self-renewal should influence the size and shape in similar ways, thereby opening the door to novel therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Yan
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anna Konstorum
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA
| | - John S Lowengrub
- Department of Mathematics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Complex Biological Systems, and Chao Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Zhong L, Simoneau B, Huot J, Simard MJ. p38 and JNK pathways control E-selectin-dependent extravasation of colon cancer cells by modulating miR-31 transcription. Oncotarget 2018; 8:1678-1687. [PMID: 27926494 PMCID: PMC5352088 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extravasation of circulating cancer cells is a key event of metastatic dissemination that is initiated by the adhesion of cancer cells to vascular endothelial cells. It requires the interaction between adhesion receptors such as E-selectin present on endothelial cells and their ligands on cancer cells. Notably, E-selectin influences the metastatic potential of breast, bladder, gastric, pancreatic, and colorectal carcinoma as well as of leukemia and lymphoma. Here, we show that E-selectin expression induced by the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β is directly and negatively regulated by miR-31. The transcription of miR-31 is activated by IL-1β. This activation depends on p38 and JNK MAP kinases, and their downstream transcription factors GATA2, c-Fos and c-Jun. The miR-31-mediated repression of E-selectin impairs the metastatic potential of colon cancer cells by decreasing their adhesion to, and migration through, the endothelium. These results highlight for the first time that microRNA mediates E-selectin-dependent extravasation of colon cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhong
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre (Hôtel-Dieu de Québec), Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Bryan Simoneau
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre (Hôtel-Dieu de Québec), Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Jacques Huot
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre (Hôtel-Dieu de Québec), Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada
| | - Martin J Simard
- St-Patrick Research Group in Basic Oncology, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Centre (Hôtel-Dieu de Québec), Laval University Cancer Research Centre, Quebec City, Québec, G1R 2J6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
p38 activation induces production of miR-146a and miR-31 to repress E-selectin expression and inhibit transendothelial migration of colon cancer cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2334. [PMID: 29402939 PMCID: PMC5799178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extravasation of circulating cancer cells determines their metastatic potential. This process is initiated by the adhesion of cancer cells to vascular endothelial cells through specific interactions between endothelial adhesion receptors such as E-selectin and their ligands on cancer cells. In the present study, we show that miR-146a and miR-181b impede the expression of E-selectin by repressing the activity of its transcription factor NF-κB, thereby impairing the metastatic potentials of colon cancer cells by decreasing their adhesion to, and migration through, the endothelium. Among the two microRNAs, only miR-146a is activated by IL-1β, through the activation of p38, ERK and JNK MAP kinases, as well as their downstream transcription factors GATA2, c-Fos and c-Jun. Inhibiting p38 MAP kinase increases NF-κB activity, at least partially via miR-146a. Inhibiting p38 also increases the expression of E-selectin at the post-transcriptional level via decreasing miR-31, which targets E-selectin mRNA and also depends on p38 for its expression. In response to IL-1β, p38 MAP kinase hence represses the expression of E-selectin at the transcriptional and the post-transcriptional levels, via miR-146a and miR-31, respectively. These results highlight novel mechanisms by which p38 downregulates the expression of E-selectin through different microRNAs following inflammatory stimuli associated to cancer progression.
Collapse
|
54
|
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and colorectal cancer: a troublesome twosome for the anti-tumour immune response? Oncotarget 2018; 7:60752-60774. [PMID: 27542276 PMCID: PMC5312417 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) is an important factor in determining the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer, and can aid tumours by both establishing an immunosuppressive milieu, allowing the tumour avoid immune clearance, and by hampering the efficacy of various therapeutic regimens. The tumour microenvironment is composed of many cell types including tumour, stromal, endothelial and immune cell populations. It is widely accepted that cells present in the TME acquire distinct functional phenotypes that promote tumorigenesis. One such cell type is the mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC). Evidence suggests that MSCs exert effects in the colorectal tumour microenvironment including the promotion of angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. MSCs immunomodulatory capacity may represent another largely unexplored central feature of MSCs tumour promoting capacity. There is considerable evidence to suggest that MSCs and their secreted factors can influence the innate and adaptive immune responses. MSC-immune cell interactions can skew the proliferation and functional activity of T-cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells and macrophages, which could favour tumour growth and enable tumours to evade immune cell clearance. A better understanding of the interactions between the malignant cancer cell and stromal components of the TME is key to the development of more specific and efficacious therapies for colorectal cancer. Here, we review and explore MSC- mediated mechanisms of suppressing anti-tumour immune responses in the colon tumour microenvironment. Elucidation of the precise mechanism of immunomodulation exerted by tumour-educated MSCs is critical to inhibiting immunosuppression and immune evasion established by the TME, thus providing an opportunity for targeted and efficacious immunotherapy for colorectal cancer growth and metastasis.
Collapse
|
55
|
Hypoxia induces epithelial-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer cells through ubiquitin-specific protease 47-mediated stabilization of Snail: A potential role of Sox9. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15918. [PMID: 29162839 PMCID: PMC5698333 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15139-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the metastatic phase, cancer cells require the dissolution of cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion and a dramatic re-organization of the cytoskeleton through epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), thereby acquiring migratory and invasive capabilities. In most tumors, EMT is accompanied by hypoxia. However, the intracellular signaling molecule that mediates hypoxia-induced EMT remained overlooked. By utilizing the microarray database system of the Cancer Genome Atlas, we identified ubiquitin-specific protease 47 (USP47), a deubiquitinating enzyme, as a potential mediator of hypoxia-induced EMT. Immunofluorescence staining of human colorectal tissue microarrays revealed that USP47 is overexpressed in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues compared with normal adjacent tissues. The expression of USP47 was found to be elevated in three different human colorectal cancer cell lines. The enhancement of USP47 in colorectal cancer cells under hypoxic conditions induced the disassembly of E-cadherin and promoted EMT through deubiquitination of Snail. Silencing of USP47 accelerated the proteasomal degradation of Snail and inhibited EMT. Notably, hypoxia-induced USP47 upregulation was mediated by Sox9. These results demonstrate, for the first time, the role for USP47, as a novel target of Sox9, in the regulation of EMT and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells.
Collapse
|
56
|
Nahm JH, Rhee H, Kim H, Yoo JE, San Lee J, Jeon Y, Choi GH, Park YN. Increased expression of stemness markers and altered tumor stroma in hepatocellular carcinoma under TACE-induced hypoxia: A biopsy and resection matched study. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99359-99371. [PMID: 29245907 PMCID: PMC5725098 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) expressing stemness markers are characterized by an aggressive behavior, which might be promoted by an altered tumor stroma. Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) induces severe hypoxia, and its effect on stemness and tumor stroma of HCCs remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sequential changes of stemness and tumor stroma under TACE-induced hypoxia using biopsy and resection-matched HCCs. Methods Forty-six biopsy and resection matched HCCs including 10 cases with and 36 cases without preoperative TACE were selected. Immunohistochemistry for stemness (keratin 19 [K19], epithelial cell adhesion molecule [EpCAM], and CD133), hypoxia (carbonic anhydrase IX [CAIX] and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]), and tumor stromal (α-smooth muscle actin [α-SMA] and fibroblast activation protein [FAP]) markers were performed and compared in matched biopsied and resected HCCs with and without TACE. Results The accuracy of K19, EpCAM, CD133, CAIX, VEGF, α-SMA and FAP detected on biopsied HCCs was 64% ∼ 86%, using the expression status in resected HCCs as a reference standard in non-TACE group. The sequential change of hypoxia, stemness and stromal marker expression in matched biopsied and resected HCC was greater in TACE group than in non-TACE group (P < 0.05 for all). The degree of stemness marker expression was well correlated with those of tumor stromal markers, and the degree of CAIX expression was well correlated with that of K19 (P < 0.05). Conclusions Stemness marker expression is considered to be increased along with tumor stromal alteration under TACE-induced hypoxia, which might promote the aggressive biology of HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hae Nahm
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyungjin Rhee
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Haeryoung Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong Eun Yoo
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee San Lee
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youngsic Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Hong Choi
- Departments of General Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Nyun Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Integrated Genomic Research Center for Metabolic Regulation, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Silencing of TGF-β1 in tumor cells impacts MMP-9 in tumor microenvironment. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8678. [PMID: 28819116 PMCID: PMC5561077 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09062-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 contributes to autocrine and paracrine functions in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The present study examined the effects of TGF-β1 crosstalk in TME and its role in mediating tumor formation and progression by targeted abrogation of TGF-β1 expression in metastatic cells in situ. Using species-specific primers, we found a significant increase in MMP-9 gene expression in the tumor-reactive stroma during late-stage metastasis in the lung. This effect was also confirmed in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) when co-cultured with the tumor cells. Knockdown of TGF-β1 expression in the tumor cells negatively affected matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 gene expression. Fibroblasts, cultured in the presence of tumor cells with intact TGF-β1, showed a significant increase in proliferation rate, as well as expression of VEGF, bFGF, and SDF-1, which was not seen when TGF-β1 expression was abrogated in tumor cells. Absence of TGF-β1 in tumor cells also failed to result in myofibroblast differentiation. Co-implantation of CAFs and tumor cells with either intact TGF-β1 expression or devoid of TGF-β1 in vivo showed a significant increase in tumor growth kinetics in both cell types, suggesting a possible activation TGF-β receptor signaling in tumor cells in response to TGF-β from the TME.
Collapse
|
58
|
Fadus MC, Lau C, Bikhchandani J, Lynch HT. Curcumin: An age-old anti-inflammatory and anti-neoplastic agent. J Tradit Complement Med 2017; 7:339-346. [PMID: 28725630 PMCID: PMC5506636 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin is a natural anti-inflammatory agent that has been used for treating medical conditions for many years. Several experimental and pharmacologic trials have demonstrated its efficacy in the role as an anti-inflammatory agent. Curcumin has been shown to be effective in treating chronic conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, Alzheimer's and common malignancies like colon, stomach, lung, breast, and skin cancers. As treatments in medicine become more and more complex, the answer may be something simpler. This is a review article written with the objective to systematically analyze the wealth of information regarding the medical use of curcumin, the "curry spice", and to understand the existent gaps which have prevented its widespread application in the medical community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Fadus
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Cecilia Lau
- Duke University, Department of Psychiatry, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jai Bikhchandani
- Creighton University, Department of Preventive Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, United States
| | - Henry T. Lynch
- Creighton University, Department of Preventive Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, United States
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Zheng J, He S, Qi J, Wang X, Yu J, Wu Y, Gao Q, Wang K, Sun X. Targeted CDX2 expression inhibits aggressive phenotypes of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2017. [PMID: 28627695 PMCID: PMC5505129 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2) is associated with the development of human colorectal cancer, while human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) frequently occurs in variety of human cancers. We investigated the effects of restoration of CDX2 expression using a hypoxia-inducible hTERT promoter-driven vector (pLVX-5HRE-hTERTp-CDX2-3FLAG) on colon cancer cell viability, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, colony formation, invasion ability and xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. CDX2 overexpression significantly inhibited viability, colony formation, and the invasion and migration ability of LoVo cells, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in vitro, especially under hypoxic culture conditions. Overexpression of CDX2 under normoxic conditions significantly suppressed the expression of TGF-β, cyclin D1, uPA, MMP-9, MMP-2, and Bcl-2, and stimulated the expression of collagen IV, laminin-1, and Bax. Overexpression of CDX2 reduced colon cancer xenograft tumor formation in nude mice which was associated with downregulation of Ki-67. In conclusion, overexpression of CDX2 using a hypoxia-inducible hTERT promoter-driven vector suppressed malignant progression of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. These results suggest that pLVX-5HRE-hTERTp-CDX2-3FLAG gene therapy may be a promising novel approach to treat colon cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianbao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Sai He
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial Tumor Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Second Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Department of Tumor Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Junhui Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yunhua Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Human MSCs promotes colorectal cancer epithelial-mesenchymal transition and progression via CCL5/β-catenin/Slug pathway. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2819. [PMID: 28542126 PMCID: PMC5520690 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) extensively interact with cancer cells and other stroma cells in the tumor microenvironment. However, the role of MSCs in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and metastasis is controversial. This study was designed to identify the role of inflammation-activated-MSCs in CRC development. Our results show that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-preactivated-hMSCs significantly promote the progression of colon cancer cells by enhancing cell proliferation, epithelial–mesenchymal transition, migration, and invasion. TNF-α-primed-hMSCs secrete high level of CCL5, which interacts with its receptor CCR1 expressed in colon cancer cells. Interestingly, the stimulation of colon cancer cell progression by TNF-α-primed hMSCs is associated with the upregulation ofβ-catenin signaling pathway. Blockingβ-catenin pathway significantly decreases the TNF-α-primed-conditioned medium or CCL5-mediated cancer cell progression by decreasing the enhancement of Slug, suggesting that the CCL5/β-catenin/Slug pathway plays a critical role in hMSC-mediated cancer progression. Furthermore,in vivomodel in nude mice confirms the ability of hMSCs to promote the proliferation and progression of colon cancer cells, and the upregulation of CCl5/β-catenin/Slug pathway. Taken together, the present study has demonstrated a novel pathway involving CCl5/CCR1/β-catenin/Slug, via which hMSCs promotes CRC development.
Collapse
|
61
|
Kim IH, Kwon MJ, Nam TJ. Differences in cell death and cell cycle following fucoidan treatment in high-density HT-29 colon cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:4116-4122. [PMID: 28487956 PMCID: PMC5436236 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide present in marine brown seaweed, has been demonstrated to inhibit in vivo and in vitro growth of cells. The present study was conducted in HT-29 human colon cancer cells cultured at a high density, and examined the potential underlying mechanisms by which fucoidan exerts its anti-proliferative effects, which remain poorly understood. Fucoidan treatment of high-density HT-29 cells resulted in the inhibition of cell growth and increased apoptotic cell death. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that fucoidan treatment led to sub-G1 phase cell cycle arrest. This was associated with decreased protein expression levels of Retinoblastoma protein and E2 factor protein. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that fucoidan possesses anticancer activity against high density HT-29 cells by inhibiting cell growth and cell cycle progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In-Hye Kim
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jin Kwon
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Jeong Nam
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 46041, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Wang M, Zhao J, Zhang L, Wei F, Lian Y, Wu Y, Gong Z, Zhang S, Zhou J, Cao K, Li X, Xiong W, Li G, Zeng Z, Guo C. Role of tumor microenvironment in tumorigenesis. J Cancer 2017; 8:761-773. [PMID: 28382138 PMCID: PMC5381164 DOI: 10.7150/jca.17648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 870] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumorigenesis is a complex and dynamic process, consisting of three stages: initiation, progression, and metastasis. Tumors are encircled by extracellular matrix (ECM) and stromal cells, and the physiological state of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is closely connected to every step of tumorigenesis. Evidence suggests that the vital components of the TME are fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, neuroendocrine cells, adipose cells, immune and inflammatory cells, the blood and lymphatic vascular networks, and ECM. This manuscript, based on the current studies of the TME, offers a more comprehensive overview of the primary functions of each component of the TME in cancer initiation, progression, and invasion. The manuscript also includes primary therapeutic targeting markers for each player, which may be helpful in treating tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maonan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jingzhou Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Lishen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yu Lian
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Yingfeng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Ke Cao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xiayu Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Can Guo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis of Ministry of Health, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Nonresolving Inflammation and Cancer, Disease Genome Research Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Vasculature-On-A-Chip for In Vitro Disease Models. Bioengineering (Basel) 2017; 4:bioengineering4010008. [PMID: 28952486 PMCID: PMC5590435 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering4010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascularization, the formation of new blood vessels, is an essential biological process. As the vasculature is involved in various fundamental physiological phenomena and closely related to several human diseases, it is imperative that substantial research is conducted on characterizing the vasculature and its related diseases. A significant evolution has been made to describe the vascularization process so that in vitro recapitulation of vascularization is possible. The current microfluidic systems allow elaborative research on the effects of various cues for vascularization, and furthermore, in vitro technologies have a great potential for being applied to the vascular disease models for studying pathological events and developing drug screening platforms. Here, we review methods of fabrication for microfluidic assays and inducing factors for vascularization. We also discuss applications using engineered vasculature such as in vitro vascular disease models, vasculature in organ-on-chips and drug screening platforms.
Collapse
|
64
|
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most life threatening diseases afflicting mankind. Oral carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process involving numerous genetic events that alter normal functions of oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. These changes lead to a cell phenotype with increased cell proliferation, with loss of cell cohesion, and infiltration of adjacent tissue thus causing distant metastasis. The fact that cancer patients might develop metastasis after years or even decades from diagnosis of the primary tumor makes the metastatic process even more complex and the disease more deadly. The promise of this article is to enhance the understanding on molecular mechanisms underlying metastasis and provide a better approach towards development of novel therapeutic treatment modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Baldawa
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, M. A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pallavi Shirol
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, M. A. Rangoonwala College of Dental Sciences and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jyoti Alur
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Oxford Dental College, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Venkatesh V Kulkarni
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Bharati Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Pehserl AM, Ress AL, Stanzer S, Resel M, Karbiener M, Stadelmeyer E, Stiegelbauer V, Gerger A, Mayr C, Scheideler M, Hutterer GC, Bauernhofer T, Kiesslich T, Pichler M. Comprehensive Analysis of miRNome Alterations in Response to Sorafenib Treatment in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122011. [PMID: 27916938 PMCID: PMC5187811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are master regulators of drug resistance and have been previously proposed as potential biomarkers for the prediction of therapeutic response in colorectal cancer (CRC). Sorafenib, a multi-kinase inhibitor which has been approved for the treatment of liver, renal and thyroid cancer, is currently being studied as a monotherapy in selected molecular subtypes or in combination with other drugs in metastatic CRC. In this study, we explored sorafenib-induced cellular effects in Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog olog (KRAS) wild-type and KRAS-mutated CRC cell lines (Caco-2 and HRT-18), and finally profiled expression changes of specific miRNAs within the miRNome (>1000 human miRNAs) after exposure to sorafenib. Overall, sorafenib induced a time- and dose-dependent growth-inhibitory effect through S-phase cell cycle arrest in KRAS wild-type and KRAS-mutated CRC cells. In HRT-18 cells, two human miRNAs (hsa-miR-597 and hsa-miR-720) and two small RNAs (SNORD 13 and hsa-miR-3182) were identified as specifically sorafenib-induced. In Caco-2 cells, nine human miRNAs (hsa-miR-3142, hsa-miR-20a, hsa-miR-4301, hsa-miR-1290, hsa-miR-4286, hsa-miR-3182, hsa-miR-3142, hsa-miR-1246 and hsa-miR-720) were identified to be differentially regulated post sorafenib treatment. In conclusion, we confirmed sorafenib as a potential anti-neoplastic treatment strategy for CRC cells by demonstrating a growth-inhibitory and cell cycle–arresting effect of this drug. Changes in the miRNome indicate that some specific miRNAs might be relevant as indicators for sorafenib response, drug resistance and potential targets for combinatorial miRNA-based drug strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria Pehserl
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Research Unit of Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing in Cancer, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Anna Lena Ress
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Research Unit of Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing in Cancer, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Stefanie Stanzer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Margit Resel
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Research Unit of Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing in Cancer, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Michael Karbiener
- Department of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital, Medical University, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Elke Stadelmeyer
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Verena Stiegelbauer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Research Unit of Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing in Cancer, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Armin Gerger
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Christian Mayr
- Laboratory for Tumour Biology and Experimental Therapies (TREAT), Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Marcel Scheideler
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer (IDC), Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
- Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Heidelberg University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- Molecular Metabolic Control, Medical Faculty, Technical University Munich, 85764 Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Georg C Hutterer
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Thomas Bauernhofer
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Tobias Kiesslich
- Laboratory for Tumour Biology and Experimental Therapies (TREAT), Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Salzburger Landeskliniken, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Martin Pichler
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Research Unit of Non-Coding RNA and Genome Editing in Cancer, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Different Phases of Breast Cancer Cells: Raman Study of Immortalized, Transformed, and Invasive Cells. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2016; 6:bios6040057. [PMID: 27916791 PMCID: PMC5192377 DOI: 10.3390/bios6040057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most prevalent cause of cancer-associated death in women the world over, but if detected early it can be treated successfully. Therefore, it is important to diagnose this disease at an early stage and to understand the biochemical changes associated with cellular transformation and cancer progression. Deregulated lipid metabolism has been shown to contribute to cell transformation as well as cancer progression. In this study, we monitored the biomolecular changes associated with the transformation of a normal cell into an invasive cell associated with breast cancer using Raman microspectroscopy. We have utilized primary normal breast cells, and immortalized, transformed, non-invasive, and invasive breast cancer cells. The Raman spectra were acquired from all these cell lines under physiological conditions. The higher wavenumber (2800–3000 cm−1) and lower wavenumber (700–1800 cm−1) range of the Raman spectrum were analyzed and we observed increased lipid levels for invasive cells. The Raman spectral data were analyzed by principal component–linear discriminant analysis (PC-LDA), which resulted in the formation of distinct clusters for different cell types with a high degree of sensitivity. The subsequent testing of the PC-LDA analysis via the leave-one-out cross validation approach (LOOCV) yielded relatively high identification sensitivity. Additionally, the Raman spectroscopic results were confirmed through fluorescence staining tests with BODIPY and Nile Red biochemical assays. Furthermore, Raman maps from the above mentioned cells under fixed conditions were also acquired to visualize the distribution of biomolecules throughout the cell. The present study shows the suitability of Raman spectroscopy as a non-invasive, label-free, microspectroscopic technique, having the potential of probing changes in the biomolecular composition of living cells as well as fixed cells.
Collapse
|
67
|
Ciasca G, Papi M, Minelli E, Palmieri V, De Spirito M. Changes in cellular mechanical properties during onset or progression of colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7203-7214. [PMID: 27621568 PMCID: PMC4997642 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i32.7203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) development represents a multistep process starting with specific mutations that affect proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes. These mutations confer a selective growth advantage to colonic epithelial cells that form first dysplastic crypts, and then malignant tumours and metastases. All these steps are accompanied by deep mechanical changes at the cellular and the tissue level. A growing consensus is emerging that such modifications are not merely a by-product of the malignant progression, but they could play a relevant role in the cancer onset and accelerate its progression. In this review, we focus on recent studies investigating the role of the biomechanical signals in the initiation and the development of CRC. We show that mechanical cues might contribute to early phases of the tumour initiation by controlling the Wnt pathway, one of most important regulators of cell proliferation in various systems. We highlight how physical stimuli may be involved in the differentiation of non-invasive cells into metastatic variants and how metastatic cells modify their mechanical properties, both stiffness and adhesion, to survive the mechanical stress associated with intravasation, circulation and extravasation. A deep comprehension of these mechanical modifications may help scientist to define novel molecular targets for the cure of CRC.
Collapse
|
68
|
Liver metastatic disease: new concepts and biomarker panels to improve individual outcomes. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:743-755. [PMID: 27541751 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer, one of the leading causes of all cancer related deaths, belongs to the most malignant cancer types. In fact, the secondary hepatic malignancies (liver metastases) are more common than the primary ones. Almost all solid malignancies can metastasise to the liver. It is well justified that the "treat and wait" approach in the overall management of the liver cancer is not up-to-date and so creation of complex individual patient profiles is needed. This review is specifically focused on the liver metastases originating from the colorectum, breast and prostate cancer. Innovative multilevel diagnostics may procure specific panels of validated biomarkers for predisposition, development and progression of metastatic disease. Creation of the patient specific "molecular portrait" is an essential part of the diagnostic strategy. Contextually, analysis of molecular and cellular patterns in blood samples as the minimally invasive diagnostic tool and construction of diagnostic windows based on individual patient profiling is highly recommended for patient cohorts predisposed to and affected by the liver metastatic disease. Summarised information on risk assessment, predictive and prognostic panels for diagnosis and treatments of the liver metastatic disease in colorectal, breast and prostate cancer is provided.
Collapse
|
69
|
Chen HJ, Wei Z, Sun J, Bhattacharya A, Savage DJ, Serda R, Mackeyev Y, Curley SA, Bu P, Wang L, Chen S, Cohen-Gould L, Huang E, Shen X, Lipkin SM, Copeland NG, Jenkins NA, Shuler ML. A recellularized human colon model identifies cancer driver genes. Nat Biotechnol 2016; 34:845-51. [PMID: 27398792 PMCID: PMC4980997 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Refined cancer models are needed to bridge the gaps between cell line, animal and clinical research. Here we describe the engineering of an organotypic colon cancer model by recellularization of a native human matrix that contains cell-populated mucosa and an intact muscularis mucosa layer. This ex vivo system recapitulates the pathophysiological progression from APC-mutant neoplasia to submucosal invasive tumor. We used it to perform a Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis screen to identify genes that cooperate with mutant APC in driving invasive neoplasia. We identified 38 candidate invasion-driver genes, 17 of which, including TCF7L2, TWIST2, MSH2, DCC, EPHB1 and EPHB2 have been previously implicated in colorectal cancer progression. Six invasion-driver genes that have not, to our knowledge, been previously described were validated in vitro using cell proliferation, migration and invasion assays and ex vivo using recellularized human colon. These results demonstrate the utility of our organoid model for studying cancer biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Joyce Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Zhubo Wei
- Cancer Research Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Asmita Bhattacharya
- Genetics, Genomics and Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - David J Savage
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Rita Serda
- University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuri Mackeyev
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Steven A Curley
- Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Pengcheng Bu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Chemical Biology in Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Leona Cohen-Gould
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emina Huang
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Department of Colorectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Steven M Lipkin
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Neal G Copeland
- Cancer Research Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nancy A Jenkins
- Cancer Research Program, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael L Shuler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Lim H, Moon A. Inflammatory fibroblasts in cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1021-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
71
|
Exosomes: novel implications in diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2016; 401:1097-1110. [PMID: 27342853 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-016-1468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amongst all cancer subtypes, gastrointestinal tumours are responsible for most cancer-related deaths. In most of the cases, the limitation of the prognosis of patients with malignant gastrointestinal tumours can be attributed to delayed diagnosis of the disease. In the last decade, secondary prevention strategies, in particular tumour screenings, have been identified to significantly improve the identification of patients with early-stage disease, leading to more effective therapeutic interventions. Therefore, new screening methods and further innovative treatment approaches may lead to an increase in progression-free and overall survival rates. PURPOSE Exosomes are small microvesicles with a size of 50-150 nm. They are formed in the endosomal system of many different cell types, where they are packed with nucleotides and proteins from the parental cell. After their release into the extracellular space, exosomes can deliver their cargo into recipient cells. By this mechanism, tumour cells can recruit and manipulate the adjacent and systemic microenvironment in order to support invasion and dissemination. Cancer-derived exosomes in the blood may provide detailed information about the tumour biology of each individual patient. Moreover, tumour-derived exosomes can be used as targetable factors and drug delivery agents in clinical practice. CONCLUSION In this review, we summarise new aspects about novel implications in the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer and show how circulating exosomes have come into the spotlight of research as a high potential source of 'liquid biopsies'.
Collapse
|
72
|
Vatandoust S, Price TJ, Ullah S, Roy AC, Beeke C, Young JP, Townsend A, Padbury R, Roder D, Karapetis CS. Metastatic Colorectal Cancer in Young Adults: A Study From the South Australian Population-Based Registry. Clin Colorectal Cancer 2016; 15:32-6. [PMID: 26341410 DOI: 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
73
|
Martial S. Involvement of ion channels and transporters in carcinoma angiogenesis and metastasis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C710-27. [PMID: 26791487 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00218.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a finely tuned process, which is the result of the equilibrium between pro- and antiangiogenic factors. In solid tumor angiogenesis, the balance is highly in favor of the production of new, but poorly functional blood vessels, initially intended to provide growing tumors with nutrients and oxygen. Among the numerous proteins involved in tumor development, several types of ion channels are overexpressed in tumor cells, as well as in stromal and endothelial cells. Ion channels thus actively participate in the different hallmarks of cancer, especially in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Indeed, from their strategic localization in the plasma membrane, ion channels are key operators of cell signaling, as they sense and respond to environmental changes. This review aims to decipher how ion channels of different families are intricately involved in the fundamental angiogenesis and metastasis hallmarks, which lead from a nascent tumor to systemic dissemination. An overview of the possible use of ion channels as therapeutic targets will also be given, showing that ion channel inhibitors or specific antibodies may provide effective tools, in the near future, in the treatment of carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Martial
- Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement, CNRS UMR 7284, Inserm U1081, Université Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Herrera A, Herrera M, Peña C. The emerging role of Snail1 in the tumor stroma. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 18:872-7. [PMID: 26687368 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor Snail1 leads to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition by repressing the adherent and tight junctions in epithelial cells. This process is related to an increase of cell migratory and mesenchymal properties during both embryonic development and tumor progression. Although Snail1 expression is very limited in adult animals, emerging evidence has placed Snail at the forefront of medical science. As a transcriptional repressor, Snail1 confers cancer stem cell-like traits on tumor cells and promotes drug resistance, tumor recurrence and metastasis. In this review, we summarize recent reports that suggest the pro-tumorigenic roles of Snail1 expression in tumor stroma. The crosstalk between tumor and stromal cells mediated by Snail1 regulates paracrine communication, pro-tumorigenic abilities of cancer cells, extracellular matrix characteristics and mesenchymal differentiation in cancer stem cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Therefore, understanding the regulation and functional roles of Snail1 in the tumor microenvironment will provide us with new therapies for treating metastatic disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Herrera
- "Cancer Cell Signaling" Research Group, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro de Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Herrera
- "Cancer Cell Signaling" Research Group, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro de Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Peña
- "Cancer Cell Signaling" Research Group, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro de Majadahonda, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Gao Y, An XH, Yang XL, Yang BL. Colon cancer stem cells: Markers, characteristics and pathogenic roles. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:5662-5669. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i35.5662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. With the development of molecular biology, it is found that there is a small group of special cells, named cancer stem cells (CSCs), in tumor cells. CSCs are capable of continuous self-renewal and differentiation and are closely related to tumor growth, distant metastasis and recurrence. Specific recognition of CSCs from the tumor mass and normal healthy cells could be achieved by targeting specific cell surface markers, thus providing a foundation for CSC targeted therapies. CSCs are also responsible for tumor relapse, because conventional drugs fail to eliminate the CSC reservoir. Therefore, the design of CSC-targeted interventions is a rational strategy, which will enhance responsiveness to traditional therapeutic strategies and reduce local recurrence and metastasis. Understanding the mechanism of self-renewal and differentiation of CSCs and blocking their homeostasis will provide a new opportunity for the targeted treatment of colon cancer.
Collapse
|
76
|
Yao Y, Zhou Y, Su X, Dai L, Yu L, Deng H, Gou L, Yang J. Establishment and characterization of intraperitoneal xenograft models by co-injection of human tumor cells and extracellular matrix gel. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3450-3456. [PMID: 26788149 PMCID: PMC4665880 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishing a feasible intraperitoneal (i.p.) xenograft model in nude mice is a good strategy to evaluate the antitumor effect of drugs in vivo. However, the manipulation of human cancer cells in establishing a stable peritoneal carcinomatosis model in nude mice is problematic. In the present study, the ovarian and colorectal peritoneal tumor models were successfully established in nude mice by co-injection of human tumor cells and extracellular matrix gel. In ovarian tumor models, the mean number tumor nodes was significantly higher in the experimental group (intraperitoneal tumor cell co-injection with ECM gel) compared with the PBS control group on the 30th day (21.0±3.0 vs. 3.6±2.5; P<0.05). The same results were observed in the colorectal peritoneal tumor models on the 28th day. The colorectal peritoneal tumor model was further used to evaluate the chemotherapy effect of irinotecan (CPT-11). The mean weight of peritoneal tumor nodes in CPT-11 treatment group was significantly less than that of the control group (0.81±0.16 vs. 2.18±0.21 g; P<0.05). The results confirmed the value of these i.p. xenograft models in nude mice as efficient and feasible tools for preclinical evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqin Yao
- Research Centre for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health, No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China; Guangdong Zhongsheng Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Dongguan, Guangdong 523000, P.R. China
| | - Yongjun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lantu Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Jinliang Yang
- Research Centre for Public Health and Preventive Medicine, West China School of Public Health, No. 4 West China Teaching Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Veeranarayanan S, Poulose AC, Sheikh Mohamed M, Nagaoka Y, Kashiwada S, Maekawa T, Sakthi Kumar D. FITC/suramin harboring silica nanoformulations for cellular and embryonic imaging/anti-angiogenic theranostics. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:8079-8087. [PMID: 32262865 DOI: 10.1039/c5tb01357g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo uptake, toxicological analysis and anti-angiogenic theranostic prospect of FITC loaded (FITC-Si) and suramin loaded (Sur-Si) silica nanoparticles are presented. FITC/suramin encapsulated silica nanoparticles (NPs) with an average size of <30 nm were synthesized. The uptake of FITC-Si by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HuVECs) (in vitro) and by early stage medaka embryos (in vivo) was monitored by fluorescence microscopy. The nanoformulation was found to be biocompatible with both cells and embryos. The cytotoxicity analysis, tubulogenesis and migration assay confirmed the anti-angiogenic potential of Sur-Si NPs in HuVECs. The imaging of medaka embryos exposed to FITC-Si, their survival and hatching rate and biocompatibility post FITC-Si exposure were documented. The in vivo drug delivery mediated anti-angiogenic potential of Sur-Si NPs was assessed by survival and hatching rate analysis along with morphological indicators. At higher concentrations, Sur-Si proved lethal to embryos, whereas at lower concentrations it was rather an efficient anti-angiogenic formulation leading to malformed vasculogenesis and inhibited intersegmental vessel formation in an efficient dose dependent mode. The results indicate the potential application of such nanoformulation in future anti-angiogenic theranostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srivani Veeranarayanan
- Bio Nano Electronics Research Centre, Graduate School of Interdisciplinary New Science, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Liu X, Ji Q, Fan Z, Li Q. Cellular signaling pathways implicated in metastasis of colorectal cancer and the associated targeted agents. Future Oncol 2015; 11:2911-22. [PMID: 26414153 DOI: 10.2217/fon.15.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third leading cancer worldwide and CRC-related death is mainly attributed to metastasis. Many cellular signaling pathways have been demonstrated to be aberrant in colorectal tumors, and some of them lead to the acquisition of malignant phenotypes. Therefore, the evaluation of signaling pathways implicated in CRC metastasis is urgent for further understanding of CRC progression and pharmacotherapy. This review focuses on several novel cellular signaling pathways associated with CRC metastasis, including Wnt/β-catenin, p53, COX, TGF-β/Smad, NF-κB, Notch, VEGF and JAKs/STAT3 signaling pathways. Targeted agents developed based on these pathways are also briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Zhongze Fan
- Interventional Cancer Institute, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
The role of Snail1 transcription factor in colorectal cancer progression and metastasis. Contemp Oncol (Pozn) 2015; 19:265-70. [PMID: 26557772 PMCID: PMC4631295 DOI: 10.5114/wo.2014.42173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Snail1 is a zinc-finger transcription factor, which plays a role in colorectal cancer development by silencing E-cadherin expression and inducing epithelialmesenchymal transition (EMT). During EMT tumour cells acquire a mesenchymal phenotype that is responsible for their invasive activities. Consequently, Snail1 expression in colorectal cancer is usually associated with progression and metastasis. Some studies revealed that about 77% of colon cancer samples display Snail1 immunoreactivity both in activated fibroblasts and in carcinoma cells that have undergone EMT. Therefore, expression of this factor in the stroma may indicate how many cells possess the abilities to escape from the primary tumour mass, invade the basal lamina and colonise distant target organs. Blocking snail proteins activity has the potential to avert cancer cell metastasis by interfering with such cellular processes as remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton, migration and invasion, which are clearly associated with the aggressive phenotype of the disease. Moreover, the link between factors from the snail family and cancer stem cells suggests that inhibitory agents may also prove their potency as inhibitors of cancer recurrence.
Collapse
|
80
|
The S100P/RAGE signaling pathway regulates expression of microRNA-21 in colon cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:2388-93. [PMID: 26193421 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
S100P signaling through the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) contributes to colon cancer invasion and metastasis, but the mechanistic features of this process are obscure. Here, we investigate whether activation of S100P/RAGE signaling regulates oncogenic microRNA-21 (miR-21). We show that exogenous S100P up-regulates miR-21 levels in human colon cancer cells, whereas knockdown of S100P results in a decrease of miR-21. Furthermore, blockage of RAGE with anti-RAGE antibody suppresses S100P induction of miR-21. In addition, we found that S100P induction of miR-21 expression involves ERK and is suppressed by the MEK inhibitor U0126. Also, S100P treatment stimulates the enrichment of c-Fos, and AP-1 family members, at the miR-21 gene promoter.
Collapse
|
81
|
Abstract
Recent systematic genomic studies have revealed a broad spectrum of lncRNAs that are involved in a variety of disease (diseases), including tumor progression, by regulating gene expression at epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. However, their exact roles of physiological function and the mechanism (mechanisms) of action are yet to be clarified. In breast cancer research, several lncRNAs are identified as tumor driving oncogenic lncRNAs and few are identified as tumor suppressive lncRNAs. They are involved in cell growth, apoptosis, cell migration and invasiveness as well as cancer cell stemness. Therefore, this new class of RNAs may serve as biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purpose and also as potential therapeutic targets. This review summarizes the current information about lncRNAs that are particularly involved in breast cancer progression and also discusses the potential translational application of these newly discovered nucleic acids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sambad Sharma
- 2500 N. State, Jackson MS 39216, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Cancer Institute
| | - Kounosuke Watabe
- Pathology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione "G. Pascale", via Mariano Semmola 80131, Napoli, Italy,
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Margolin DA, Myers T, Zhang X, Bertoni DM, Reuter BA, Obokhare I, Borgovan T, Grimes C, Green H, Driscoll T, Lee CG, Davis NK, Li L. The critical roles of tumor-initiating cells and the lymph node stromal microenvironment in human colorectal cancer extranodal metastasis using a unique humanized orthotopic mouse model. FASEB J 2015; 29:3571-81. [PMID: 25962655 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-268938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-most common cause of cancer-related mortality. The most important prognostic factors are lymph node (LN) involvement and extranodal metastasis. Our objective is to investigate the interactions between CD133(+)CXCR4(+) (CXC receptor 4) colorectal cancer tumor-initiating cells (Co-TICs) and the LN stromal microenvironment in human CRC extranodal metastasis. We established a unique humanized orthotopic xenograft model. Luciferase-tagged CRC cell lines and human cancer cells were injected intrarectally into nonobese diabetic/SCID mice. Mesenteric LN stromal cells, stromal cell line HK, or CXCL12 knockdown HK (HK-KD-A3) cells were coinoculated with CRC cells. Tumor growth and metastasis were monitored by bioluminescent imaging and immunohistochemistry. We found that this model mimics the human CRC metastatic pattern with CRC cell lines or patient specimens. Adding LN stromal cells promotes CRC tumor growth and extranodal metastasis (P < 0.001). Knocking down CXCL12 impaired HK cell support of CRC tumor formation and extranodal metastasis. When HK cells were added, sorted CD133(+)CXCR4(+) Co-TICs showed increased tumor formation and extranodal metastasis capacities compared to unseparated and non-Co-TIC populations. In conclusion, both Co-TIC and LN stromal factors play crucial roles in CRC metastasis through the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. Blocking Co-TIC/LN-stromal interactions may lead to effective therapy to prevent extranodal metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A Margolin
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tamara Myers
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xin Zhang
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danielle M Bertoni
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brian A Reuter
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Izi Obokhare
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Theodor Borgovan
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chelsea Grimes
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Heather Green
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tiffany Driscoll
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Chung-Gi Lee
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nancy K Davis
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Li Li
- *Department of Colon Rectal Surgery, Department of Pathology, and Laboratory of Translational Cancer Research, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; and Ochsner Clinic School, University Queensland School of Medicine, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
He S, Sun XJ, Zheng JB, Qi J, Chen NZ, Wang W, Wei GB, Liu D, Yu JH, Lu SY, Wang H. Recombinant lentivirus with enhanced expression of caudal-related homeobox protein 2 inhibits human colorectal cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1838-44. [PMID: 25847407 PMCID: PMC4464164 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Caudal-related homeobox protein 2 (CDX2), a tumor suppressor in the adult colon, is overexpressed under a non-cancer specific cytomegalovirus promoter in certain tumor cells; furthermore, non-specific expression of CDX2 may result in aberrant side effects in normal cells. The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter is active in the majority of cancer cells but not in normal cells. Hypoxia is a key feature of solid tumors, and targeted genes may be significantly upregulated by five copies of hypoxia-response elements (HREs) under hypoxic conditions. However, the effect of CDX2 overexpression, as controlled by five copies of HREs and the hTERT promoter, on human colorectal cancer (CRC) cell proliferation in vitro remains to be fully elucidated. In the current study, a recombinant lentivirus containing the CDX2 gene under the control of five HREs and the hTERT promoter was generated. An immunofluorescence assay was used to detect CDX2 expression by the 5HhC lentivirus, whereas an MTT assay was used to detect the effects of CoCl2 on the viability of LoVo cells. Western blot analysis was conducted in order to determine the relative ratios of recombinant CDX2 protein to the internal control β-actin, following 5HhC/LoVo cell culture under normoxic and hypoxic conditions (100, 200, 300, 400 or 500 µmol/l CoCl2) for 24 h, then for 12, 24 or 36 h with the optimal concentration (300 µmol/l) of CoCl2. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis was used to determine the transcription of recombinant CDX2 mRNA following culture of 5HhC/LoVo cells under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. Finally, a cloning assay was used to detect the proliferative ability of 5HhC/LoVo and 5Hh cells. High CDX2 expression was observed in hTERT-positive LoVo cells under hypoxic conditions, an effect which was mimicked by treatment with CoCl2 to inhibit LoVo cell proliferation in vitro. High expression of CDX2 therefore provides a promising strategy for the development of novel targeted treatments and gene therapy for CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai He
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Sun
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Bao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jie Qi
- Second Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Nan-Zheng Chen
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Bing Wei
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Dong Liu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Hui Yu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Ying Lu
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Dittz D, Figueiredo C, Lemos FO, Viana CTR, Andrade SP, Souza-Fagundes EM, Fujiwara RT, Salas CE, Lopes MTP. Antiangiogenesis, loss of cell adhesion and apoptosis are involved in the antitumoral activity of Proteases from V. cundinamarcensis (C. candamarcensis) in murine melanoma B16F1. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7027-44. [PMID: 25826531 PMCID: PMC4425002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteolytic enzymes from V. cundinamarcensis latex, (P1G10), display healing activity in animal models following various types of lesions. P1G10 or the purified isoforms act as mitogens on fibroblast and epithelial cells by stimulating angiogenesis and wound healing in gastric and cutaneous ulcers models. Based on evidence that plant proteinases act as antitumorals, we verified this effect on a murine melanoma model. The antitumoral effect analyzed mice survival and tumor development after subcutaneous administration of P1G10 into C57BL/6J mice bearing B16F1 low metastatic melanoma. Possible factors involved in the antitumoral action were assessed, i.e., cytotoxicity, cell adhesion and apoptosis in vitro, haemoglobin (Hb), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) content and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase (NAG) activity. We observed that P1G10 inhibited angiogenesis measured by the decline of Hb and VEGF within the tumor, and TGF-β displayed a non-significant increase and TNF-α showed a minor non-significant reduction. On the other hand, there was an increase in NAG activity. In treated B16F1 cells, apoptosis was induced along with decreased cell binding to extracellular matrix components (ECM) and anchorage, without impairing viability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dalton Dittz
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.D.); (C.F.); (F.O.L.); (M.T.P.L.)
| | - Cinthia Figueiredo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.D.); (C.F.); (F.O.L.); (M.T.P.L.)
| | - Fernanda O. Lemos
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.D.); (C.F.); (F.O.L.); (M.T.P.L.)
| | - Celso T. R. Viana
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.T.R.V.); (S.P.A.); (E.M.S.-F.)
| | - Silvia P. Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.T.R.V.); (S.P.A.); (E.M.S.-F.)
| | - Elaine M. Souza-Fagundes
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.T.R.V.); (S.P.A.); (E.M.S.-F.)
| | - Ricardo T. Fujiwara
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mail:
| | - Carlos E. Salas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +55-31-3409-2646
| | - Miriam T. P. Lopes
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av Antônio Carlos 6627, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.D.); (C.F.); (F.O.L.); (M.T.P.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Shankar V, Hori H, Kihira K, Lei Q, Toyoda H, Iwamoto S, Komada Y. Mesenchymal stromal cell secretome up-regulates 47 kDa CXCR4 expression, and induce invasiveness in neuroblastoma cell lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120069. [PMID: 25774696 PMCID: PMC4361348 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma accounts for 15% of childhood cancer deaths and presents with metastatic disease of the bone and the bone marrow at diagnosis in 70% of the cases. Previous studies have shown that the Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (MSC) secretome, triggers metastases in several cancer types such as breast and prostate cancer, but the specific role of the MSC factors in neuroblastoma metastasis is unclear. To better understand the effect of MSC secretome on chemokine receptors in neuroblastoma, and its role in metastasis, we studied a panel of 20 neuroblastoma cell lines, and compared their invasive potential towards MSC-conditioned-RPMI (mRPMI) and their cytokine receptor expression profiles. Western blot analysis revealed the expression of multiple CXCR4 isoforms in neuroblastoma cells. Among the five major isoforms, the expression of the 47 kDa isoform showed significant correlation with high invasiveness. Pretreatment with mRPMI up-regulated the expression of the 47 kDa CXCR4 isoform and also increased MMP-9 secretion, expression of integrin α3 and integrin β1, and the invasive potential of the cell; while blocking CXCR4 either with AMD 3100, a CXCR4 antagonist, or with an anti-47 kDa CXCR4 neutralizing antibody decreased the secretion of MMP-9, the expression of integrin α3 and integrin β1, and the invasive potential of the cell. Pretreatment with mRPMI also protected the 47 kDa CXCR4 isoform from ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Our data suggest a modulatory role of the MSC secretome on the expression of the 47 kDa CXCR4 isoform and invasion potential of the neuroblastoma cells to the bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipin Shankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hori
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kentaro Kihira
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Qi Lei
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Hidemi Toyoda
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Shotaro Iwamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Komada
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-174, Edobashi, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Klupp F, Diers J, Kahlert C, Neumann L, Halama N, Franz C, Schmidt T, Lasitschka F, Warth A, Weitz J, Koch M, Schneider M, Ulrich A. Expressional STAT3/STAT5 Ratio is an Independent Prognostic Marker in Colon Carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol 2015; 22 Suppl 3:S1548-55. [PMID: 25773877 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4485-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STATs) are crucial regulators of cell growth and differentiation; however, their specific prognostic impact in human colon cancer has only been studied to limited extent. We aimed to assess the prognostic significance of specific STAT expression patterns in colon carcinoma. METHODS Protein expression patterns of activated STAT1, STAT3, STAT4, and STAT5 in human colon carcinoma tissue and corresponding healthy mucosa (n = 104) were assessed using multiplex bead-based immunoassay technologies. Expression patterns were correlated with clinical and survival data. Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess spatial expression of STAT3 and STAT5. RESULTS STAT3 was underexpressed whereas STAT4 and STAT5 were overexpressed in colon carcinoma tissue. Primary tumors from patients with distant metastases (M1) displayed significantly increased expression of STAT1 and STAT3 but decreased expression of STAT4 and STAT5. Increased tumor expression of STAT1 or STAT3 was associated with impaired patient survival, whereas increased expression of STAT4 or STAT5 correlated with improved survival. Multivariate analysis identified an increased STAT3/STAT5 expressional ratio as an adverse prognostic marker in colon cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS The tumor progression-associated transcription factors STAT3, STAT4, and STAT5 are differently expressed in colon carcinoma tissue and colon mucosa. Moreover, the STAT3/STAT5 expression ratio is an independent prognostic marker in colon cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fee Klupp
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Diers
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Kahlert
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lena Neumann
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Medical Oncology, and Internal Medicine VI, Tissue Imaging and Analysis Center, Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Clemens Franz
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmidt
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Tissue Bank of the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Arne Warth
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Weitz
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Moritz Koch
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic, and Vascular Surgery, University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Alexis Ulrich
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Ding C, Luo J, Yu W, Gao S, Yang L, Chen C, Feng J. Gab2 is a novel prognostic factor for colorectal cancer patients. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:2779-2786. [PMID: 26045784 PMCID: PMC4440093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Gab2 (Grb2-associated binder 2), a member of the DOS/Gab family of scaffolding adapters, serves as a critical signal amplifier downstream of various growth factor receptors. Recent studies have identified that Gab2 is overexpressed in several cancer types and that increased Gab2 expression promotes cell proliferation, cell transformation, and tumor progression. Here, we show for the first time that Gab2 protein is overexpressed in clinical colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens. Elevated mRNA (P=0.014) expression and protein (P=0.003) expression of Gab2 were found in most CRC tissues compared with the matched adjacent non-tumor tissues using real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blotting, respectively. Immunohistochemical analyses showed that Gab2 protein was upregulated in CRC tissues relative to adjacent normal tissues (P<0.001), and this overexpression was significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.007), distant metastasis (P<0.001) and TNM stage (P=0.002). According to Kaplan-Meier model, CRC patients with Gab2-positive had a significantly poorer prognosis compared to those with Gab2-negative (P=0.007). Multivariate analysis suggested that the positive expression of Gab2 protein was an independent prognostic factor for CRC patients. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that Gab2 expression may play an important role in the progression of CRC, and underscored that Gab2 has the potential value as a prognostic predictor for CRC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenbo Ding
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou ProvinceZunyi, China
| | - Junmin Luo
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou ProvinceZunyi, China
| | - Weina Yu
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou ProvinceZunyi, China
| | - Shaoying Gao
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou ProvinceZunyi, China
| | - Liwen Yang
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou ProvinceZunyi, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Immunology, Zunyi Medical College, Immunology Innovation Base of Postgraduate Education in Guizhou ProvinceZunyi, China
| | - Jihong Feng
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical CollegeZunyi, China
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Wang L, Li Y, Huang G, Zhang X, Pingguan-Murphy B, Gao B, Lu TJ, Xu F. Hydrogel-based methods for engineering cellular microenvironment with spatiotemporal gradients. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:553-65. [PMID: 25641330 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.993588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Natural cellular microenvironment consists of spatiotemporal gradients of multiple physical (e.g. extracellular matrix stiffness, porosity and stress/strain) and chemical cues (e.g. morphogens), which play important roles in regulating cell behaviors including spreading, proliferation, migration, differentiation and apoptosis, especially for pathological processes such as tumor formation and progression. Therefore, it is essential to engineer cellular gradient microenvironment incorporating various gradients for the fabrication of normal and pathological tissue models in vitro. In this article, we firstly review the development of engineering cellular physical and chemical gradients with cytocompatible hydrogels in both two-dimension and three-dimension formats. We then present current advances in the application of engineered gradient microenvironments for the fabrication of disease models in vitro. Finally, concluding remarks and future perspectives for engineering cellular gradients are given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China .,b Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Yuhui Li
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China .,b Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Guoyou Huang
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China .,b Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China .,b Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Belinda Pingguan-Murphy
- c Department of Biomedical Engineering , Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya , Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia , and
| | - Bin Gao
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China .,b Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China .,d Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism , Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- b Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| | - Feng Xu
- a MOE Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering , School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China .,b Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center (BEBC), Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , China
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Stock C, Schwab A. Ion channels and transporters in metastasis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1848:2638-46. [PMID: 25445667 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An elaborate interplay between ion channels and transporters, components of the cytoskeleton, adhesion molecules, and signaling cascades provides the basis for each major step of the metastatic cascade. Ion channels and transporters contribute to cell motility by letting through or transporting ions essential for local Ca2+, pH and--in cooperation with water permeable aquaporins--volume homeostasis. Moreover, in addition to the actual ion transport they, or their auxiliary subunits, can display non-conducting activities. They can exert kinase activity in order to phosphorylate cytoskeletal constituents or their associates. They can become part of signaling processes by permeating Ca2+, by generating local pH-nanodomains or by being final downstream effectors. A number of channels and transporters are found at focal adhesions, interacting directly or indirectly with proteins of the extracellular matrix, with integrins or with components of the cytoskeleton. We also include the role of aquaporins in cell motility. They drive the outgrowth of lamellipodia/invadopodia or control the number of β1 integrins in the plasma membrane. The multitude of interacting ion channels and transporters (called transportome) including the associated signaling events holds great potential as therapeutic target(s) for anticancer agents that are aimed at preventing metastasis. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane channels and transporters in cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Stock
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Albrecht Schwab
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27b, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Zhou J, Belov L, Chapuis P, Chan C, Armstrong N, Kaufman KL, Solomon MJ, Clarke SJ, Christopherson RI. Surface profiles of live colorectal cancer cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes from surgical samples correspond to prognostic categories. J Immunol Methods 2014; 416:59-68. [PMID: 25445327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Extensive surface profiles of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) have been obtained from 45 surgical resection samples. Live cells were captured on an antibody microarray and stained with fluorescently-labeled antibodies. Minimal panels of 11 CRC antigens (CD13, CD24, CD26, CD49d, CD138, CD166, CA-125, CA19-9, EGFR, Galectin-4 and HLA-DR) and 11 T-cell antigens (CD10, CD11b, CD11c, CD25, CD31, CD95, CD151, CD181, Galectin-4, CA19-9, TSP-1) provide signatures for relapse and survival. Hierarchical clustering of profiles from CRC cells and TIL identified groups of patients for survival, systemic relapse and death. The groups from CRC and TIL profiles for systemic relapse showed 79.2% concordance, enabling prediction of relapse after surgery. The results demonstrate communication between CRC cells and TIL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Zhou
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Larissa Belov
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Pierre Chapuis
- Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Colorectal Surgery, Concord Hospital, Concord West, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Charles Chan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Concord Hospital, Concord West, NSW 2139, Australia; Discipline of Pathology, Concord Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicola Armstrong
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kimberley L Kaufman
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Michael J Solomon
- Discipline of Surgery, Sydney Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Discipline of Surgery, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Stephen J Clarke
- Bill Walsh Cancer Research Laboratories, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Koch A, Saran S, Tran DDH, Klebba-Färber S, Thiesler H, Sewald K, Schindler S, Braun A, Klopfleisch R, Tamura T. Murine precision-cut liver slices (PCLS): a new tool for studying tumor microenvironments and cell signaling ex vivo. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:73. [PMID: 25376987 PMCID: PMC4226874 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0073-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the most insidious characteristics of cancer is its spread to and ability to compromise distant organs via the complex process of metastasis. Communication between cancer cells and organ-resident cells via cytokines/chemokines and direct cell-cell contacts are key steps for survival, proliferation and invasion of metastasized cancer cells in organs. Precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) are considered to closely reflect the in vivo situation and are potentially useful for studying the interaction of cancer cells with liver-resident cells as well as being a potentially useful tool for screening anti-cancer reagents. Application of the PCLS technique in the field of cancer research however, has not yet been well developed. Results We established the mouse PCLS system using perfluorodecalin (PFD) as an artificial oxygen carrier. Using this system we show that the adherence of green fluorescent protein (GFP) labeled MDA-MB-231 (highly invasive) cells to liver tissue in the PCLS was 5-fold greater than that of SK-BR-3 (less invasive) cells. In addition, we generated PCLS from THOC5, a member of transcription/export complex (TREX), knockout (KO) mice. The PCLS still expressed Gapdh or Albumin mRNAs at normal levels, while several chemokine/growth factor or metalloprotease genes, such as Cxcl12, Pdgfa, Tgfb, Wnt11, and Mmp1a genes were downregulated more than 2-fold. Interestingly, adhesion of cancer cells to THOC5 KO liver slices was far less (greater than 80% reduction) than to wild-type liver slices. Conclusion Mouse PCLS cultures in the presence of PFD may serve as a useful tool for screening local adherence and invasiveness of individual cancer cells, since single cells can be observed. This method may also prove useful for identification of genes in liver-resident cells that support cancer invasion by using PCLS from transgenic liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Koch
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Shashank Saran
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Doan Duy Hai Tran
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sabine Klebba-Färber
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Hauke Thiesler
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institut für Toxikologie und Experimentelle Medizin Atemwegspharmakologie, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Susann Schindler
- Fraunhofer Institut für Toxikologie und Experimentelle Medizin Atemwegspharmakologie, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institut für Toxikologie und Experimentelle Medizin Atemwegspharmakologie, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str.1, D-30625, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag- Str. 15, D-14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Teruko Tamura
- Institut fuer Biochemie, OE4310, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, D-30623, Hannover, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
He XJ, Tao HQ, Hu ZM, Ma YY, Xu J, Wang HJ, Xia YJ, Li L, Fei BY, Li YQ, Chen JZ. Expression of galectin-1 in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts promotes gastric cancer cell invasion through upregulation of integrin β1. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1402-10. [PMID: 25230369 PMCID: PMC4462364 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of galectin-1 (Gal-1) in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) has been reported to correlate with progression and prognosis in many cancers. However, rarely have reports sought to determine whether high Gal-1 expression in CAFs in gastric cancer is involved in the tumor process, and the specific mechanism by which it promotes the evolution of gastric cancer is still unknown. In this study, we cultured gastric cancer CAFs, which showed strong expression of Gal-1, and established a co-culture system of CAFs with gastric cancer cells. Specific siRNA and in vitro migration and invasion assays were used to explore the effects of the interaction between Gal-1 expression of CAFs and gastric cancer cells on cell migration and invasion. We found that the overexpression of Gal-1 in CAFs enhanced gastric cancer cell migration and invasion, and these stimulatory effects could be blocked by specific siRNA which reduced the Gal-1 expression level. A set of cancer invasion-associated genes were then chosen to identify the possible mechanism of Gal-1-induced cell invasion. Among these genes, integrin β1 expression in cancer cells was considered to be associated with Gal-1 expression. Pre-blocking of the integrin β1 expression in gastric cancer cells with siRNA could interrupt the invasion-promoting effect of CAFs with high Gal-1 expression. Furthermore, immunohistochemical assay confirmed a positive correlation between Gal-1 and integrin β1 expression. Our results showed that high expression of Gal-1 in CAFs might facilitate gastric cancer cell migration and invasion by upregulating integrin β1 expression in gastric cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Jun He
- Institute of Immunology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Giakoustidis A, Mudan S, Hagemann T. Tumour Microenvironment: Overview with an Emphasis on the Colorectal Liver Metastasis Pathway. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT 2014; 8:177-86. [PMID: 25277516 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-014-0155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) represents a dynamic network that plays an important role in tumour initiation, proliferation, growth, and metastasis. Cell behaviour may be regulated by interplay of molecular interactions involving positive and negative reinforcement as well as a high level of cross-talk, which determines this system. Additionally, cancer involves cell proliferation, its malignancy defined by the tumour's ability to break down normal tissue architecture and by a dynamic process of invasion and metastasis. The metastatic cascade is regulated by a chain of molecular steps which triggers the progression of the developing cancer cell in the primary tumour into a number of transformations, leading to invasion and proceeding to metastases. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a key-role in the progression from inflammatory conditions to cancer; TAMs are also capable of infiltrating the tumour microenvironment. Furthermore, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), a population of inhibitory immune cells, have been reported to increase in various cancer types, although characterising human MDSCs remains difficult, as their phenotype is quite variable. The future of cancer treatment is likely to involve creating more drugs that target these elements as well as others. An overview of the tumour's microenvironment is, therefore, presented in this paper, focusing on the metastatic pathways of primary colorectal cancer to the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Giakoustidis
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK. .,The London Clinic, 116 Harley Street, London, W1G 7JL, UK.
| | - Satvinder Mudan
- Academic Department of Surgery, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, Fulham Road, London, SW3 6JJ, UK.,Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Thorsten Hagemann
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of London, John Vane Science Centre, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
94
|
Buhrmann C, Kraehe P, Lueders C, Shayan P, Goel A, Shakibaei M. Curcumin suppresses crosstalk between colon cancer stem cells and stromal fibroblasts in the tumor microenvironment: potential role of EMT. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107514. [PMID: 25238234 PMCID: PMC4169561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interaction of stromal and tumor cells plays a dynamic role in initiating and enhancing carcinogenesis. In this study, we investigated the crosstalk between colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with stromal fibroblasts and the anti-cancer effects of curcumin and 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), especially on cancer stem cell (CSC) survival in a 3D-co-culture model that mimics in vivo tumor microenvironment. METHODS Colon carcinoma cells HCT116 and MRC-5 fibroblasts were co-cultured in a monolayer or high density tumor microenvironment model in vitro with/without curcumin and/or 5-FU. RESULTS Monolayer tumor microenvironment co-cultures supported intensive crosstalk between cancer cells and fibroblasts and enhanced up-regulation of metastatic active adhesion molecules (β1-integrin, ICAM-1), transforming growth factor-β signaling molecules (TGF-β3, p-Smad2), proliferation associated proteins (cyclin D1, Ki-67) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) factor (vimentin) in HCT116 compared with tumor mono-cultures. High density tumor microenvironment co-cultures synergistically increased tumor-promoting factors (NF-κB, MMP-13), TGF-β3, favored CSC survival (characterized by up-regulation of CD133, CD44, ALDH1) and EMT-factors (increased vimentin and Slug, decreased E-cadherin) in HCT116 compared with high density HCT116 mono-cultures. Interestingly, this synergistic crosstalk was even more pronounced in the presence of 5-FU, but dramatically decreased in the presence of curcumin, inducing biochemical changes to mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), thereby sensitizing CSCs to 5-FU treatment. CONCLUSION Enrichment of CSCs, remarkable activation of tumor-promoting factors and EMT in high density co-culture highlights that the crosstalk in the tumor microenvironment plays an essential role in tumor development and progression, and this interaction appears to be mediated at least in part by TGF-β and EMT. Modulation of this synergistic crosstalk by curcumin might be a potential therapy for CRC and suppress metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Buhrmann
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Kraehe
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cora Lueders
- German Heart Institute Berlin, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Laboratory for Tissue Engineering, Berlin, Germany
| | - Parviz Shayan
- Investigating Institute of Molecular Biological System Transfer, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ajay Goel
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology, Baylor Research Institute and Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AG); (MS)
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (AG); (MS)
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Matsumura H, Kondo T, Ogawa K, Tamura T, Fukunaga K, Murata S, Ohkohchi N. Kupffer cells decrease metastasis of colon cancer cells to the liver in the early stage. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2303-10. [PMID: 25231346 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Kupffer cells (KCs) play an important role in the liver's immune response, their role in colon cancer metastasis to the liver is unclear. We here analyzed the relationship between KCs and tumor cells (TCs) in colon cancer metastasis to the liver. Fischer 344 (F344) rats were divided into control group (KC+ group) and KC elimination group (KC‑ group), in which KC elimination was induced by Cl2MDP liposome injection. RCN‑H4 colon cancer cells were injected into the rats of both groups, and the relationship between the two types of cells was observed by intravital microscopy (IVM) for 6 h. Moreover, to investigate the effect of KCs on liver metastasis formation, KCs were eliminated at different time points before and after the TC injection. The number of metastatic nodules 2 weeks after the injection was evaluated. In the KC‑ group, IVM revealed that the number of adherent TCs had increased 1.5‑fold at 6 h after the TC injection as compared with in the KC+ group. Moreover, in the KC+ group, 74% of the TCs adhered to the KCs, and KC activation and KC phagocytosis of the TCs were observed. Two weeks after the injection, the number of metastatic nodules was significantly increased in rats in which the KCs had been eliminated before the injection, but not in rats in which the KCs had been eliminated after the injection. KC activation and KC phagocytosis of TCs decreased colon cancer cell metastasis to the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Matsumura
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kondo
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Koichi Ogawa
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Takafumi Tamura
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Fukunaga
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Soichiro Murata
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ohkohchi
- Department of Surgery, Doctoral Program in Clinical Science, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305‑8575, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Stiegelbauer V, Perakis S, Deutsch A, Ling H, Gerger A, Pichler M. MicroRNAs as novel predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:11727-11735. [PMID: 25206276 PMCID: PMC4155362 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i33.11727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in western countries. Despite significant improvement in available treatment options, CRC still remains the second leading cause of cancer-related death. Traditionally, 5-fluorouracil has been used as the main chemotherapy drug for treatment of metastatic CRC (mCRC). However, during the last two decades more effective chemotherapeutic agents such as oxaliplatin, irinotecan and the monoclonal antibodies cetuximab, panitumumab and bevacizumab have been used in clinical practice. More recently, the therapeutic armamentarium has been supplemented by the monoclonal antibodies bevacizumab, cetuximab and panitumumab as well as the protein-trap aflibercept and the small molecule multi-kinase inhibitor regorafenib. One of the major problems for the management of CRC is the inherent or acquired resistance to therapeutic approaches. The discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small, endogenous, non-coding, single-stranded RNAs that play a role as post-transcriptional regulators, has added new dimensions to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Because miRNAs are important regulators of carcinogenesis, progression, invasion, angiogenesis and metastases in CRC, they might serve as potential predictive and prognostic factors and even as therapeutic targets themselves. Several miRNAs are already known to be dysregulated in CRCs and have been linked to biological processes involved in tumor progression and response to anti-cancer therapies. This review summarizes current therapeutic approaches for treating CRC and highlights the role of miRNAs as novel predictive biomarkers and potential drug targets in CRC patients.
Collapse
|
97
|
Stem cells, colorectal cancer and cancer stem cell markers correlations. CURRENT HEALTH SCIENCES JOURNAL 2014; 40:153-61. [PMID: 25729599 PMCID: PMC4340434 DOI: 10.12865/chsj.40.03.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
: The idea of stem cells as being progenitors of cancer was initially controversial, but later supported by research in the field of leukemia and solid tumors. Afterwards, it was established that genetic abnormalities can affect the stem and progenitor cells, leading to uncontrolled replication and deregulated differentiation. These alterations will cause the changeover to cancerous stem cells (CSC) having two main characteristics: tumor initiation and maintenance. This review will focus on the colorectal cancer stem cell (CR-CSCs) theory which provides a better understanding of different tumor processes: initiation, aggressive growth, recurrence, treatment resistance and metastasis. A search in PubMed/Medline was performed using the following keywords: colorectal cancer stem cells (CR-CSCs), colorectal neoplasms stem cells, colorectal cancer stem cell (CR-CSCs) markers, etc. Electronic searches were supplemented by hand searching reference lists, abstracts and proceedings from meetings. Isolation of CR-CSCs can be achieved by targeting and selecting subpopulation of tumor cells based on expression of one or multiple cell surface markers associated with cancer self-renewal, markers as: CD133, CD166, CD44, CD24, beta1 integrin-CD29, Lgr5, EpCAM (ESA), ALDH-1, Msi-1, DCAMLK1 or EphB receptors. The identification and localization of CR-CSCs through different markers will hopefully lead to a better stratification of prognosis and treatment response, as well as the development of new effective strategies for cancer management.
Collapse
|
98
|
Park KS, Shin SW, Choi JW, Um SH. Specific protein markers for stem cell cross-talk with neighboring cells in the environment. Int J Stem Cells 2014; 6:75-86. [PMID: 24386551 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc.2013.6.2.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A stem cell interacts with the neighboring cells in its environment. To maintain a living organism's metabolism, either cell-cell or cell-environment interactions may be significant. Usually, these cells communicate with each other through biological signaling by interactive behaviors of primary proteins or complementary chemicals. The signaling intermediates offer the stem cell's functionality on its metabolism. With the rapid advent of omics technologies, various specific markers by which stem cells cooperate with their surroundings have been discovered and established. In this article, we review several stem cell markers used to communicate with either cancer or immune cells in the human body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Soo Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Won Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon
| | - Jeong-Woo Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Sogang University, Seoul, Korea ; Graduate School of Management of Technology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soong Ho Um
- School of Chemical Engineering and Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon ; SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon
| |
Collapse
|
99
|
Paschos KA, Majeed AW, Bird NC. Natural history of hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer - pathobiological pathways with clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:3719-3737. [PMID: 24744570 PMCID: PMC3983432 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i14.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer hepatic metastases represent the final stage of a multi-step biological process. This process starts with a series of mutations in colonic epithelial cells, continues with their detachment from the large intestine, dissemination through the blood and/or lymphatic circulation, attachment to the hepatic sinusoids and interactions with the sinusoidal cells, such as sinusoidal endothelial cells, Kupffer cells, stellate cells and pit cells. The metastatic sequence terminates with colorectal cancer cell invasion, adaptation and colonisation of the hepatic parenchyma. All these events, termed the colorectal cancer invasion-metastasis cascade, include multiple molecular pathways, intercellular interactions and expression of a plethora of chemokines and growth factors, and adhesion molecules, such as the selectins, the integrins or the cadherins, as well as enzymes including matrix metalloproteinases. This review aims to present recent advances that provide insights into these cell-biological events and emphasizes those that may be amenable to therapeutic targeting.
Collapse
|
100
|
The microRNA networks of TGFβ signaling in cancer. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:2857-69. [PMID: 24323563 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In metazoans, the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling regulates a host of activities ranging from embryonic development to tissue homeostasis. The normal as well as tumor cells respond to this cytokine signaling pathway in a highly context-dependent manner. It acts as a potent tumor suppressor initially by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. But advanced tumors often misuse TGFβ signaling for tumor progression by selectively disabling the tumor suppressor arm and using other properties of TGFβ signaling such as induction of angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and metastases. This dual role of TGFβ in cancer remained a mystery until recently. But recent advances in the field of microRNA provided a deeper understanding about this dual nature of TGFβ signaling in cancers. In the present review, we present an account of the role of microRNAs in deregulating TGFβ signaling and modulating cancer cell behavior during tumor initiation and cancer progression. This review also includes a discussion on the recent advances in the deregulation of TGFβ signaling in carcinogenesis.
Collapse
|